Stuff from the cool biology booklet

Question 1

How do you calculate magnification?

Answer 1

Picture size = actual size x magnification

Question 2

What should you always talk about when asked about mitochondria?

Answer 2

respiration, energy release, 02 and glucose

Question 3

Model answer for diffusion questions

Answer 3

what is moving?
how? (eg diffusion)
where does it move from? why?
from high->low conc
where does it move to, why?
what does it move across? (partially permeable cell membrane)
passive process

Question 4

model answer for osmosis questions

Answer 4

water is moving via osmosis
where does it move from? why? what water potential there?
from high->low conc
where does it move to, why? water potential?
what does it move across? (partially permeable cell membrane)
until equilibrium reached
passive process

Question 5

what happens when plant cells lose water?

Answer 5

they become plasmolysed
The tissue becomes flaccid

Question 6

what happens when animal cells lose water?

Answer 6

shrink, become crenated

Question 7

what happens when animal cells gain water?

Answer 7

swell, burst, undergo lysis

Question 8

what must you mention when talking about active transport?

Answer 8

mitochondria
use up glucose/o2
to carry out aerobic respiration
atp formed/energy released
used by carrier proteins
to movr particles against conc gradient

Question 9

what types of transport are used in the roots?

Answer 9

ions/minerals use active transport
water moves by osmosis

Question 10

what three things do you always mention when talking about exchange surfaces’ adaptions

Answer 10

maximise SA, minimise diffusion distance, mantain steep conc gradient

Question 11

what are the adaptions of the lungs in terms of exchange surfaces?

Answer 11

alveoli are spherical - SA
many alveoli
alveoli walls one cell thick
ventilate lungs by breathing - keep 02 levels in lungs high
blood removes 02 on other side of exchange surface, keeps conc low

Question 12

what are the adaptions of the guts in terms of exchange surfaces?

Answer 12

many villi/microvilli
capillaries have one cell thick walls
capillaries close to exchange surface
intestinal living one cell thick
blood removes nutrients on other side to keep conc low

Question 13

what are the adaptions of plant leaves in terms of exchange surfaces?

Answer 13

many air spaces
thin leaves
02 made by photosynthesis and diffuses out, co2 diffused in as it is used up

Question 14

what is differentiation?

Answer 14

change in structure of a cell to become better suited to a role

Question 15

what is specialisation?

Answer 15

when a cell is adapted to carry out a particular role

Question 16

what are stem cells?

Answer 16

undifferentiated, unspecialised cells that can become any cell type, except adult stem cells- become a limited range of cells

Question 17

what type of cells are formed from mitosis / meiosis

Answer 17

mitosis forms diploid clones, meiosis forms 4 different gametes

Question 18

where is the duodenum?

Answer 18

SI

Question 19

where is amylase made?

Answer 19

salivary gland, pancreas, duodenum lining

Question 20

where is protease made?

Answer 20

stomach (pepsin), pancreas, duodenum lining

Question 21

where is lipase made?

Answer 21

pancreas, duodenum lining

Question 22

where does amylase act?

Answer 22

mouth, duodenum

Question 23

where does protease act?

Answer 23

stomach, duodenum

Question 24

where does lipase act?

Answer 24

duodenum

Question 25

what is the product of amylase, protease and lipase respectively?

Answer 25

simple sugars (maltose) amino acids glycerol and fatty acids

Question 26

What are the functions of bile?

Answer 26

Emulsify fats to increase SA neutralise acidity of food from stomach provide optimum PH for intestine enzymes

Question 27

function of HCL in stomach

Answer 27

provide optimum PH for pepsin sterilises+kill pathogens on food

Question 28

what words must you mention when talking about enzymes?

Answer 28

active site complementary shape enzyme substrate complex specific substrate products lock and key

Question 29

how does pH affect enzymes?

Answer 29

wrong pH, enzymes denature active site changes shape no longer complementary to substrate fewer enzyme substrate complexes reaction slows down or stop

Question 30

how does temp affect enzymes?

Answer 30

increased->enzymes +substrate move faster until optimum temp is reached (quote data!) after optimum temp enzymes start to denature active site changes shape, no longer complementary fewer enzyme substrate complexes made reaction slows or stops

Question 31

what is metabolic rate?

Answer 31

the rate of chemical reactions in cells

Question 32

How does a heart attack occur?

Answer 32

coronary artery blocked blood flow restricted glucose and oxygen not transported to heart muscle less aerobic respiration less energy released less muscle contraction

Question 33

which walls of the heart are larger and why?

Answer 33

left walls, more powerful muscle contraction needed as blood has to be pumped further (all the way around the body) on the left side

Question 34

how is lactic acid broken down?

Answer 34

using oxygen

Question 35

what do you need to mention when talking about O2 debt?

Answer 35

lactic acid formed by anaerobic respiration broken down using o2 into co2 and h20 to release energy

Question 36

what is translocation?

Answer 36

the movement of dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant

Question 37

are viruses cells?

Answer 37

no

Question 38

what are risk factors?

Answer 38

factors that increase the likelihood that you'll get ill/harmed

Question 39

what are the three ways that WBCs defend the body?

Answer 39

engulf pathogens make antibodies make antitoxins

Question 40

ways to prevent infection spread

Answer 40

use good hygeine isolate/quarantine the infected kill / control vectors vaccinate as many as possible

Question 41

model answer for q about antibiotic resistance

Answer 41

-mutation -causes variation in resistance to antibodies -offspring inherit mutation -population more resistant over time -non resistant bacteria wiped out

Question 42

two main reasons antibiotic resistance is increasing

Answer 42

people don't finish antibiotic courses overuse of antibiotics

Question 43

answer for a question on why we can't cure colds/flus/viral diseases

Answer 43

viruses mutate immune system can't recognise new strain/antigens no antibodies made to destroy them

Question 44

model answer for vaccine/immunisation q

Answer 44

vaccine contains weakened/inactive pathogen WBC regonise antigens in vaccine WBCs release antibodies WBCs become memory cells if you get the "real" infection memory cells recognise antigens quickly respond by producing antibodies which destroy pathogen before you get ill

Question 45

when answering q about growing microbes, consider...

Answer 45

favourable conditions for microbe growth (warmth, 02, water, nutrients) preventing contamination (state what needs sterilising/how to sterilise it) health and safety (lids on petri dishes, not incubating above 25 degrees, hand washing,facemasks..)

Question 46

what are the two types of culture medium?

Answer 46

agar jelly - solid- in petri dish nutrient broth- liquid- in flask/container

Question 47

what do cigarettes contain, what harm do they cause?

Answer 47

tar- causes cancer CO- breathlessness, low growth rate in foetuses nicotine- mostly harmless BUT addictive

Question 48

obesity is caused by...

Answer 48

consuming more calories than you use

Question 49

what can obesity lead to?

Answer 49

type 2 diabetes arthiritis heart disease high blood pressue

Question 50

alcohol causes

Answer 50

liver cancer and cirrhosis brain damage foetal alcohol syndrome

Question 51

method for describing photosynthesis graphs

Answer 51

divide graph into chunks tackle each at a time, using the descriptive phrase: "As [x axis] increases, [y axis] increases/decreases/stays constant up until [quote data point]" (i presume then explain why) QUOTE DATA

Question 52

during the day co2 levels are low because... (OPPOSITE TRUE FOR O2)

Answer 52

photosynthesis takes in co2 +occurs quicker than respiration

Question 53

during nighttime co2 levels are high bc... (OPPOSITE TRUE FOR O2)

Answer 53

photosynthesis cant occur bc lack of light, so plants not taking up co2 aerobic respiration releasing co2

Question 54

for qs on tropisms, what do you need to mention

Answer 54

which part is responding? (roots/shoots/stem) how it responds? (up or down) what respond to? (gravity/light/water) how responds(auxin-distributed unevenly-unequal growth rate- causes bending)

Question 55

what are different kinds of stimuli ?

Answer 55

light chemicals (taste+smell) pressure temperature sound DON'T SAY: the frying pan is the stimulus. the temperature/heat is the stimulus

Question 56

different kinds of receptors

Answer 56

light receptors in eye chemical receptors in nose/tongue pressure receptors in skin temp receptors in skin sound receptors in ear

Question 57

When asked about a response arc, what do you need to refer to?

Answer 57

stimulus? receptors? sensory neurone, electrical impulse... CNS and relay neurone synapses and chemical signals motor neurone effectors? response?

Question 58

what can the effector be?

Answer 58

muscles for movement, glands for secreting chemicals

Question 59

model answer for blood sugar control?

Answer 59

pancreas (makes insulinnn????) detects sugar levels if high release insulin insulin stimulates liver to take up glucose, convert to glycogen if low, release glucagon glucagon stimulates liver to break down glycogen into glucose and release into blood

Question 60

which type of diabetes can you be born with?

Answer 60

1

Question 61

what does FSH do?

Answer 61

matures eggs stimulates ovaries to make oestrogen

Question 62

what does oestrogen do?

Answer 62

stimulates lining of uterus to regrow inhibits FSH production stimulates LH release

Question 63

what does LH do?

Answer 63

stimulates mature egg release from ovary (ovulation)

Question 64

for homeostasis temperature control questions...

Answer 64

blood vessels (not capillaries) near skin surface constrict/dilate heat loss prevented/encouraged hairs erect/flatten- insulation sweating stops/starts - evaporation shivering generates heat

Question 65

model answer for shivering questions

Answer 65

muscle contraction uses energy aerobic respiration uses 02 and glucose generates heat (all other cold responses prevent it being lost)

Question 66

three functions of kidney

Answer 66

maintain water and salt balances excretion

Question 67

what is excretion?

Answer 67

getting rid of metabolic (cell reaction) waste ie. urea, made in liver, and c02, produced by all cells during respiration, which is exhaled

Question 68

what is egestion?

Answer 68

not excretion, getting rid of undigested food waste- faeces

Question 69

what can co2 build up cause?

Answer 69

forms carbonic acid which denatures enzymes so has to be removed

Question 70

how does salt build up happen and what does it cause?

Answer 70

water moves by osmosis into cells with low water potential due to high salt conc from cells with higher water potential raises blood pressure and leads to heart problems

Question 71

where are urea and urine made?

Answer 71

urea in the liver, urine in the kidneys

Question 72

how do kidneys work?

Answer 72

filter plasma out of blood into kidney large proteins +cells stay in blood, (too big to filter) SELECTIVELY REABSORB all sugars,AAs,some water and salts by diffusion, then AT back to blood excrete urea, excess h20+ salts as urine

Question 73

why is urea more concentrated in the urine than blood?

Answer 73

after filtering, water is reabsorbed urea not reabsorbed

Question 74

flow chart of excess proteins to urine

Answer 74

excess proteins digested to AAs deamination in liver to NH3 converted to urea filtration in kidneys to urine

Question 75

flow chart of how water controlled?

Answer 75

water levels in blood low detected by pituitary gland releases ADH causes kidneys to absorb more water making concentrated low volume urine

Question 76

how does dialysis work?

Answer 76

pump blood through dialyser tube dialysing fluid has same amount of glucose, nutrients, water, ions as normal blood- any excess diffuses out of blood into the fluid down conc gradient no urea in dialysing fluid, so urea diffuses out of blood into fluid down conc gradient bubble trap removes air bubbles anticoagulant stops clotting in the machine

Question 77

what is an allele?

Answer 77

different versions of the same gene, which codes for one protein each

Question 78

how do you comment on genetic diagrams?

Answer 78

parent phenotype= parent genotype= gamete genotype= punnet square cross offspring genotypes and phenotypes (list all genotypes with phenotypes next to them)

Question 79

what is a chromosome?

Answer 79

a structure that carries genes in the nucleus

Question 80

why do gametes have half the number of chromosomes?

Answer 80

so they can have the correct amount when they fuse

Question 81

for ethics qs on gene technology, you should cover...

Answer 81

benefits economics/costs effect on environment religious opposition and morality/ethics health and safety

Question 82

what are plasmids used for gm

Answer 82

transfer DNA to microorganisms

Question 83

if you are trying to gm engineer an animal/plant you...

Answer 83

... insert the DNA directly into them when they're still an embryo

Question 84

selective breeding model answer

Answer 84

select organisms with desired traits only breed those organisms select their best offspring and only breed those repeat process over many generations

Question 85

why do plants have big leaves?

Answer 85

increase SA capture more light energy for photosynthesis + successfully compete with other plants for light

Question 86

reasons darwin's theory wasn't accepted at the time

Answer 86

religious opposition not enough evidence couldn't prove how characteristics were inhgerited; they didn't know about genes

Question 87

how do plants prevent water loss?

Answer 87

curl/lose leaves- low SA fewer stomata less water lost thick waterproof waxy cuticle

Question 88

to pick up more water plants can

Answer 88

deep roots more spread out roots

Question 89

for questions about pyramids getting narrower at the top...

Answer 89

energy is lost from each trophic level do to movement, uneaten parts, excretion and heat lost NEVER SAY ENERGY IS LOST THROUGH GROWTH

Question 90

abiotic factors:

Answer 90

temp light (for plants only) water food/nutrients space/territory pollution

Question 91

biotic factors

Answer 91

competition predators disease

Question 92

if you are asked to estimate a population's size

Answer 92

divide study area into grid select random coords place quadrat down at coords count num. of organisms or % cover within quadrat (do the thing. we did with the sunflowers)

Question 93

if you asked how a species changes over an area

Answer 93

lay measuring tape down-a transect place quadrat down against transect at regular intervals

Question 94

vegetarianism is better because:

Answer 94

fewer trophic levels less energy lost state how energy is lost [respiration,heat loss,uneaten parts, etc ]