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Science Revision > Stuff from the cool biology booklet > Flashcards

Stuff from the cool biology booklet Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do you calculate magnification?

A

Picture size = actual size x magnification

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2
Q

What should you always talk about when asked about mitochondria?

A

respiration, energy release, 02 and glucose

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3
Q

Model answer for diffusion questions

A

what is moving?
how? (eg diffusion)
where does it move from? why?
from high->low conc
where does it move to, why?
what does it move across? (partially permeable cell membrane)
passive process

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4
Q

model answer for osmosis questions

A

water is moving via osmosis
where does it move from? why? what water potential there?
from high->low conc
where does it move to, why? water potential?
what does it move across? (partially permeable cell membrane)
until equilibrium reached
passive process

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5
Q

what happens when plant cells lose water?

A

they become plasmolysed
The tissue becomes flaccid

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6
Q

what happens when animal cells lose water?

A

shrink, become crenated

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7
Q

what happens when animal cells gain water?

A

swell, burst, undergo lysis

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8
Q

what must you mention when talking about active transport?

A

mitochondria
use up glucose/o2
to carry out aerobic respiration
atp formed/energy released
used by carrier proteins
to movr particles against conc gradient

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9
Q

what types of transport are used in the roots?

A

ions/minerals use active transport
water moves by osmosis

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10
Q

what three things do you always mention when talking about exchange surfaces’ adaptions

A

maximise SA, minimise diffusion distance, mantain steep conc gradient

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11
Q

what are the adaptions of the lungs in terms of exchange surfaces?

A

alveoli are spherical - SA
many alveoli
alveoli walls one cell thick
ventilate lungs by breathing - keep 02 levels in lungs high
blood removes 02 on other side of exchange surface, keeps conc low

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12
Q

what are the adaptions of the guts in terms of exchange surfaces?

A

many villi/microvilli
capillaries have one cell thick walls
capillaries close to exchange surface
intestinal living one cell thick
blood removes nutrients on other side to keep conc low

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13
Q

what are the adaptions of plant leaves in terms of exchange surfaces?

A

many air spaces
thin leaves
02 made by photosynthesis and diffuses out, co2 diffused in as it is used up

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14
Q

what is differentiation?

A

change in structure of a cell to become better suited to a role

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15
Q

what is specialisation?

A

when a cell is adapted to carry out a particular role

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16
Q

what are stem cells?

A

undifferentiated, unspecialised cells that can become any cell type, except adult stem cells- become a limited range of cells

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17
Q

what type of cells are formed from mitosis / meiosis

A

mitosis forms diploid clones, meiosis forms 4 different gametes

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18
Q

where is the duodenum?

A

SI

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19
Q

where is amylase made?

A

salivary gland, pancreas, duodenum lining

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20
Q

where is protease made?

A

stomach (pepsin), pancreas, duodenum lining

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21
Q

where is lipase made?

A

pancreas, duodenum lining

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22
Q

where does amylase act?

A

mouth, duodenum

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23
Q

where does protease act?

A

stomach, duodenum

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24
Q

where does lipase act?

A

duodenum

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25
Q

what is the product of amylase, protease and lipase respectively?

A

simple sugars (maltose)
amino acids
glycerol and fatty acids

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26
Q

What are the functions of bile?

A

Emulsify fats to increase SA
neutralise acidity of food from stomach
provide optimum PH for intestine enzymes

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27
Q

function of HCL in stomach

A

provide optimum PH for pepsin
sterilises+kill pathogens on food

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28
Q

what words must you mention when talking about enzymes?

A

active site
complementary shape
enzyme substrate complex
specific
substrate
products
lock and key

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29
Q

how does pH affect enzymes?

A

wrong pH, enzymes denature
active site changes shape
no longer complementary to substrate
fewer enzyme substrate complexes
reaction slows down or stop

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30
Q

how does temp affect enzymes?

A

increased->enzymes +substrate move faster
until optimum temp is reached (quote data!)
after optimum temp enzymes start to denature
active site changes shape, no longer complementary
fewer enzyme substrate complexes made
reaction slows or stops

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31
Q

what is metabolic rate?

A

the rate of chemical reactions in cells

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32
Q

How does a heart attack occur?

A

coronary artery blocked
blood flow restricted
glucose and oxygen not transported to heart muscle
less aerobic respiration
less energy released
less muscle contraction

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33
Q

which walls of the heart are larger and why?

A

left walls, more powerful muscle contraction needed as blood has to be pumped further (all the way around the body) on the left side

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34
Q

how is lactic acid broken down?

A

using oxygen

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35
Q

what do you need to mention when talking about O2 debt?

A

lactic acid formed by anaerobic respiration broken down using o2 into co2 and h20 to release energy

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36
Q

what is translocation?

A

the movement of dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant

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37
Q

are viruses cells?

A

no

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38
Q

what are risk factors?

A

factors that increase the likelihood that you’ll get ill/harmed

39
Q

what are the three ways that WBCs defend the body?

A

engulf pathogens
make antibodies
make antitoxins

40
Q

ways to prevent infection spread

A

use good hygeine
isolate/quarantine the infected
kill / control vectors
vaccinate as many as possible

41
Q

model answer for q about antibiotic resistance

A

-mutation
-causes variation in resistance to antibodies
-offspring inherit mutation
-population more resistant over time -non resistant bacteria wiped out

42
Q

two main reasons antibiotic resistance is increasing

A

people don’t finish antibiotic courses
overuse of antibiotics

43
Q

answer for a question on why we can’t cure colds/flus/viral diseases

A

viruses mutate
immune system can’t recognise new strain/antigens
no antibodies made to destroy them

44
Q

model answer for vaccine/immunisation q

A

vaccine contains weakened/inactive pathogen
WBC regonise antigens in vaccine
WBCs release antibodies
WBCs become memory cells
if you get the “real” infection memory cells recognise antigens
quickly respond by producing antibodies which destroy pathogen before you get ill

45
Q

when answering q about growing microbes, consider…

A

favourable conditions for microbe growth (warmth, 02, water, nutrients)
preventing contamination (state what needs sterilising/how to sterilise it)
health and safety (lids on petri dishes, not incubating above 25 degrees, hand washing,facemasks..)

46
Q

what are the two types of culture medium?

A

agar jelly - solid- in petri dish
nutrient broth- liquid- in flask/container

47
Q

what do cigarettes contain, what harm do they cause?

A

tar- causes cancer
CO- breathlessness, low growth rate in foetuses
nicotine- mostly harmless BUT addictive

48
Q

obesity is caused by…

A

consuming more calories than you use

49
Q

what can obesity lead to?

A

type 2 diabetes
arthiritis
heart disease
high blood pressue

50
Q

alcohol causes

A

liver cancer and cirrhosis
brain damage
foetal alcohol syndrome

51
Q

method for describing photosynthesis graphs

A

divide graph into chunks
tackle each at a time, using the descriptive phrase: “As [x axis] increases, [y axis] increases/decreases/stays constant up until [quote data point]” (i presume then explain why)
QUOTE DATA

52
Q

during the day co2 levels are low because… (OPPOSITE TRUE FOR O2)

A

photosynthesis takes in co2
+occurs quicker than respiration

53
Q

during nighttime co2 levels are high bc… (OPPOSITE TRUE FOR O2)

A

photosynthesis cant occur bc lack of light, so plants not taking up co2
aerobic respiration releasing co2

54
Q

for qs on tropisms, what do you need to mention

A

which part is responding? (roots/shoots/stem)
how it responds? (up or down)
what respond to? (gravity/light/water)
how responds(auxin-distributed unevenly-unequal growth rate- causes bending)

55
Q

what are different kinds of stimuli ?

A

light
chemicals (taste+smell)
pressure
temperature
sound
DON’T SAY: the frying pan is the stimulus. the temperature/heat is the stimulus

56
Q

different kinds of receptors

A

light receptors in eye
chemical receptors in nose/tongue
pressure receptors in skin
temp receptors in skin
sound receptors in ear

57
Q

When asked about a response arc, what do you need to refer to?

A

stimulus?
receptors?
sensory neurone, electrical impulse…
CNS and relay neurone
synapses and chemical signals
motor neurone
effectors?
response?

58
Q

what can the effector be?

A

muscles for movement,
glands for secreting chemicals

59
Q

model answer for blood sugar control?

A

pancreas (makes insulinnn????)
detects sugar levels
if high release insulin
insulin stimulates liver to take up glucose, convert to glycogen

if low, release glucagon
glucagon stimulates liver to break down glycogen into glucose and release into blood

60
Q

which type of diabetes can you be born with?

A

1

61
Q

what does FSH do?

A

matures eggs
stimulates ovaries to make oestrogen

62
Q

what does oestrogen do?

A

stimulates lining of uterus to regrow
inhibits FSH production
stimulates LH release

63
Q

what does LH do?

A

stimulates mature egg release from ovary (ovulation)

64
Q

for homeostasis temperature control questions…

A

blood vessels (not capillaries) near skin surface constrict/dilate heat loss prevented/encouraged
hairs erect/flatten- insulation
sweating stops/starts - evaporation
shivering generates heat

65
Q

model answer for shivering questions

A

muscle contraction
uses energy
aerobic respiration
uses 02 and glucose
generates heat (all other cold responses prevent it being lost)

66
Q

three functions of kidney

A

maintain water and salt balances

excretion

67
Q

what is excretion?

A

getting rid of metabolic (cell reaction) waste ie. urea, made in liver, and c02, produced by all cells during respiration, which is exhaled

68
Q

what is egestion?

A

not excretion, getting rid of undigested food waste- faeces

69
Q

what can co2 build up cause?

A

forms carbonic acid which denatures enzymes so has to be removed

70
Q

how does salt build up happen and what does it cause?

A

water moves by osmosis
into cells with low water potential due to high salt conc
from cells with higher water potential
raises blood pressure and leads to heart problems

71
Q

where are urea and urine made?

A

urea in the liver, urine in the kidneys

72
Q

how do kidneys work?

A

filter plasma out of blood into kidney
large proteins +cells stay in blood, (too big to filter)
SELECTIVELY REABSORB all sugars,AAs,some water and salts by diffusion, then AT back to blood
excrete urea, excess h20+ salts as urine

73
Q

why is urea more concentrated in the urine than blood?

A

after filtering, water is reabsorbed
urea not reabsorbed

74
Q

flow chart of excess proteins to urine

A

excess proteins digested to AAs
deamination in liver to NH3
converted to urea
filtration in kidneys to urine

75
Q

flow chart of how water controlled?

A

water levels in blood low
detected by pituitary gland
releases ADH
causes kidneys to absorb more water
making concentrated low volume urine

76
Q

how does dialysis work?

A

pump blood through dialyser tube
dialysing fluid has same amount of glucose, nutrients, water, ions as normal blood- any excess diffuses out of blood into the fluid down conc gradient
no urea in dialysing fluid, so urea diffuses out of blood into fluid down conc gradient
bubble trap removes air bubbles
anticoagulant stops clotting in the machine

77
Q

what is an allele?

A

different versions of the same gene, which codes for one protein each

78
Q

how do you comment on genetic diagrams?

A

parent phenotype=
parent genotype=
gamete genotype=
punnet square cross
offspring genotypes and phenotypes (list all genotypes with phenotypes next to them)

79
Q

what is a chromosome?

A

a structure that carries genes in the nucleus

80
Q

why do gametes have half the number of chromosomes?

A

so they can have the correct amount when they fuse

81
Q

for ethics qs on gene technology, you should cover…

A

benefits
economics/costs
effect on environment
religious opposition and morality/ethics
health and safety

82
Q

what are plasmids used for gm

A

transfer DNA to microorganisms

83
Q

if you are trying to gm engineer an animal/plant you…

A

… insert the DNA directly into them when they’re still an embryo

84
Q

selective breeding model answer

A

select organisms with desired traits
only breed those organisms
select their best offspring and only breed those
repeat process over many generations

85
Q

why do plants have big leaves?

A

increase SA
capture more light energy
for photosynthesis
+ successfully compete with other plants for light

86
Q

reasons darwin’s theory wasn’t accepted at the time

A

religious opposition
not enough evidence
couldn’t prove how characteristics were inhgerited; they didn’t know about genes

87
Q

how do plants prevent water loss?

A

curl/lose leaves- low SA
fewer stomata
less water lost
thick waterproof waxy cuticle

88
Q

to pick up more water plants can

A

deep roots
more spread out roots

89
Q

for questions about pyramids getting narrower at the top…

A

energy is lost
from each trophic level
do to movement, uneaten parts, excretion and heat lost
NEVER SAY ENERGY IS LOST THROUGH GROWTH

90
Q

abiotic factors:

A

temp
light (for plants only)
water
food/nutrients
space/territory
pollution

91
Q

biotic factors

A

competition
predators
disease

92
Q

if you are asked to estimate a population’s size

A

divide study area into grid
select random coords
place quadrat down at coords
count num. of organisms or % cover within quadrat
(do the thing. we did with the sunflowers)

93
Q

if you asked how a species changes over an area

A

lay measuring tape down-a transect
place quadrat down against transect at regular intervals

94
Q

vegetarianism is better because:

A

fewer trophic levels
less energy lost
state how energy is lost [respiration,heat loss,uneaten parts, etc ]

Science Revision (59 decks)

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