genetic engineering

Question 1

which methods can you use to clone plants?

Answer 1

Tissue culture
cuttings

Question 2

which methods can you use to clone animals?

Answer 2

embryo transplant
adult cell cloning

Question 3

what are the stages in plant tissue culture by micropropagation?

Answer 3

-group of cells removed from the adult plant(explant)
-explant placed in nutrient growth medium
-cells divide to form mass of undifferentiated cells called a callus
-small groups of cells removed from callus + placed on growth medium to simulate shoot growth
-Shoots placed in growth medium to stimulate root growth
-growing plants transferred to a greenhouse before placing outside

Question 4

what are the six steps to somatic cell nuclear transfer?

Answer 4

1. isolate donor cells
2. remove nucleus from egg cell
3. trasnfer somatic cell nucleus into enucleated egg cell
4. stimulate cell division
5. implant embryo into surrogate mother
6. deliver baby

Question 5

what is the third step of somatic cell transfer?

Question 5

what is the first step of somatic nuclear cell transfer?

Answer 5

isolate donor cells:
take somatic cells from organism you want to clone
harvest eggs from a donor. you may need to give them hormones so they will super-ovulate

Question 6

what is the second step of somatic cell transfer?

Answer 6

hold egg in place w/ blunt pipette
use sharp pipette to remove+discard nucleus
this is called enucleation

Question 7

what are the steps to genetic engineering?

Answer 7

enzymes are used to isolate the required gene and inserted into a vector, usually a bacterial plasmid or virus
the vector is used to insert the gene into the required cells
genes are transferred into the cells of organisms at an early stage in their development so they can develop the desired characteristics

Question 8

what is a transgenic organism?

Answer 8

when an organism contains genes from a different species

Question 9

what is the name for an organism containing genes from a different species?

Answer 9

a transgenic species

Question 10

advantages and disadvantages of the process genetic engineering

Answer 10

faster
more predicatable
more targeted (moving single gene)
less natural
longer term impact not known

Question 11

what are restriction enzymes?

Answer 11

a special group of enzymes that cut DNA into short lengths
look for patterns in the DNA sequence different enzymes cut DNA in different places

Question 12

what is used to rejoin DNA strands?

Answer 12

ligases

Question 13

what are ligases?

Answer 13

enzymes used to rejoin strands of DNA

Question 14

what are the advantages of GM crops

Answer 14

grow bigger, faster
disease/weedkiller resistant

poor conditions (salty water/ droughts)
produce other chemicals eg vitamins

Question 15

What are the disadvantages of genetic engineering?

Answer 15

spread of genes to wild plants (possible superweeds)
build up of toxins in food chain
lasting environmental damage predicted by some
may affect human health

Question 16

How does embryo splitting work?

Answer 16

Zygote created with IVF
Zygote allowed to divide
The cells are separated and continue to divide
Each group of cells placed into the womb of a surrogate mother