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Science Revision > Mitosis, Exchange Surfaces and Lungs > Flashcards

Mitosis, Exchange Surfaces and Lungs Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

type of cell division resulting in genetically identical diploid cells.

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2
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

repair, growth and development of tissues in multicellular organisms
asexual reproduction

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3
Q

What type of reproduction is mitosis, and what is its version in bacteria?

A

Asexual reproduction, binary fission

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4
Q

What is the order of stages in cell division?

A

G1, S, G2, Mitosis, Cytokinesis, G0

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5
Q

What does the G stand for in cell division?

A

Growth

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6
Q

What does the S stand for in cell division?

A

Synthesis

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7
Q

What happens in the G1 phase of cell division?

A

Subcellular structures (eg mitochondria) duplicate

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8
Q

What happens in the S phase of cell division?

A

DNA replicates. now two copies of each chromosone

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9
Q

What happens in the G2 phase of cell division?

A

DNA is checked for errors during replication. Enzymes are used to fix the mistakes.

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10
Q

What happens in mitosis?

A

The chromosones move to opposite poles of the cell and two nuclei form.

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11
Q

What happens in the G0 phase of cell division?

A

Temporary cell resting. Some cells will never divide again, eg, nerve cells

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12
Q

How many chromosomes and pairs in a human adult cell?

A

46 chromosomes

23 pairs

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13
Q

How many chromosomes and pairs in a sperm or egg cell?

A

23

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14
Q

What happens in the prophase?

A

1) Chromosomes formed of 2 sister chromatiPs
2) nuclear membrane disaPPears
3) SPindle fiPres form

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15
Q

What happens in the metaphase?

A

1) ChroMosoMes line up aloMg the equator

2) SpiMdle fibres attach to the ChroMosoMes

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16
Q

What happens in the anaphase?

A

1) Sister chromatids pulled apart towards poles

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17
Q

What happens in the telophase?

A

1)Nuclear membrane reform, creaTing Two nuclei

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18
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

1)cytoplasm+cell membrane divide, leaving two diploid daughter cells

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19
Q

In which stage of cell division does the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide?

A

Cytokinesis

20
Q

In which stage of cell division does the nuclear membrane reform?

A

Telophase

21
Q

In which stage of cell division do the chromatids line up along the equator?

A

Metaphase

22
Q

In which stage of cell division do the spindle fibres form?

A

prophase

23
Q

In which stage of cell division do the nuclear membranes disappear?

A

prophase

24
Q

In which stage of cell division are the sister chromatids pulled towards the poles?

A

anaphase

25
Q

Where do the spindle fibres attach to the chromosomes?

A

At the centromere

26
Q

What are the spindle fibres made of?

A

Centriole

27
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

Two copies of a chromosome

28
Q

What are the disadvantages of mitosis?

A

Can cause cancer if g2 fails, not all cells can

29
Q

What is the equation you need to do to work out whether simple diffusion is enough for an organism to respirate?

A

Surface area to volume ratio

30
Q

Do large multicellular organisms have a small or large SA:V?

A

Small

31
Q

Do small single cell organisms have a small or large SA:V?

A

Large

32
Q

Why do large organisms require an exchange surface?

A

there’ll be layers of cells between the center and environment- products of respiration will be used up before they reach the surface

33
Q

What are the features of an exchange surface? (4)

A
  • large SA increases exchange site
  • Thin membrane decreases diffusion distance
    -a way to transport substances to/from exchange site
    -steep conc gradient
34
Q

How does inhalation take place?

A
  • diaphragm contracts and flattens/moves down
  • intercostal muscles contract
  • ribs move in and out
  • chest volume increases
  • pressure decreases, air rushes in
35
Q

How does exhalation take place?

A

diaphragm relaxes and moves up
- intercostal muscles relax
- ribs move down and in
- volume inside chest decreases
- air rushes out

36
Q

How are small intestines adapted to be a good exchange surface?

A
  • good blood supply
  • one cell thick wall
  • large SA- villi/microvilli
37
Q

How are lungs adapted to be a good exchange surface?

A
  • alveoli wall is very thin
  • capillaries surrounding alveoli ensuring a good blood supply as oxygen is constantly moved round away from the lungs maintaining a steep concentration gradient
  • well ventilated
  • surfaces
38
Q

How are fish gills adapted to be a good exchange surface?

A
  • Good blood supply assists with quick absorption
  • gill filaments have large SA
  • thin walls for short diffusion distance
39
Q

How are root hair cells adapted to be a good exchange surface?

A

-projections increase SA
-constant water flow
-thin walls for short diffusion distance

40
Q

How are leaves adapted to be a good exchange surface?

A
  • stomata- small holes for movement of gases
  • flattened shape, large SA
  • thin walls for short diffusion distance
41
Q

What do plant leaves exchange

A

Co2 and oxygen

42
Q

What do root hair cells exchange?

A

Water and mineral ions

43
Q

What type of blood vessel is found in villi?

A

Capillaries

44
Q

What type of blood vessel surrounds alveoli?

A

Capillaries

45
Q

What is special about the way the intercostal muscles interact?

A

They act antagonistically.

46
Q

Which intercostal muscle is stronger?

A

External

47
Q

What links active transport and diffusion?

A

transport of solutes

Science Revision (59 decks)

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