YR10 Biology, the Heart and Circulation Flashcards
What is a double circulatory system?
A system that has not just one loop, but two loops- one that provides blood to the body, and another that moves blood to the lungs so it can be oxygenated.
What are the two different types of circulation in a double circulatory system?
Pulmonary circulation (goes to the lungs) an systemic circulation (goes to the body)
What are the advantages of a double circulatory system? (2)
-Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood do not mix
-The heart can generate two different pressures- a low pressure for the easily damaged alveoli in the lungs, and a high pressure for the rest of the body, so the blood can get there quickly.
What are the three stages of the heart pumping blood?
Atrial systole,ventricular systole and diastole
What happens in Atrial Systole?
-Atria contract, ventircles relaxed
-Blood flows from atria to ventricles
-Atrial sphincters close to prevent backflow into veins
What happens in ventricular systole?
-atria relax, ventricles contract.
-blood flows from RV into pulmonary artery and from LV into aorta
-Atrio-ventricular valves shut to prevent backflow into atria. valve tendons anchor valve flaps
What happens in diastole?
-all chambers relaxed.
-blood enters RA and LA
-semi-lunar valves shut to prevent backflow into ventricles
What happens in you have varicose veins?
The blood will pool or flow backwards
What is another name for white blood cells?
leucocytes
What is another name for red blood cells?
erthrocytes
What are the two different types of white blood cell and what do they do?
Lymphocytes- make anitbodies
Phagocytes- engulf microbes
Which type of white blood cell engulfs microbes?
Phagocytes
Which type of white blood cell makes antibodies?
Lymphocytes
What is the function of white blood cells?
to protect the body from disease
What is the function of red blood cells?
to carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.
What is haemoglobin?
A red pigment / a transport protein
Explain the adaptions of a red blood cell (3/4)
They are biconcave so there is a large SA:V ratio and reduce diffusion distance
Very small to fit through capillaries
no nucleus more room for haemoglobin
What is plasma?
yellow-coloured fluid
55% of blood
Carries RBCs, WBCs and platelets
Which side of the heart contains deoxygenated blood?
the right side
Which tissue makes up most of the heart?
muscle tissue
which artery supplies the heart?
coronary artery
which blood vessel leaves the liver?
hepatic vein
which blood vessel connects the gut and liver?
hepatic portal vein
which blood vessel supplies the liver?
hepatic artery
which blood vessel supplies the gut?
meserteric artery
which blood vessel connects the heart and the body? (leaving the heart)
aorta
which blood vessel connects the top half of the body and the heart (entering the heart)
superior vena cava
which blood vessel connects the lower half of the body and the heart (entering the heart)
inferior vena cava
which blood vessel leaves the kidneys?
renal vein
Which valve connects the ventricles and the lungs/body?
semi-lunar valve
Which valve connects the right atrium and the right ventricle?
tricuspid/atrio-ventricular/mitral valve
Which valve connects the LA and the LV?
bicuspid/atrio-ventricular/mitral valve
What is an artificial pacemaker?
A small device placed just under the skin of your chest, beneath your collar bone, that helps your heart pump blood regularly
Where is the heart’s natural pacemaker and what does it do?
RA wall
sends electrical signals to heart muscle, so it beats continuously
How are blocked coronary arteries treated?
Using stents
What are the fatty desposits made of cholesterol called?
Atheroma
What are small arteries/veins called?
Arterioles/venules
What is a capillary?
smallest BV
connects arteries+veins
supplies organs w/ blood
Where are capillaries found?
in organds
How is the structure of capillaries adapted to the function?
-The large bed of capillaries creates a large SA for diffusion
-The size makes red blood cells squieeze through slower, allowing time for diffusion
-Pores for exchange
-One-cell thick walls for short diffusion distance
How can you tell arteries and veins apart?
Arteries have a larger muscle, fibrous and endothelial layer. Veins have flaps.
What is the blood pressure like in arteries and veins?
arteries have higher blood pressure, veins have lower
What is the direction of blood flow like in arteries and veins?
arteries- away from heart
veins- to heart
What is the oxygen content of blood like in arteries and veins?
arteries- higher
veins- lower
What is the carbon dioxide like in arteries and veins?
arteries- lower
veins- higher
What is the exception to the rule that states that arteries have more oxygenated blood than veins?
The pulmonary artery moves away from the heart but is not oxygenated yet. The same (vice-versa) is true for the veins
What is the speed of flow like in arteries and veins?
arteries- higher
veins- lower
What is the pulse like in arteries and veins?
arteries- present
veins- absent
What substances produced by cells pass into capillaries?
Urea, CO2, lactic acid
Which products of digestion are found in blood?
Glucose, amino acids, glycerol
What proteins are found in blood?
antibodies, clotting factors, LDLs,HDLS
What is plasma made up of?
Water and dissolved solutes
What kinds of dissolved solutes can be found in plasma?
Proteins, hormones, products of digestion, waste, minerals
What are the advantages of artificial hearts?
-Doesn’t need a donor
-You don’t need to wait as long
-You don’t need to take immunosuppresants
What are the benefits of heart transplants?
-Higher QoL
-More permenant
-You don’t need to carry a rucksack about with the heart in
What are the disadvantages of heart transplants?
-You need to take immunosuppressants
-you may need to wait for a donor
What are the disadvantages of artificial hearts?
-you need to wear a rucksack with the heart in
-you may need a replacement
What are the disadvantages of stents?
-chest pain
-non-permenant, you may need stents in other vessels.
-cholesterol can still build up
-allergic reaction to xray dye
