Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology (NCERT) - Class XI > XI Chap 9 Biomolecules > Flashcards

XI Chap 9 Biomolecules Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

An elemental analysis on plant tissue, animal tissue or microbial paste would result in what elements?

A

carbone, hydrogen, oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The elemental analysis on a plant/animal tissue and a piece of earth’s crust would obtain similar elements. T or F?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Relative abundance of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with respect to other elements is higher in ____________

living organisms or Earth’s crust?

A

living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe how to conduct chemical analysis

A

take any living tissue
grind it in trichloroacetic acid –> thick slurry
strain using cheesecloth/cotton -> examine the filtrate for organic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

More technically accurate name for filtrate and retentate in chemical analysis of living tissue?

A

Filtrate: Acid-soluble pool
Retentate: acid-insoluble fraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

All the carbon compounds that we get from living tissues can be called ___________

A

biomolecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Living organisms have both organic and inorganic elements and compounds in them. T or F?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does one obtain the inorganic elements/compounds from living tissue?

A

Destructive experiment
Dry it, remaining material is dry weight. Burn tissue fully, all C compounds are oxidised to gaseous forms, remaining contains inorganic elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is ‘ash’

A

remains after drying and burning a tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Inorganic substances like sulphate and phosphate are also seen in the acid-soluble fraction. T or F?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Elemental analysis gives ____________ while analysis for compounds gives _________

A

elemental composition of living tissues (hydrogen, oxygen, etc.)

idea of organic and inorganic constituents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Amino acids are ______ compounds containing an amino group and a acidic group as ________ on the same ______

A

organic, substituents, carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Amino acids are on the alpha carbon, hence they are called ________

A

alpha amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Amino acids are substituted _______

A

methanes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In amino acids, there are 4 _________ groups occupying ____ valency positions.

A

substituent, 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 4 substituent groups in amino acids?

A

Hydrogen
Carboxyl group
Amino group
Variable - R group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Based on the nature of _____ group there are many amino acids.

A

R

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Only ______ (how many) types of amino acids occur in proteins

A

20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3 examples of R group in proteinaceous amino acids?

A

hydrogen H (glycine),
methyl group CH3 (alanine),
hydroxy methyl CH2-OH (serine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Chemical and physical properties of amino acids are essentially of:

A

amino, carboxyl and R functional groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Based on number of amino and carboxyl groups, there are _____ (what types of amino acids?)

A

acidic (glutamic)
basic (lysine, arginine)
neutral (valine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are some aromatic amino acids?

A

tyrosine,
phenylalanine,
tryptophan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why is it that in solutions of different pH the structure of amino acids changes?

A

due to the ionizable nature of NH2 and COOH groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

% weight of the Hydrogen in Earth’s crust vs human body

A

0.14% (earth’s crust) vs 0.5% (human)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

% weight of the Carbon in Earth’s crust vs human body

A

0.03% (earth’s crust) vs 18.5% (human)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

% weight of the Oxygen in Earth’s crust vs human body

A

46.6% (earth’s crust) vs 65% (human)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

% weight of the Nitrogen in Earth’s crust vs human body

A

very little (earth’s crust) vs 3.3 (human)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

% weight of the Sulphur in Earth’s crust vs human body

A

0.03 (earth’s crust) vs 0.3 (human)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

% weight of the Sodium in Earth’s crust vs human body

A

2.8 (earth’s crust) vs 0.2 (human)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

% weight of the Calcium in Earth’s crust vs human body

A

3.6 (earth’s crust) vs 1.5 (human)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

% weight of the Magnesium in Earth’s crust vs human body

A

2.1 (earth’s crust) vs 0.1 (human)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

% weight of the Silicon in Earth’s crust vs human body

A

27.7 (earth’s crust) vs negligible (human)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are “other” inorganic compounds found in living tissues (table 9.2)?

A

NaCl, CaCO3, PO4 3-, SO4 2-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Lipids are generally water insoluble or soluble?

A

Insoluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

A fatty acid has a _______ group attached to a _____ group

A

carboxyl group, R group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

R group in simple fatty acid could be a _______ or _____ or ________

A

methyl (CH3) or ethyl (C2H5) or higher number of -CH2 groups (1 to 19 carbons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Palmitic acid has _____ carbons including carboxyl carbon

A

16 carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Arachidonic acid has _____ carbons including carboxyl carbon

A

20 carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Fatty acids could be saturated or unsaturated. What do the bonds look like in each?

A

Saturated - without double bond

Unsaturated - with one or more C=C double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Glycerol is a simple lipid. T or F?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Many lipids have both glycerol and fatty acids. T or F?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Glycerol is tri… ?

A

trihydroxy propane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

In some lipids, fatty acids are found _______ with glycerol. What are the 3 types?

A

esterified,

mono, di and triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Mono-, di- and triglycerides are also called ____ and _____ based on melting points.

A

fats and oils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Fats have have a lower melting point than oils. T or F?

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Some lipids have phosphorous and a _________ in them. They’re called phospholipids.

A

phosphorylated organic/nitrogenous compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Phospholipids are found in _____ membrane.

A

cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Lecithin is a __________

amino acid - phospholipid - carbohydrate - nucleoside

A

phospholipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

_________ tissues have lipids with more complex structures.

A

Neural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Nitrogen bases have ____ rings

A

heterocyclic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the nitrogen bases?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Uracil and Cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

When nitrogen bases are attached to a sugar they are called ___________

A

nucleosides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

When phosphate group is found esterified to sugar, in addition to nitrogen base, it is called _______

A

nucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Name nucleosides and tides?

A

Nucleosides: Adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, thymidine, uridine

Nucleotides: Adenylic acid, guanylic acid, cytidylic acid, thymidylic acid, uridylic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

DNA and RNA consist of nucleotides only. T or F?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

If one were to make a list of biomolecules it would consist of 1000s of organic compounds. T or F?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Biomolecules are also known as ___________. Why?

A

metabolites

because all metabolic reactions result in transformation of biomolecules. they’re required for metabolic reactions and the results of these reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

In what tissues are all of these compounds present?

Alkaloids, flavonoids, rubber, essential oils, antibiotics, coloured pigments, scents, gums and spices

What are these compounds aka?

A

plant tissues;

secondary metabolites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

In what tissues are all of these compounds present?

H, C, O, N, S, Na, Ca, Mg and Si

What are these compounds aka?

A

animal tissues;

primary metabolites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Primary vs. secondary metabolites?

A

Primary - animals, identifiable functions

secondary - plants, not all in-body functions are known but useful to human welfare & ecologically important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Carotenoids and anthocyanins are examples of?

A

pigments (secondary metabolites)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Morphine, Nicotine, trychnine, caffeine and Codeine are examples of?

A

alkaloids (secondary metabolites)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Monoterpenes, Diterpenes are examples of?

A

terpenoids (secondary metabolites)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Lemon grass oil is an example of?

A

essential oil (secondary metabolites)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Abrin and Ricin are examples of?

A

Toxins (secondary metabolites)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Concanavalin A is example of?

A

Lectin (secondary metabolites)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Vinblastin, curcumin are examples of?

A

drugs (secondary metabolites)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Rubber, gums, cellulose are examples of?

A

Polymeric substances (secondary metabolites)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What is one feature common to all compounds found in the acid-soluble pool?

A

molecular weights ranging from 18 to 800 daltons (Da)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Acid insoluble fraction has how many types of organic compounds? What are they?

A

4,

proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides and lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

All acid soluble pool compounds weigh less than 800 Da whereas all acid insoluble pool compounds weigh in range of 10,000 Da and above (hence later called macromolecules). T or F?

A

False, first half is true, but not all acid insoluble pool compounds are heavy. Lipids do not exceed 800 Da.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Most molecules in the acid insoluble pool have molecular weights in the range of __________

A

10,000 Da and above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What are the 2 types of biomolecules (based on weight)

A

micromolecules - <1000 Da

macromolecules - >1000 Da (aka those found in acid insoluble fraction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Biomacromolecules (and this excludes lipids) are polymeric substances. T or F?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Why do lipids come under acid insoluble fraction if they are so small?

A

cell membrane and other membranes are broken into pieces when tissue is ground. Forms vesicles that are not water soluble. Therefore they get separated along with acid insoluble pool.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Acid soluble pool roughly represents _______ composition

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

___________ and ___________ from the cytoplasm become the acid insoluble fraction

A

Macromolecules, organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

__________ is the most abundant chemical in living organisms

A

Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Proteins are polypeptides, ________ chains of amino acids linked by ____________

A

linear, peptide bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Each protein is a polymer of ___________

A

amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

A protein is a homo or heterpolymer?

A

Heteropolymer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What are essential amino acids? What is their source?

A

Cannot be made by our body. We get them from our diet/food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Functions of proteins?

A
  • transport nutrients across cell membrane
  • fight infections
  • hormones
  • enzymes
  • receptors
  • structural proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

_________ is the most abundant protein in animal world;

__________ is the most abundant protein in the biosphere

A

Collagen - animal

RuBisCo - biosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What is the function of collagen (protein)?

A

Intercellular ground substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What is the function of trypsin (protein)?

A

enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Acid insoluble pellet has carbohydrates. T or F?

A

True, polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What is the function of insulin (protein)?

A

hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What is the function of antibody (protein)?

A

fights infectious agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What is the function of receptor (protein)?

A

Sensory reception (smell, taste, hormone, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

What is the function of GLUT-4 (protein)?

A

Enables glucose transport into cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Polysaccharides are long chains of ________. They are threads containing different _______ as building blocks.

A

sugars; monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Cellulose has how many types of monosaccharides?

A

1 - glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Cellulose is a homopolymer. T or F?

A

True, made of glucose only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

_______ is a variant of cellulose, present as a store house of energy in plants whereas ______ variant is present in animals

A

starch, glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

______ is a polymer of fructose

A

Inulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

In glycogen (polysaccharide chain) , right end is called _________, left end is called _________

A

reducing, non-reducing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Polysaccharide chains have branches. T or F?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Starch forms _________ structures that can hold ______

A

helical secondary structures, can hold I2 molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Starch is ____ in color, while cellulose isn’t. What explains this?

A

blue.

Starch can hold I2, cellulose can’t (complex helixes absent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Plant walls are made of ________

A

cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Paper made from plant pulp and cotton fibre is __________

A

cellulosic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Complex polysaccharides found in nature have what as building blocks?

A

Amino-sugars and chemically modified sugars (glucosamine, N-acetyl galactosamine, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

What are glucosamine and N-acetyl galactosamine?

A

amino-sugars / chemically modified sugars in complex polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

___________ of arthropods have complex polysaccharides called _____

A

Exoskeleton, chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Complex polysaccharides are mostly homopolymers (remember, the simple polysaccharide cellulose is a homopolymer). T or F?

A

True

107
Q

Nucleic acids are poly…..

A

polynucleotides

108
Q

Polysaccharides, polypeptides and polynucleotides comprise the ______ of any living tissue/cell

A

true macromolecular fraction

109
Q

Building block for nucleic acids is _________

A

nucleotide

110
Q

3 distinct compounds of nucleotide?

A 
heterocyclic compound (nitrogen base)
monosaccharide (5-carbon sugar)
phosphoric acid / phosphate
111
Q

Sugar found in polynucleotides is either ribose (a _______ pentose) or ___-deoxyribose

A

monosaccharide, 2’

112
Q

In inorganic chemistry, structure referes to _______

A

molecular formulae

113
Q

Organic chemists always write a ________ view of molecules

A

2-D

114
Q

Physicists conjure up ________ views of molecular structures

A

3-D

115
Q

Biologists describe protein structure at how many levels? what are they?

A

4 levels:

  1. primary - sequence / positional info
  2. secondary - helix and other forms
  3. tertiary - hollow woolen ball
  4. quaternary - architecture of polypeptides / subunits wrt each other
116
Q

In primary structure, protein is imagined as a ______, leftmost of which is ____ and rightmost is ____

A

line, first amino acid, last amino acid

117
Q

First amino acid in primary structure is called _____, last is called _____

A

N-terminal

C-terminal

118
Q

Protein thread exists throughout as an extended rigid rod. T or F?

A

False

119
Q

Some portions of protein thread is folded in ___________ and some are folded into other forms

A

right handed helix

120
Q

Tertiary view gives us a ____-dimensional view of a protein

A

3-D

121
Q

_________ structure is absolute necessary for the many biological activities of proteins

A

Tertiary

122
Q

Some proteins are an assembly of more than one polypeptide or subunits. T or F?

A

True (quaternary structure)

123
Q

Linear string of spheres,
spheres arranged one upon each other in form of a cube or plate

^ what are these?

A

architecture of a protein (quarternary structure)

124
Q

What is the quarternary structure of adult human haemoglobin?

A

4 subunits, 2 identical to each other.

2 subunits of alpha, two of beta

125
Q

Peptide bonds of amino acids are formed when _____ group of one AA reacts with _____ group of the next AA with the elimination of ______. This process is called _____.

A

carboxyl (COOH) group
amino (NH2) group
water moeity
dehydration

126
Q

In a polysaccharide, monosaccharides are linked by a peptide bond. T or F?

A

False, glycosidic

127
Q

Peptides and glycosidic bonds are formed by _______ process

A

dehydration

128
Q

Glycosidic bond is formed between _______ atoms of two adjacent _______

A

2 carbon atoms, 2 adjacent monosaccharides

129
Q

In a nucleic acid, a _______ links the ______ of one sugar of one nucleotide to the _______ of the sugar of the succeeding nucleotide.

What is this bond called?

A

phosphate moeity, 3’C, 5’C

ester bond

130
Q

Why is it said that polypeptides have phosphodiester linkage?

A

2 ester bonds on either sides / chains => phosphodiester

131
Q

The Watson-Crick model (double helix) is one of many secondary structures exhibited by nucleic acids. T or F?

A

True

132
Q

The strand of DNA turns how many degrees in each step? in a full turn?

A

36, 360

133
Q

One full turn of a helical strand includes how many base pairs?

A

10

134
Q

Pitch of DNA is ____, rise per bp is _____

A

34 Å, 3.4 Å

135
Q

DNA that exhibits the Watson-Crick model features is called ___-DNA

A

B-DNA

136
Q

There are more than ______ forms of DNA named after English alphabets with unique structural features

A

a dozen

137
Q

Biomolecules are present in certain concentrations measured as ______ or _____

A

mols/cell of mols/litre

138
Q

One of the greatest discoveries ever made wrt biomolecules is ______

A

all biomolecules have a turn over => constantly being changed into other biomolecules and made from other biomolecules

139
Q

Turn over of biomolecules occurs through _______

A

chemical reactions aka metabolism

140
Q

removal of CO2 from amino acids making an amino acid into an amine is an example of?

A

metabolic reaction

141
Q

hydrolysis of a glycosidic bond in disaccharide is an example of?

A

metabolic reaction

142
Q

Most metabolic reactions occur in isolation. T or F?

A

False, series of linked reactions (hence metabolic pathways)

143
Q

Metabolic pathways can be _____ or _______ and always _____ each other

A

linear or circular, always criss-cross each other

144
Q

Metabolic pathways are compared to what real-life phenomenon?

A

Traffic

145
Q

Metabolic pathways have a definite ____And ____

A

rate and direction

146
Q

Metabolite flow is called __________

A

dynamic state of body constituents

147
Q

Every metabolic reaction in living systems is catalysed, even physical processes. T or F?

A

True

148
Q

Catalysts which hasten rate of metabolic conversations are also ________ and named ______

A

proteins, named enzymes

149
Q

Anabolic vs. catabolic pathways?

A

Anabolic - simple to complex, consumes energy

Catabolic - complex to simple, releases energy, trapped and stored as chemical bonds

150
Q

Anabolic pathways are aka _______

A

biosynthetic pathways

151
Q

Anabolic or catabolic?

Amino acids => proteins
Glucose => lactic acid
Acetic acid => cholesterol

A

Amino acids => proteins - anabolic
Glucose => lactic acid - catabolic
Acetic acid => cholesterol - anabolic

152
Q

When glucose is degraded to lactic acid, it is called _____ and occurs in how many steps?

A

glycolysis, 10 steps

153
Q

Stored bond energy is utilised for biosynthetic, osmotic and mechanical work in the body as and when required. T or F?

A

True

154
Q

Most important form of energy currency is _______

A

bond energy in a chemical called adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

155
Q

Blood concentration of glucose in healthy individual is __________

A

4.2 - 6.1 mmol/L

156
Q

Concentration of hormones in normal healthy person is measured in ________

A

nanograms / mL

157
Q

Most important fact of biological systems is ____________

A

all living organisms exist in a steady-state characterised by concentrations of each of the biomolecules

158
Q

Biomolecules in our bodies are in a state of __________ flux

A

metabolic

159
Q

The steady state (or “living state”) in human beings is an equilibrium state where you will find biomolecules in specific ranges of quantities. T or F?

A

False, steady state = non-equilibrium… system is continuously working (metabolism)

160
Q

Living process is a constant effort to prevent falling into equilibrium. T or F?

A

True

161
Q

How is living state achieved?

A

energy input from metabolism

162
Q

All enzymes are proteins. T or F?

A

False, ALMOST all enzymes, some nucleic acids can be enzymes too (ribozymes)

163
Q

One can depict enzyme by _____ diagram

A

line

164
Q

An enzyme, like any protein, has primary, secondary and tertiary structures. T or F?

A

True

165
Q

In a tertiary structure, the backbone of a protein folds upon itself, criss-crosses itself, and hence many _______ are made. These are called “__________”.

A

crevices / pockets.

“active sites”

166
Q

_______ fits into an active site of an enzyme

A

substrate

167
Q

Enzymes, through their ________, catalyse reactions at a high rate.

A

active sites

168
Q

What is one major difference b/w enzyme catalysts and inorganic catalysts?

A

Enzymes get damaged at high temperatures (above 40° C), while inorganic catalysts work efficiently at high temps and high pressures.

169
Q

Enzymes isolated from _________ organisms are stable at high temps (80°-90° C)

A

thermophilic organisms (live in hot vents and sulphur springs)

170
Q

Chemical compounds undergo 2 types of changes:

A

physical (change in shape, no breaking of bonds) and chemical (breaking and forming of bonds)

171
Q

Ba(OH)2 + H2SO4 -> BASO4 + 2H2O

is organic or inorganic chemical reaction?

A

Inorganic

172
Q

Hydrolisis of starch into glucose…

is organic or inorganic chemical reaction?

A

Organic

173
Q

What is the rate of a physical / chemical process?

A

Amount of product formed per unit time.

r = delta P/ delta t

174
Q

If direction is specified, rate can also be called ______

A

velocity

175
Q

Rates of physical and chemical processes are affected by temperature. T or F?

A

True

176
Q

General rule of thumb is that rate increases by ______ for every _____°C increase of temperature.

A

doubles, 10°C

177
Q

CO2 + H20 -> H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

What is the rate of uncatalysed reaction? Catalysed?

A

Uncatalysed - 200 molecules of carbonic acid formed in an hour
Catalysed - 600,000 molecules per second

(10 million times faster)

178
Q

What is the enzyme associated with converting CO2 and water to carbonic acid? By how much does using an enzyme increase the rate of the reaction?

A

Carbonic anhydrase, 10 million times

179
Q

A multistep chemical reaction where each step is catalysed by the same enzyme complex or different enzymes is called a ___________

A

metabolic pathway

180
Q

Glucose -> 2 Pyruvic acid is an example of:

physical reaction - metabolic pathway - single-enzyme reaction - single-step reaction

A

metabolic pathway

181
Q

Glucose becomes pyruvic acid through how many enzymes?

A

10

182
Q

The glucose to pyruvic acid metabolic pathway can yield what end product in human body under anaerobic conditions? aerobic? in yeast?

A

anaerobic - lactic acid
aerobic - pyruvic acid
yeast - ethanol

183
Q

Chemical converted to a product in a reaction is called ________

A

substrate

184
Q

What does S —> P symbolize?

A

Chemical conversion of substrate to product (in enzymes, via active sites)

185
Q

Formation of an ‘ES’ complex is a __________ phenomenon

A

transient

186
Q

During the state where S is bound to E active site, a new structure of substrate called ______ is formed

A

transition state structure

187
Q

Pathway of S -> P transformation must go through the ________________

A

transition state structure

188
Q

In S -> P, there could be many altered structural states between the stable substrate and product. T or F?

A

True

189
Q

When there are multiple transition state structures, all intermediate structures are stable. T or F?

A

False, unstable

190
Q

Stability is something related to the _____ status of the molecule / structure.

A

energy

191
Q

If P is at lower level than S, the reaction is ________.

If S is lower level than P, then reaction is ________.

A

Exothermic/spontaneous

Endothermic/energy-requiring

192
Q

Only in endothermic reactions, where P is higher than S, S has to go through a much higher transition state. T or F?

A

False, in both endothermic and exothermic reactions.

193
Q

Enzymes ______ the energy barrier making transition of S to P much easier

A

bring down

194
Q

Formation of ES complex is short-lived. T or F?

A

True

195
Q

What is EP?

A

intermediate formation of enzyme-product

ES -> EP -> E + P

196
Q

Describe the catalytic cycle of enzyme reaction:

A
  1. substrate binds to active site
  2. induces the enzyme to alter its shape, fitting more tightly around substrate
  3. active site is now in close proximity of substrate -> breaks chemical bonds -> EP is formed
  4. enzyme releases products, ready to bind to another molecule of substrate
197
Q

What are the 4 factors affecting enzyme activity?

A
  1. pH
  2. temperature
  3. concentration of substrate
  4. binding of regulators
198
Q

Enzymes function in a wide range of temperature and pH. Outside this range it is inactive or destroyed. T or F?

A

False, narrow range, everything else correct

199
Q

Temp / pH where enzyme shows its highest activity is called ___________ temp/pH

A

optimum

200
Q

Low temperatures _________ the enzyme whereas high temperatures ______ the enzyme because __________

A

preserve/inactivate,
destroy,
proteins are denatured by heat

201
Q

With the increase in substrate concentration, __________ of reaction increases at first.

A

velocity

202
Q

What is max velocity in enzymatic reaction?

A

rate of reaction is not increased by any further rise in concentration of substrate because no free enzyme molecules left to bind with additional substrate

203
Q

Max velocity is reached when substrate molecules are greater than enzyme molecules. T or F?

A

True

204
Q

What are inhibitors/inhibition?

A

when binding of chemical shuts off enzyme activity

205
Q

What is competitive inhibitor? Example

A

When inhibitor closely resembles substrate in molecular structure and inhibits enzyme activity.
e.g. inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase by malonate (substrate is succinate)

206
Q

Competitive inhibition is used in the control of _________ pathogens

A

bacterial

207
Q

Enzymes are divided into ____ classes each with ______ subclasses and named accordingly by a ___-digit number

A

6, 4-13, four-digit

208
Q

What are the 6 classes of enzymes?

A 
Oxidoreductases/dehydrogenase
Transferase
Hydrolase
Lyase
Isomerase
Ligase
209
Q

What are oxidoreductases? aka?

A

enzymes which catalyse oxidoreduction b/w 2 substrates. aka dehydrogenase

210
Q

What are transferases?

A

enzymes which catalyse transfer of a group, G (other than hydrogen) between a pair of substrates

211
Q

What are hydrolases?

A

enzymes which catalyse hydrolysis of ester, ether, peptide, glycosidic, C-C, C-halide or P-N bonds

212
Q

What are lyases?

A

enzymes which catalyse removal of groups from substrates by mechanisms other than hydrolysis leaving double bonds

213
Q

What are isomerases?

A

enzymes which catalyse inter-conversion of optical, geometric or positional isomers

214
Q

What are ligases?

A

enzymes catalysing the linking together of 2 compounds e.g. joining of C-O, C-S, C-N, P-O

215
Q

Match the reactions to the class of enzymes?

  1. S-G + S’ –> S’-G + S
  2. X-C-C-Y –> X-Y + C=C
  3. S reduced + S’ oxidised –> S oxidised + S’ reduced
A
  1. Transferase
  2. Lyase
  3. Dehydrogenase / oxidoreductase
216
Q

Enzymes are composed of one or several __________ chains

A

polypeptide

217
Q

What are co-factors?

A

non-protein constituents
often bound to enzyme
make enzyme catalytically active

218
Q

What is apoenzyme?

A

Protein portion of the enzyme (when co-factors are present)

219
Q

3 kinds of cofactors?

A

prosthetic
co-enzymes
metal ions

220
Q

Prosthetic groups?

A

co-factors of enzymes,
organic compounds,
tightly bound to apoenzyme

221
Q

Co-enzyme?

A

co-factor of enzyme,
organic compound,
association with apoenzyme is only transient during the catalysis

222
Q

Essential elements of many co-enzymes are ________

A

vitamins

223
Q

Coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide contains __________ vitamin

A

niacin

224
Q

Metal ions as co-factors?

A

form coordination bonds with side chains at the active site

and coordination bonds with substrate

225
Q

Catalytic activity is lost when co-factor is removed. T or F?

A

True

226
Q

Match the following to the right group of co-factors and name the GROUP of the co-factor.
1. Peroxidase and catalase - breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to water and O2
2. NAD and NADP
3. proteolytic enzyme carboxypeptidase
Options: Niacin - Zinc - Haem

A
  1. Haem - prosthetic
  2. Niacin - co-enzyme
  3. Zinc - metal ion
227
Q

Although there is bewildering diversity of living organisms, their chemical composition and metabolic reactions appear to be remarkably similar. T or F?

A

True

228
Q

There are _____ types of amino acids and ____ types of nucleotides

A

20, 5

229
Q

Lipids because of association with _______ separate in the macromolecular fraction

A

membranes

230
Q

__________ enzymes exhibit substrate specificity

A

proteinaceous enzymes

231
Q

Enzymes increase or lower the activation energy of reactions?

A

Lower

232
Q

Carbohydrates (sugars) are chemically defined as ______________ or ______________

A

polyhydroxy aldehyde, ketones

233
Q

All sugar molecules have one ______________ group in addition to a ______________ group on other carbon atoms.

A 
carbonyl group (-CO-) 
hydroxyl group (OH)
234
Q

Neutral or true fats are ______________ (mono/di/triglycerides) which are formed by esterification of ______________ molecules of fatty acids with one molecule of ______________

A

triglycerides,
3,
trihydric alcohol, glycerol (glycerine or trihydroxy propane)

235
Q

Basic amino acids have an additional amino group without forming ______________ thus they are ______________

A

amides, diamino monocarboxylic acids

236
Q

Major role of minor elements inside living organisms is to act as ______________

A

co-factors of enzymes

237
Q

Spoilage of oil can be detected by which fatty acid?

A

Erucic acid

238
Q

Essential amino acid is?

phenylalanine - glycine - aspartic acid - serine

A

phenylalanine

239
Q

Water present in human body is ______________

A

65-70%

240
Q

Water present in living cell is ______________

A

70-90%

241
Q

Proteins in living cell is ______________

A

10-15%

242
Q

Carbohydrates and lipids in living cells are ______________ and ______________ respectively

A

3%

2%

243
Q

Nucleic acids make up ______________% of living cells

A

5-7%

244
Q

Ions make up ______________% of living cell mass

A

1%

245
Q

Nicotine, strychnine and caffeine are used as ______________ in plants

A

defense mechanisms

246
Q

Which of the following have carbohydrate as prosthetic group?

Glycoprotein - lipoprotein - chromoprotein - nucleoprotein

A

Glycoprotein

247
Q

Sucrose is a ______________ (mono / disaccharide)

A

disaccharide

248
Q

Glycine is a sulphur containing amino acid. T or F?

A

False

249
Q

Which of the following is a non-reducing carbohydrate?

Maltose - sucrose - lactose - ribose 5-phosphate

A

Sucrose

250
Q

Macromolecule chitin is a _________-containing polysaccharide

A

nitrogen

251
Q

Carbohydrates are commonly found as starch in plant storage organs because they are ______________ and ______________

A

chemically non-reactive, osmotically inactive

252
Q

Cellulose is a major component of cell walls of:

pseudomonas - saccharomyces - pythium - xanthomonas

A

Pythium

253
Q

Carbohydrates, the most abundant biomolecule on earth, are produced by __________, algae and green plant cells.

Fungi, some bacteria or all bacteria?

A

some bacteria (that contain chlorophyll)

254
Q

Galactose is a ______________ (reducing / non-reducing) sugar

A

reducing

255
Q

Cellulose, the most important constituent of plant cell wall is made up of:

A

unbranched chain of glucose molecules linked by β-1, 4 glycosidic bond

256
Q

Lactose is composed of ___________

A

glucose + galactose

257
Q

Which purine base is found in RNA?

thymine - uracil - cytosine - guanine

A

Guanine (says PURINE!!)

258
Q

Ramachandran plot is used to confirm the structure of ___________

A

proteins

259
Q

Which of the following is least likely to be involved in stabilising the 3-D folding of most proteins?

A

Ester bonds

260
Q

In double helical structure of DNA, density of DNA decreases on heating. T or F?

A

True, as hydrogen bonds breakdown

261
Q

In double helical structure of DNA, A + T/C + G is not constant. T or F?

A

False, it is constant for a species, may vary species to species

262
Q

In double helix of DNA, two DNA strands are coiled around ___________

A

a common axis

263
Q

Modern detergents contain enzyme preparations of ___________

A

alkaliphiles (alkaline protease for removing protein stains)

264
Q

Feedback inihibition is inhibition of the activity of an enzyme catalysing some early reactions of the series by the ___________

A

end product of the metabolic pathway

Biology (NCERT) - Class XI (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions