yr10 biology Flashcards
What happens in the preclinical stage of drug testing?
The first phase uses cell cultures, tissues or spare body parts (in vitro screening). The potential drug is tested thoroughly to answer questions like “is it toxic?” or “does it work?”.
If the lab supports animal testing, then animals are used to see how the drug would react to a living body
What is an antibody?
A protein released by a lymphocyte in response to an infection. Antibodiesbind to antigens, neutralising them.
What is a lymphocyte?
A white blood cell that can either produce antibodies or antitoxins to destroy pathogens
What can MABs be used in?
Pregnancy tests, disease diagnoses, research and disease treatment.
How are MABs made?
a mouse is injected with a specific antigen, which it reacts to by releasing a specific antibody. these lymphocytes are fused with tumour cells to make a hybridoma cell, and detergents are used to break down their cell walls to help them fuse.
The hybridomas divide to make many identical cells that all produce the same antibody. Then, large amounts of the antibody are collected and purified.
How can MABs be used to treat tumours?
-attaching to cancer cells to trigger your body’s immune response
-attaching an anti-cancer drug to the MAB
-blocking chemicals othat cause the cell to divide
-helping doctors locate the tumour
What are the side effects of MABs?
Chills or fever, itchy rashes, nausea, breathlessness or wheezing, headaches, changes in blood pressure
Why are MABs not used as widely as people originally thought?
as they are made in mice, immune responses can occur
What are the 6 stages of drug testing?
preclinical- lab
preclinical- animal testing(?)
phase 1- volunteer testing
phase 2- patient testing
phase 3- final tests and licensing
phase 4- the medicine is given to the public (?)
What 3 things must all drugs be?
Safe, effective and stable
How does the skin protect the body?
It acts as a barrier (skin is dead, which is difficult for pathogens to penetrate) and produces antimicrobial secretions from sebaceous glands.
How does the nose protect against diseases?
It traps particles which may contain pathogens. Coughing and sneezing protect against bacteria because they can get rid of pathogens from your body.
How do scabs protect against disease?
When the skin is cut, platelets are exposed to the air and make protein fibres (fibrin) that form a mesh over the wound. Platelets and red blood cells get caught in the mesh, forming a wound.
What are the name of the glands on the skin that produce antimicrobial oils?
sebaceous glands
How does the respiritory system defend against pathogens?
the trachea and bronchi have ciliated epithelium. Cilia are tiny, hairlike structures that waft mucus (which traps dust and microbes) into the throat. They end up in the stomach where they are destroyed
