XI Chap 7 Structural Organisation Animals Flashcards
____ is a simple organism with thousands of cells
Hydra
Human body is composed of how many cells?
Billions
What is a tissue?
multicellular animals
group of similar cells + intercellular substances
perform a specific function
Which are tissues vs. organs? Stomach Blood Lung Heart Bone Kidney Cartilage
Stomach - organ Blood - tissue Lung - organ Heart - organ Bone - tissue Kidney - organ Cartilage - tissue
What are 4 types of tissue?
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscular
- Neural
Epithelial tissue has ____ surface which faces _____ or _____
free surface,
body fluid or outside environment
Epithelial tissue provides a covering or lining for some part of the body like skin, stomach or intestine. T or F?
True
Epithelial tissue cells are loosely or compactly packed?
Little or lot of intercellular matrix?
Compactly, little intercellular matrix
Two types of epithelial tissues?
Simple and Compound
Three types of simple epithelial tissue?
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Squamous epithelium is made of single, thin layer whereas cuboidal and columnar are multilayer. T or F?
False, all simple epithelium is single layered
Simple epithelium functions as lining for ___ , ___ and ____
body cavities, ducts and tubes
Compound epithelium has how many cell layers?
And what function?
Two or more cell layers,
protection against chemical/mechanical stresses
Simple epithelium cells function as protective layer like in the skin, whereas compound epithelium provide covering or lining. T or F?
False, reverse
Shapes of three types of simple epithelial tissue?
Squamous - flattened cells, irregular boundaries
Cuboidal - cube-like
Columnar - tall and slender cells
_____ are found in ducts of glands and tubular parts of nephrons in kidneys.
_____ are found in walls of blood vessels and air sacs of lungs.
_____ are found in lining of stomach and intestine.
Columnar / Cuboidal / Squamous
Cuboidal - glands + kidney nephrons
Squamous - Blood vessels + lungs
Columnar - stomach + intestine
Functions of squamous, cuboidal and columnar epithelium?
Squamous - diffusion boundary in blood vessels and lung air sacs
Cuboidal - secretion and absorption in glands and kidneys
Columnar - secretion and absorption in stomach / intestine
Which simple epithelium cells may have cilia?
On which surface?
What are they called?
Columnar or cuboidal
free surface
What is ciliated epithelium?
Columnar or cuboidal epithelium with cilia
move particles / mucus in specific direction
Where does one find ciliated epithelium?
inner surface of hollow organs (e.g. bronchioles, fallopian tubes)
Ciliated epithelium move mucus / particles through the epithelium. T or F?
False, OVER the epithelium
Free surface may have cilia or microvilli. T or F?
True
Which type of epithelium cells have nuclei located at the base?
Columnar
Epithelium of ___________ of the nephron in kidney has microvili
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
What is glandular epithelium?
Columnar or cuboidal cells specialised for secretion
Two types of glandular epithelium?
unicellular - isolated e.g. goblet cells of alimentary canal
multicellular - cluster e.g. salivary gland
Two types of glands?
Exocrine - products released through ducts or tubes
Endocrine - products are hormones, secreted directly into the fluid bathing the gland
What are the products of exocrine glands?
Mucus, saliva, earwax, oil, milk, digestive enzymes, tears, bile, sweat
(NOT HORMONES)
Why does compound epithelium have limited role in secretion and absorption?
because multilayered
Where can you find compound epithelium?
Dry surface of skin Moist surface of buccal cavity Pharynx Oesophagus Anus Vagina Inner lining of ducts of salivary glands Pancreatic ducts
All cells in epithelium are held with little intercellular matrix. True or False?
True
In all animal tissues, specialised junctions provide structural and functional links between individual cells. T or F?
False, almost all animal tissues
3 types of cell junctions in epithelium?
Tight - stop leaking
Adhering - keep neighbouring cells together
Gap - connect cytoplasm for communication / transfer of ions, small and big molecules
Tight, Adhering and Gap junctions are only found in epithelium issues. T or F?
False, epithelium and others
Gap junctions facilitated transfer of all big molecules. T or F?
False, some
________ is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in complex animals
Connective tissue
Why are they named as connective tissue?
special function of linking and supporting other tissues / organs
3 types of connective tissues?
loose, dense and specialized
What are the 4 specialized connective tissues?
Cartilage, bone, adipose and blood
In all connective tissues cells secrete collagen fibres. T or F?
False, all connective tissues except blood
Why do connective tissue secrete polysaccharides?
accumulate and act as matrix (ground substance)
_______ connective tissue is in a semi-fluid ground substance
loose connective tissue
Areolar tissue?
loose connective;
beneath skin;
support framework for epithelium
Areolar tissue contains ______, _____ and _____b
fibroblasts, macrophages and mast cells
___________ forms fibres and secretes ground substance (matrix
Fibroblast
Adipose tissue?
Loose connective and specialized (?)
beneath the skin
stores fats
______ and ______ are compactly packed in dense connective tissue
Fibres and fibroblasts
Dense regular vs. irregular? + Examples
Regular - tendons, ligaments - rows/parallel bundles of fibers
Irregular - in skin - fibres oriented differently
Tendons connects _____ to ________ vs. ligaments?
Tendon - muscle to bone
Ligament - bone to bone
Intercellular material of cartilage is ________, _______ and _________ compression
Solid
pliable
resists
Cells of cartilage are called _____ and of bone are called _______
chondrocytes
osteocytes
Where are osteocytes and chondrocytes present?
Cartilage - enclosed in small cavities within matrix secreted by them
Bone - spaces called lacunae
Cartilages in vertebrate embryos are replaced by _____ in adults
bones
Where is cartilage present in our bodies?
Tip of the nose outer ear joints between adjacent bones of vertebral column limbs hands
What gives bones their strength?
hard, non-pliable ground substance
rich in calcium salts, collagen fibres
______ is the main tissue that provides structural frame to the body
Bone
Bones do _______ for softer tissues and organs
support and protect
_______ bones serve weight bearing functions
Limb
Bones interact with _______ attached to them to bring about movement
skeletal muscle
_________ is site of production of blood cells
Bone marrow
Blood is a _____ connective tissue
fluid
Blood contains ?
RBCs
WBCs
platelets
plasma
Every muscle is made of ______, _____ fibres arranged in ____ arrays
long, cylindrical fibres
parallel arrays
Muscle fibers are composed of numerous fine ______ called _____
fibrils; myofibrils
Muscles ______ in response to stimulation and once the stimulation is removed they _____
contract;
relax
Contracted muscles are lengthened whereas relaxed muscles are unchanged. T or F?
False,
contracted = shortened
relaxed = lengthen / return to uncontracted state
Muscles play a _____ role in all movements of the body
active
3 types of muscles?
- Skeletal
- Smooth
- Cardiac
The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, loose/dense and smooth. T or F?
False, mixed up with connective tissues
_________ type of muscle is closely attached to bones
Skeletal
How are muscle fibres arranged in biceps?
Striped/striated muscles are bundled together in parallel fashion and a sheath of tough connective tissue encloses several bundles
A sheath of soft connective tissue encloses several bundles of skeletal muscle fibres. T or F?
False, tough connective tissue
Skeletal muscles are voluntary whereas smooth and cardiac muscles are involuntary. T or F?
True
Cardiac and smooth muscles have no striations. T or F?
False,
only smooth muscles do not have striations
What does fusiform mean?
FIbres taper at both ends - smooth muscle
_________ hold smooth muscle fibres together
Cell junctions
Only epithelial tissues are held together with cell junctions. T or F?
False, other tissues too (e.g. smooth muscular tissues, cardiac muscle tissue)
Connective sheaths surround skeletal and smooth muscles. T or F?
True
Walls of internal organs (e.g. blood vessels, stomach and intestine) contain smooth type of tissue. T or F?
True
Cardiac muscle tissue is a _____ tissue present only in the heart
contractile
Cell junctions fuse the ___________ of cardiac muscle cells making them stick together.
fibres / nuclei / plasma membranes / cell walls
Plasma membranes
_____________ junctions at SOME fusion points allow adjacent cells to contract as a unit
Communication
Intercalated disc is another name for communication junctions. T or F?
True
How does contraction as a unit work in adjacent cardiac muscle cells?
when one cell receives signal to contract, its neighbours are also stimulated to contract
________ tissue exerts the greatest control over the body’s responsiveness to changing environments
Neural
_____ are the unit of the neural system
Neurons
Neurons are _______ type of cells
excitable
__________ make up more than one half the volume of neural tissue in our body
neuroglia
________ protect and support neurons
Neuroglea
When a neuron is stimulated, ________ is generated which swiftly travels along the neuron’s _________
electrical disturbance;
plasma membrane
When electrical disturbance arrives at ______ or ______ it triggers events that cause stimulation or inhibition of adjacent neurons
neuron’s endings or output zone
_____ has all 4 types of tissue
Heart
Complexity in organ and organ systems displays certain discernable trend called an ____________ trend?
evolutionary
Morphology is study of?
form or externally visible features
Anatomy is study of?
morphology of internal organs in ANIMALS
Color of earthworm?
Reddish brown
Earthworm is vertebrate / invertebrate that lives in _____ layer of moist soil
invertebrate
upper layer
During the day time, earthworms live in ____ made by _____ and _______ the soil
burrows;
boring and swallowing
Earthworms can be traced by _______ aka ______
faecal deposits aka worm castings
Common Indian earth worms?
Pheretima and Lumbricus
Earthworms body is divided into how many segments? They’re called?
100-120,
metameres
Describe dorsal, ventral, anterior and posterior surfaces of earthworm
Dorsal - dark median mid dorsal line (blood vessel) along longitudinal axis
Ventral - genital pores
Anterior - mouth + prostomium
Posterior - anus
What is the function of the prostomium?
- Covering for mouth
2. Wedge to force open cracks in soil
Prostomium is ______ in function
sensory
First body segment of earthworm is called ______
peristomium (buccal segment)
What is special about the peristomium in earthworm?
Contains the mouth
In mature earthworm, segments 14-16 are covered by dark band of _______ called _______
glandular tissue, clitellum
Body of earthworm is divisible into how many prominent regions? their names?
3
preclitellar,
clitellar,
postclitellar
In the earthworm:
_____ pairs of spermathecal apertures are situated on the _____ sides of the intersegmental grooves of the _____ (number) segments
Four pairs,
ventro-lateral,
5th to 9th segments
Single female genital pore of earthworm is present in the ____ line of the ___ segment
mid-ventral line, 14th segment
A pair of male genital pores of earthworm is present on the ____ of the ___ segment
ventro-lateral sides, 18th segment
What are nephridiopores?
numerous minute pores on surface of earthworm body, part of the nephridium (excretory organ)
In each body segment of the earthworm, there are rows of S-shaped setae in epidermal pits. T or F?
False,
all segments EXCEPT first, last and clitellum
Epidermal pits where setae are embedded are at the beginning of each segment. T or F?
False, middle of each segment
Setae’s principle role is _______
locomotion
What are the layers of the body wall of the earthworm?
- Thin, non-cellular cuticle
- Epidermis
- Circular muscle layer
- Longitudinal muscle layer
- Coelomic epithelium
Epidermis of earthworm is made of up single layer of _______ type of epithelium cells
Columnar
Epidermis cells of earthworm contain ________ cells
secretory gland cells
Alimentary canal runs throughout earthworm body, from first to last segment. T or F?
True
Alimentary canal of earthworm:
Mouth -> Buccal cavity -> …
Complete the above
Mouth -> Buccal cavity -> Pharynx -> Oesophagus -> Gizzard -> Stomach -> Pre-typhlosolar Intestine -> Intestinal caecae -> Typhlosolar intestine -> Anus
At which segments do we find these elements of earthworm alimentary canal? buccal cavity typhlosole intestine gizzard stomach oesophagus intestinal caecae pharynx
buccal cavity: 1-3 typhlosole: after 26ths (except last 23rd-25th) intestine: 15th onwards gizzard: 8-9 stomach: 9-14 oesophagus: 5-7 intestinal caecae: 26th pharynx: 4th
________ in the earthworm’s stomach neutralise humic acid in humus
Calciferous glands
Intestinal caecae in earthworm are a pair, short and conical. T or F?
True
What is typhlosole and its function?
internal median fold of dorsal wall, increases the effective area of absorption in intestine
What are the types of circulatory system in earthworm, cockroach and frog?
earthworm - closed
cockroach - open
frog - closed
What are nephridia?
excretory organs of earthworm;
segmentally arranged coiled tubules
What is septum (earthworm)?
thin wall separating the segments of an earthworm
3 types of nephridia?
- septal - both sides of intersegmental septa, #15 to last, open into intestine
- integumentary - lining of body wall, #3 to last, open on body surface
- pharyngeal - 3 paired tufts, #4 #5 & #6
The different types of nephridia are different in structure. T or F?
False, similar
What is the role of nephridia?
regulate volume and composition of body fluids
Nephridium starts out as a funnel that collects ______ from ______.
excess fluid from coelomic chamber
Nervous system of earthworm is represented by ____ arranged segmentwise on the ______ paired nerve cord.
ganglia, ventral
Nerve cord in the anterior region ( ____ # segment) bifurcates, laterally encircling the ____ and joins the _______ dorsally to form a nerve ring
3 and #4
pharynx
cerebral ganglia
Nerve ring integrates ____ input and commands ____ responses of earthworm
sensory input;
muscular responses
Earthworms have eyes to distinguish light intensities in the ground. T or F?
False,
they have light and touch sensitive organs
Earthworms have _____ in the anterior part of the worm to react to chemical stimuli.
chemo/taste receptors
At which segments do we find these elements of earthworm? testes ovaries accessory glands oviduct male genital pores female genital pores spermathecae vasa deferentia
testes - 10th and 12th ovaries - intersegmental septum of 12th and 13th accessory glands - 17th and 19th oviduct - around 14th male genital pores - 18th female genital pore - 14th spermathecae - 6th-9th vasa deferentia - from testes to 18th segment
Mutual exchange of _____ happens between 2 worms during mating
sperms packets - spermatophores
Gland cells of clitellum deposit _____, ____ and ____ in cocoons of worms
mature sperm cells, egg cells and nutritive fluid
Fertilization and development occur within the _______ in earthworm
Cocoon
After _____ weeks, cocoon produces _____ baby worms with an average of _____
3 weeks, 2-24 baby worms, average is 4
Development of earthworms is indirect since the cocoons are deposited in soil. T or F?
False, direct since no larva formed.
What is vermicomposting?
increasing fertility of soil by earthworms
Color, class and phylum of cockroach?
Brown/black (bright yellow, red, green in tropical regions)
Class Insecta
Phylum Arthropoda
Size of cockroach?
1/4 to 3 inches
0.6-7.6 cm
Upper body wall of cockroach conceals its head. T or F?
True
Cockroaches are nocturnal omnivores that live in damp places and are pests and vectors of disease. T or F?
True
Common species of cockroach?
Size?
Periplaneta americana,
34-53 mm (3.4-5.3cm)
In Periplaneta americana, wings of male ____________
extend beyond the tip of the abdomen
3 segments of cockroach’s body?
head, thorax and abdomen
How many segments of head, thorax and abdomen in embryonic stage cockroach?
Head - 6
Thorax - 3
Abdomen - 11
How many segments of head, thorax and abdomen in adult stage cockroach?
Head - 1
Thorax - 3
Abdomen - 10
Cockroach’s entire body is covered by ________
hard chitinous exoskeleton
What are sclerites?
hardened chitin plates in each segment of cockroach
How are sclerites in cockroach joined?
Arthrodial membrane - thin, flexible, articular
Dorsal, ventral and lateral sclerites are called?
Dorsal - tergum
Ventral - sternum
Lateral - pleuron
Cockroach head is ______ (small/big) _______ shape and formed by fusion of ___ (how many) segments
small, triangular, six segments
Cockroach head shows great mobility in all directions due to _________
flexible neck
Head is at 90° angle wrt complete body hence it is known as __________
hypogynathus
Cockroach has a pair of ______ (simple/compound) eyes that lie dorso-______lly and ______-like antennae arising from _________ sockets
compound, dorso-laterally, thread-like, membranous sockets
Flexible neck of cockroach is a short extension of the __________
prothorax
Thread-like antennae of cockroach are aka __________
filiform
Cockroach antennae are unsegmented. T or F?
False, segmented
Antennae have _____ receptors that help in ______
sensory receptors,
help in monitoring the environment
Antenna is a tactile and olfactory sense organ in cockroach. T or F?
True
Each segment of the thorax in the cockroach bears ___________
a pair of walking legs
Segments in a cockroach leg are?
Coxa Trochanter Femur Tibia Tarsus
Cockroach eyes are _______ (small/large), ______-colored and ______ shape
large, black, kidney
What is ocellus in cockroach? What is it used for?
Simple eye - vestigal/non-functional
What are the mouthparts of cockroach?
- labrum - upper lip
- pair of mandibles - grinding & incising regions
- pair of maxillae
- labium - lower lip
bonus - hypopharynx - median flexible lobe acting as tongue, lies within cavity
What are the 6 segments of cockroach head?
- Ocellus (simple eye)
- Compound eye
- Mandible
- Maxilla
- Labrum
- Labium
3 parts of thorax in cockroach?
pro, meso, meta - each bears a pair of legs
First pair of wings vs. second in cockroach
First - mesothorax, dark, opaque, leathery, long, narrow, thick
Second - metathorax, transparent, membranous, short, broad, thin, used in flight
Mesothoracic wings are aka __________ (3)
forewings, tegmina, elytra
Metathoracic wings are aka __________ (1)
hind wings
Abdomen of male cockroaches consists of 10 segments, of female 14 segments. T or F?
False, both 10 segments
Female cockroaches:
________ is boat-shaped and together with __________ forms brood / genital pouch
7th sternum,
8th and 9th sternum
Female brood or genital pouch in cockroach contains? (3)
Which part of brood contains these?
female gonopore, spermathecal pores and collateral glands
Anterior part
In males, genital pouch/chamber lies ______ (here) and is bounded dorsally by the ___ and ventrally by the ___
at the hind end of the abdomen,
9th and 10th terga,
9th sternum
Male genital chamber in cockroach lies at the _____ end of abdomen bounded dorsally by _________ and ventrally by ___________
hind,
9th and 10th terga
9th sternum
Male genital pouch of cockroach contains?
Dorsal anus, ventral male genital pore and gonapophysis
Males bear ____ absent in females.
They’re used for?
short, thread-like anal styles
copulation
In male cockroaches only, the 10th segment bears a pair of jointed filamentous structures called anal cerci. T or F?
False, in both sexes
Both male and female cockroaches bear a pair of jointed filamentous structures called anal styles in the 10th segment. T or F?
False, anal CERCI
Anal style is ____________
Anal cerci is ____________
unsegmented
segmented (15 segments)
Anal _________ (style / cerci) serves as sound receptor
cerci
Alimentary canal of cockroaches is divided into how many regions? What are they?
Foregut, midgut and hindgut
What is the trajectory of alimentary canal in cockroaches?
Mouth > Buccal cavity > Pharynx > Oesophagus > Crop > Gizzard > Hepatic caeca > Mid gut > Malphigian tubules > ileum > colon > rectum > anus
Foregut of cockroach consists of:
Mouth > Buccal cavity > Pharynx > Oesophagus > Crop > Gizzard
______________ mixes grinded food with saliva containing ______________ (enzyme)
Hypopharynx, salivary amylase
Sites of digestion of proteins, carbs and fats in cockroach?
Carbs - starts in pre-oral cavity
Proteins, fats - crop
Which of the foll. functions do the cockroach mouth parts support with?
- grinding food
- waste removal
- food detection
- storing food
- incising food
- food pickup
- grinding food
- food detection
- incising food
- food pickup
Digestive system of cockroach consists of alimentary canal and ________________
accessory digestive glands
What are the accessory digestive glands in cockroach?
Salivary glands
Gastric caecae
In cockroach alimentary canal,
foregut is aka ______________
midgut is aka ______________
hindgut is aka ______________
stomodaem,
mesenteron,
protodaem
____________ is broader than ____________
midgut, hindgut
Hindgut broader than midgut
Hind gut is differentiated into: ___ , ____ and ____
ileum, colon and rectum
What are Malpighian tubules? (3)
at junction of midgut and hindgut
ring of 100-150 yellow colored thin filaments
help in removal of excreta from haemolymph
What are hepatic caeca?
at junction of foregut and midgut
Ring of 6-8 blind tubules
secrete digestive juice
hepatic caeca is also called gastric caeca. T or F?
True
Midgut of cockroach is broader than hindgut. T or F?
False, hindgut broader than midgut
Entire midgut of cockroach is lined by cuticle which helps in protecting it from digestive juices. T or F?
False, foregut and hindgut is lined by cuticle. Function undisclosed.
Gizzard helps in ________ and crop helps in ______
Gizzard - grinding food particles
Crop - storing of food
Gizzard is followed by crop, latter is also called proventriculus. T or F?
False,
first crop then gizzard
GIZZARD is aka proventriculus
Describe outer and inner layers of gizzard in cockroach?
thick circular muscles,
thick inner cuticle forming 6 highly chitinous plate called teeth
Match the following based on their anatomy:
- short tubular passage
- sac-like structure
- narrow tubular passage
oesophagus - pharynx - gizzard - crop
- short tubular passage - pharynx
- sac-like structure - crop
- narrow tubular passage - oesophagus
Maximum digestion in cockroach occurs in ______________
Maximum absorption occurs in ______________
crop,
midgut
Mechanical digestion in cockroach occurs in ______________
Gizzard
Digestive juices travel up from hepatic caecae to the crop. T or F?
True
Nutrients absorbed by the midgut go into the ______________
blood / haemolymph
Foregut and midgut are lined with cuticle (chitin and proteins). T or F?
False, foregut and hindgut
Saliva in cockroach is stored in ______________
salivary reservoir
Rectum of cockroach contains ______________ that absorb H2O
rectal papillae
Cockroach has an open vascular system but well-developed blood vessels. T or F?
False, poorly developed blood vessels
In cockroach, blood vessels open into _______
haemocoel (inner cavity of invertebrates)
Haemocoel is comprised of three sinuses: ______________
pericardial sinus, perivisceral sinus, perineural sinus
______ organs are located in the haemocoel bathed in ______
Visceral organs;
blood / haemolymph
Haemolymph of cockroaches is composed of ________ and ________
colourless plasma and haemocytes
Heart of cockroach is an elongated muscular tube lying along ______ line of ______ and ________
mid-dorsal, thorax, abdomen
Heart of cockroach is differentiated into ________-shaped chambers with ______ on either side
funnel, ostia
Heart of cockroach is ____-chambered, has ____ ostia and _____ alary muscles and ____ aorta
13, 13 pairs, 12 pairs, one anterior
Blood from sinuses in cockroach enter heart through ______ and is pumped _____ly to sinuses again (posteriorly/anteriorly)
ostia;
anteriorly
Circulation in cockroach goes from heart to ….
head > perivisceral sinus > perineural sinus > pericardial sinus > ostia > heart
Cockroach blood has respiratory pigments called haemocoel. T or F?
False, no pigments
Haemocytes are responsible for (2):
phagocytosis of bacteria, blood clotting
Cockroach’s respiratory sys consists of a network of ______ that open through _____ (how many?) pairs of small holes called ______
trachea, 10 pairs, spiracles
Spiracles are present on which side of cockroach’s body?
Lateral side
Tracheal tubes of cockroach are thin and branching. They subdivide into _______ and carry _____ from air to all the parts of the body directly
tracheoles, oxygen
Opening of spiracles in a cockroach is regulated by ________
spincters
Gaseous exchange in cockroaches takes place by _______ at the tracheoles
diffusion
Bristles in the spiracles of cockroach are responsible for _____________
air purification
Lack of haemoglobin makes the respiratory system in cockroach highly inefficient. T or F?
False, highly efficient since tissues directly get oxygen
Path/flow of O2 in cockroach? From air to …
spiracle > tracheal chamber > tracheal trunk (larger trachea) > smaller trachea > trachiole > tracheolar end cell > tissue
______________ muscles help in respiration in cockroach
Tergosternal
Malphigian tubules are lined by _______ and _______ cells
glandular and ciliated
Malphigian tubules absorb _______ waste and convert them into ______. Therefore cockroach is called _______
nitrogenous, uric acid, uricotelic
Malphigian tubules are the only part of the cockroach body that helps in excretion. T or F?
False, there are other elements that help in excretion
What are the parts of the cockroach that help with excretion - apart from malphigian tubules?
Fat bodies,
Nephrocytes,
Uricose glands,
Urate cells
Nitrogenous waste in cockroach is in the form of ______________
potassium urate
What is the fate of uric acid in cockroaches?
Goes out of the malphigian tubules, through the hind gut and out of the body through the anus in the form of pellets
Cells excrete potassium urate directly into the haemolymph. T or F?
True
Potassium urate is broken down into ______________ and ______________ in cockroach excretory system
potassium bicarbonate and uric acid
What is the fate of potassium bicarbonate in cockroach?
It’s useful => gets absorbed by cells
Nervous sys of cockroach consists of a series of ____, and ______-arranged ganglia joined by paired _______ on the ventral side
fused, segmentally arranged
longitudinal connectives
Ganglion is a cluster of ______________ whereas nerve is a cluster of ______________
cytons and dendrites
axons
How many nerves come out of the supra-oesophageal ganglion? Where do they go?
3
antenna, compound eyes and labrum
______________ ganglion and ______________ ganglion are connected by a ______________ made up of ______________
supra-oesophageal, sub-oesophageal, circum oesophageal connective, neural tissue
____ (how many?) ganglia lie in the thorax and ____ in the abdomen of cockroach
3, 6
Attributes of the nerve cord in cockroach? (3)
Double, ventral, solid
Nervous system of the cockroach is mainly in the thorax. T or F?
False, spread throughout the body
Head of the cockroach holds most of the nervous sys, with rest situated along ventral side. T or F?
False, heads holds little. Rest is correct.
if the head of a cockroach is cut off, it can still survive for 1 week. T or F?
True
In cockroach head, brain is represented by ________ which supplies ____ to antennae and compound eyes
supra-oesophageal ganglion,
nerves
What are the sense organs of a cockroach? (5)
Antennae, compound eyes, maxillary palps, labial palps, anal cerci
Compound eyes are situated on the dorsal or ventral surface of the head?
Dorsal
Each eye of cockroach consist of _________________ (how many and what?)
How does it work?
2000 hexagonal ommatidia
Receives several images of an object
Cockroach vision is know as ______ vision
Mosaic and nocturnal
Mosaic vision of cockroach has:
more or less sensitivity?
higher or lower resolution?
used during the day or night?
more sensitivity, lower resolution, common during night
Cockroaches are monoecious or dioecious?
Dioecious
In cockroaches, blood vessels and reproductive organs (in both sexes) are well developed. T or F?
False,
blood vessels - poorly developed
reproductive organs - well developed
A pair of testes lie on _____ side in the ______ abdominal segments in male cockroaches.
lateral, 4th-6th
In cockroaches, from each testis arises a thin vas deferans… complete the trajectory.
Testis > Vas deferans > Seminal vesicle > ejaculatory duct > male gonopore
Male gonopore is the opening of the ______________ in cockroaches and is situated _____ (dorsal / ventral) to the anus
ejaculatory duct, ventral
______-shaped gland is present in the ______ abdominal segments of male cockroaches and functions as an accessory reproductive gland.
Mushroom, 6th-7th
External male genitalia of cockroach are represented by ______ aka ______
male gonapophysis aka phallomere
During copulation, what are the roles of long and short tubules of mushroom glad?
Long tubules - first secretion layer over spermatophore
Short tubules - release secretions that provide nourishment
1 layered spermatophore moves into _________ where the second secretion layer is added
ejaculatory duct
Final secretion layer on spermatophore is added by __________ through ______________ at this location ______________
phallic gland, phallic duct, just outside male gonopore
Phallomere is the asymmetrical structure made of ________ surrounding ________ of the cockroach
chitin, male gonopore
Function of phallomeres?
Opening female genital pouch to help put sperm into body of female
______________ make up the male genitalia in cockroaches
phallomeres
______________ is the site of spermatogenesis in cockroaches
testis
What are the 3 phallomeres?
Right, ventral and left
Sperms are stored in the ________ of male cockroaches and are glued together in the form of bundles called _______ discharged during copulation
seminal vesicles, spermatophores
Anal style is aka ______________
caudal style
Phallic gland is aka ______________
congloblate gland
Pair of ovaries lie ______ly in the _______ abdominal segments in cockroaches
laterally, 2nd to 6th segements
Each ovary in cockroach is formed of a group of _____ ovarian tubules aka _______ containing a chain of _______
eight, ovarioles, developing ova
_______ of ovary unite into a single median ______ which opens into the genital chamber
oviduct, oviduct
The single median oviduct in female cockroaches is aka _______
vagina
A pair of _______ is present in the 6th segment of female cockroach
Spermatheca
Fertilised eggs of cockroach are encased in capsules called ________
oothecae
Color and size of ootheca?
Dark-reddish to blackish-brown
3/8 inch or 8 mm long
Where are cockroach eggs laid?
dropped or glued to surface
usually in crack or crevice, high humidity, near food source
Where are cockroach eggs laid?
dropped or glued to surface
usually in crack or crevice, high humidity, near food source
Female cockroaches produce how many oothecae in life time? How many eggs?
9-10 oothecae, each containing 14-16 eggs
=> 126-160 eggs
What kind of metamorphosis does P. americana go through?
paurometabolous (nymph => moulting 13 times > adult)
Cockroaches gain wings in their 6th nymphal stage. T or F?
False,
penultimate stage - wing pads
only adult cockroaches have wings
Both children and adult cockroaches can fly and have extremely quick reflexes. T or F?
False, only adults have wings
There are hardly any wild species of cockroaches, but they’re of great economic importance due to their rarity. T or F?
False,
there ARE MANY wild species
they are of NO known economic importance yet
Most species of cockroach thrive in and around human habitats. T or F?
False, only a few
Cockroach excreta are odourless. T or F?
False, smelly
Class, phylum and common species of frog in India?
Class - Amphibia
Phylum - Chordata
Common species - Rana tigrina
Cold-blooded animals like frogs are called _______
poikilotherms
Frogs have the ability to change their color and it’s called what? (2 names)
camouflage and mimicry
Frogs are common in ponds at all times of the year. T or F?
False, not during peak summer or winter
Summer sleep is aka ______, winter sleep aka _______
aestivation, hibernation
Skin of a frog is ___ and ___ due to the presence of ____
smooth, slippery, mucus
Skin of frog is always maintained in moist condition. T or F?
True
Color of frog on ventral side is generally olive green with dark irregular spots. On dorsal side it is uniformly pale yellow. T or F?
False, flipped dorsal and ventral, rest is correct.
Frog never drinks water. T or F?
True, absorbs it thru skin
Body of a frog is divisible into 3 parts: head, neck and trunk. T or F?
False, 2 parts, head and trunk (no neck)
Above the mouth of a frog is a pair of ______, on both sides of eyes is _______
nostrils,
typanum (ear)
Eyes of a frog are _____ and covered by a ______ membrane that protects them while ______
bulged, nictitating, while in water
Typanum of frog helps in _____
receiving sound signals and balancing in water
Only the fore limbs of a frog are used in burrowing and swimming while both fore and hind limbs are used for walking and leaping. T or F?
False, both fore and hind limbs are used in all these activities
Frog hind limbs end in five digits and forelimbs end in four. T or F?
True
Frog fore limbs are larger and more muscular than hind limbs. T or F?
False, reverse
Frogs exhibit sexual dimorphism and their feet have webbed digits. T or F?
True
Male vs. female frogs?
Male - sound producing vocal sacs and copulatory pad on first digit of forelimbs
Digestive sys of frogs, like humans, consists of 2 parts: alimentary canal and digestive glands. T or F?
True
Alimentary canal in frogs is long because they’re carnivores, and the complex food needs more time to digest. T or F?
False, canal is short but yes they are carnivores.
Length of intestine in frog is long or reduced?
Reduced
In a frog:
Mouth > Buccal cavity > Pharynx > Oesophagus > Stomach > Intestine > Rectum > Anus
T or F?
False, Rectum > Cloaca, everything else is correct
In frogs, liver secretes bile that is stored in the gall bladder. T or F?
True
Pancreas of a frog is a ______ gland produces pancreatic juice containing _______
digestive gland,
digestive enzymes
Digestion of food in a frog takes place by the action of ____ and ____ juices secreted from the ______ of the stomach
HCl, gastric, walls
Partially digested food is called ______ in frogs and passed from the stomach to the __________
chyme, duodenum (first part of the small intestine)
Frog’s duodenum receives _________ from the gall bladder and ________ from the pancreas
bile, pancreatic juices
In the frog intestine, pancreatic juices is received via the pancreatic duct and bile is received via the bile duct. T or F?
False, one common bile duct for both
Frog: Bile acts on ______ and pancreatic juices digest _________
fats (emulsifies);
carbs and proteins
Final digestion in frog takes place in ______
intestine
Digested food in intestine of frog is absorbed by __________ in the inner wall of the intestine called ______ and _______
numerous finger-like folds,
villi and microvilli
Frogs respire on land and in water by one universal method. T or F?
False, two different methods
In water, frog skin acts as aquatic respiratory organ: ___________ respiration.
On land, frog _____________ act as respiratory organs: pulmonary respiration
cutaneous,
buccal cavity, skin and lungs
Dissolved oxygen in the water is exchanged via frog skin by __________
diffusion
Lungs of a frog are ____ color and are part of the trunk region aka ______
Pink, thorax
Air enters through nostrils into the buccal cavity of frog. T or F?
True
During ________ and _______ gaseous exchange takes place in frog through skin on land
Aestivation and hibernation
Vascular system of frog is closed type but poorly developed. T or F?
False, closed and well-developed
Frogs have a lymphatic system. T or F?
True
Blood vascular system of frog involves heart, blood vessels and blood. T or F?
True
Lymphatic system of frog consists of lymph, lymph channels and lymph nodes. T or F?
True
Heart of a frog has how many chambers? What are they?
3 chambers - 2 atria and one ventricle
Frog heart is covered by a membrane called _______
pericardium
Frog: A _______-shaped structure called ______ joins the right atrium and receives blood through the major veins aka _____
triangular,
sinus venosus,
vena cava
Frog heart ventricle opens into a _______ on the _____side of the heart.
conus arteriosus, ventral
Conus arteriosus of the frog is a thin elongated structure connected to the ventricle. T or F?
False, sac-like
Blood from heart of frog is carried to all other parts via ________ versus from different parts of the body back to heart via ______
arteries, veins
Frogs: What are the hepatic and renal portal systems?
Special venous connections
hepatic - between liver and intestine
renal - between kidney and lower parts of the body
Blood of frogs is composed of ______
plasma, RBC, WBC and platelets
RBCs of frog are nucleated and contain haemoglobin. T or F?
True
- Frog blood carries nutrients, gases and water to respective sites during circulation.
2: Lymph is the same as blood in frogs.
T or F?
1 is T
2 is F, they’re different
Frog lymph contains?
proteins and RBCs
Cockroachs and frogs both excrete urea hence they are known as ureotelic. T or F?
True
Frog kidneys are compact, dark-red, bean-like and located little ______ly in the body cavity on both sides or one side (?) of the vertebral column
posteriorly, both sides (pair of kidneys)
A single ureter emerges from the kidneys in male frogs. T or F?
False, two ureters
Excretory system of frog is well-developed and consists of pair of kidneys, pair of ureters, cloaca and urinary bladder. T or F?
True
Each frog kidney is composed of several structural and functional units called _________ or ______
uriniferous tubules or nephrons
In male frogs, the ureters act as a _________ duct which opens into the ______
urinogenital duct, cloaca
In female frogs, ureters and oviduct open separately into the cloaca. T or F?
True
The thin-walled urinary bladder is present _____ to the rectum in frogs.
Ventral
Excretory wastes of frogs are carried by the blood into the kidney where it is separated and excreted. T or F?
True
System for control and coordination is highly evolved in frogs and includes both ____ and _____
neural system and endocrine glands
Hormones are responsible for chemical coordination of various frog organs and are secreted by _______ glands
Endocrine
What are the prominent endocrine glands in frogs?
Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pineal body, pancreatic islets, adrenals and gonads
Frogs nervous system is organized into a ____ and _____ and _____
CNS
Peripheral nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
CNS v. PNS v. ANS in frogs
CNS - brain and spinal cord
PNS - cranial and spinal nerves
ANS - sympathetic and parasympathetic
There are how many pairs of cranial nerves arising from the frog brain?
10
Brain in frogs is enclosed in a bony structure called _______ (2 names)
Cranium / Brain box
Brain in frog is divided into ?
Fore-brain, mid-brain and hind-brain
Forebrain v. midbrain v. hind-brain in frog
Fore - olfactory lobes, paired cerebral hemispheres, unpaired diencephalon
Mid - pair of optic lobes,
Hind - cerebellum and medulla oblongata
Medulla oblongata of frog passes out through the _______ and continues into the _______ enclosed in the vertebral colum
foramen magnum,
spinal cord
Frog has different types of sense organs. Name them?
- Touch - sensory papillae
- Taste - taste buds
- Smell - nasal epithelium
- Vision - eyes
- Hearing - typhanum w. internal ears
Which of the frog’s sensory organs are well-organised?
How would you describe the other organs?
Eyes and typhanum - well-organized
Others - cellular aggregations around nerve endings
Eyes in a frog are a pair of spherical structures situated in the _____ in skull
Orbit
Frogs have simple or compound eyes?
Simple i.e. only 1 unit
Male testes are what color and shape in frogs?
Yellowish, ovoid
Frogs: Male testes are found adhered to _____ by a double fold of peritoneum called _______
upper part of kidneys,
mesorchium
How many vasa efferentia in male frogs?
10-12
Frog: Vasa efferentia arise from testes, enter ______ on their side and open into ________. Finally it communicates with _______
kidneys,
Bidder’s canal,
urinogenital duct
Urinogenital duct in male frogs emerges from _____ and opens into ______
Oviducts in female frogs emerge from ____ and open into _______
kidneys, cloaca
ovaries, cloaca
_______ is a small, median chamber use to pass faecal matter in frogs.
Cloaca
Cloaca is a single opening used to pass faecal matter, urine and sperms in frog. T or F?
True
Ovaries are situated near kidneys in female frogs and have a functional connection with them. T or F?
False,
near kidneys but no functional connection
A mature female frog can lay how many ova at a time?
2500 to 3000
Fertilization and development are both external in frogs (in water). T or F?
True
Cartilage and bone are both _________ materials
Structural
Frog development involves a _____ stage called tadpole. Tadpole undergoes ______ to form adult.
Larval,
metamorphosis
Frogs are of no real benefit to mankind. T or F?
False, eat insects and protect crop, maintain ecological balance, important link of food chain/web, muscular legs are eaten as delicacy
________ are sheet-like tissues lining the body’s surface and its cavities, ducts and tubes.
Epithelia
What are the 4 specialized connective tissues?
Blood, bone, cartilage, adipose
Spermathecal openings in earthworm are present in between grooves of 11 and 12, 12 and 13, 13 and 14, 14 and 15 segments. T or F?
False, 5->9
Adipose tissue is a reservoir of _________
stored energy
Connective tissue covers all 3 types of tissues. T or F?
True
Scientific name of earthworm?
Pheretima posthuma
All segments of earthworm body are alike except 14th, 15th and 16th segment. T or F?
T
Earthworm is a protandrous animal with cross-fertilization. Fertilization takes place in cocoon secreted by glands of clitellum. T or F?
True
Thorax segments of cockroach bear jointed appendages. T or F?
True
A pair of _________ is present near crop in cockroach.
Salivary gland
Fertilization in cockroach is internal. T or F?
True
Mucous glands on frogs are highly _________
vascularized
Frogs have a muscular tongue with a single-lobed tip. T or F?
False, bilobed
Circulatory system of frog is closed with _______ (number) circulation.
Single
Organs of urinogenital system of frogs are ______ and _______
kidneys and urinogenital ducts
Nervous tissue arises from _______derm
ectoderm
Mesoderm later develops what 2 tissues?
Connective and muscular
Epithelium is unique compared to the other 3 tissues in that it is formed of _____
All 3 germ layers
Skin epithelium is made up of _____derm
ecto
Digestive system epithelium is made up of _______derm
endoderm
Heart epithelium is made up of ______derm
meso
Epithelial tissues sits on a __________ made up of ____________
basement membrane, proteins and carbohydrates (collagen fibres and mucopolysaccharides)
Basement membrane is cellular and made up of glycoproteins. T or F?
False, non-cellular. rest is true
Organs comprise ALL basic types of tissues (epi, conn, muscular and neural) in specific proportions and patterns. T or F?
True
What does it mean when we say tissues cells are similar in origin?
Made up of the same germ layer
Epithelial cells are avascular. Why?
Compactly packed, no space for blood vessels to penetrate
How do epithelial tissues receive oxygen and nutrients?
Via connective tissue which is always found below epithelial tissue
Apical surface of epithelial tissue is aka ______ surface
free
On the basis of _________, simple epithelial cells are further divided into squamous, cuboidal and columnar
structural modification / shape
Squamous epithelium is aka ___________ epithelium because it looks like ___________
pavement, floor tiles
Describe nucleus of squamous, cuboidal and columnar simple epithelial cells.
Squamous - centre, round but bit flat
Cuboidal - centre, round
Columnar - basal, elongated
Squamous epithelium has two typical functions
filtration and diffusion
Other than air sacs of lungs and walls of blood vessels, squamous epithelium is found here ________
Bowman’s capsule in nephron
Cuboidal epithelium is found in both DCT and PCT. T or F?
True
DCT - simple cuboidal
PCT - brush-bordered cuboidal
Simple cuboidal brush bordered epithelium is found in _______ whereas simple columnar brush bordered epithelium is found in ________ and simple columnar brush bordered glandular epithelium is found in __________
PCT, small intestine, stomach
Crypts of Leiberkuhn contain ______ epithelium whereas villi contain _______ epithelium
simple columnar glandular,
simple columnar brush-bordered
Simple columnar ciliated epithelium is present in ________ whereas simple cuboidal ciliated epithelium is present in _______
fallopian tube, smaller bronchioles
Epididymis and vas deferans contain _________ epithelium
simple columnar stereo-ciliated epithelium
Liver, bile duct and goblet are all examples of ________ epithelial cells
columnar
Columnar epithelium in the stomach is responsible for producing ______
mucus
Compare cilia, microvili and stereo-cilia on the following:
- shape (_____-like)
- motility
- function
microvili finger-like, cilia hair-like, stereocilia tapered and longer than microvili
microvili and stereo-cilia are non-motile, cilia is motile
cilia - coordinated movement of particles vs microvili & stereo-cilia increase S.A. for absorption
Cilia, microvili and stereocilia are all modifications of the _____ (lower/upper) surface of plasma membrane
upper
What is pseudostratified epithelium?
columnar
single layer
2 types of cells - long and short - w/ nucleus at diff positions
Where are pseudostratified ciliated epithelium found?
nasal chamber, trachea and bronchi
_______ __________ epithelium is found in larger ducts (e.g. pancreatic duct)
Compound cuboidal
________________ epithelium is found in the gall bladder
Columnar
Goblet cells are __________ (cuboidal / columnar)
columnar
What does the ceruminous gland produce?
earwax
________ is the largest gland of the human body
Liver
Example of heterocrine gland? Describe fully.
Pancreas
Islet of Langerhaans 1% - endocrine - insulan and glucagon
Acini 99% - exocrine - digestive juices
Examples of endocrine glands in body
thyroid, pituitary, adrenal glands
Compound epithelium found in moist surface of buccal cavity, dry surface of skin, pharynx, etc. is more specifically ___________ epithelium
stratified squamous
Stratified squamous epithelium:
- stretchability?
- thickness?
non-stretchable and thick
Stratified squamous epithelium lower layer is made up of __________ epithelial cells and is aka ___________ because __________
cuboidal / columnar
germinativum
divides by mitosis to form the multiple layers
Stratified squamous epithelium top layer is made up of __________ epithelial cells
squamous
Transitional epithelium is stretchable and found in _________. It is the only epithelial tissues that ____________
ureters, urinary bladder
has no basement membrane - direct connective tissue
Two epithelial cells are never in direct contact with each other. T or F?
True, they have junctions
Cell junctions are made up of _________
proteins
Specialized junctions provide both ____________ and ____________ links between individual epithelial cells
structural, functional
Adhering junctions are aka ___________
desmosomes
Gap junctions are aka _____________
communicating junctions
A cell may have more than one type of junction. T or F?
True
Connective tissues are divided into _______ and ___________
proper and specialized
Proper connective tissue is divided into _________ and ________
Loose, dense
_______ and ________ are fluid specialized connective tissues whereas ________ and _________ are skeletal specialized connective tissues
Blood, lymph
Cartilage, bone
Cells are far apart, have a lot of intercellular space and no cell junctions are seen. This is ______ kind of tissue
Connective
_________ cells in blood also work like mast cells secreting _______
Basophils, heparin
3 differences between loose and dense connective tissue?
Dense - more fibres, less cells, less matrix
Loose - less fibres, more cells, more matrix
What 3 substances do mast cells secrete and their effects?
Heparin - anti-coagulan
Histamine - vaso-dilator
Serotonin - vasoconstrictor
Extracellular matrix of connective tissues consists of (2) things?
protein fibres
ground substance aka matrix
Ground substance of connective tissue is ________ (fluid / semi-fluid / solid) in nature and contains __________
semifluid, mucopolysaccharides
________ is the cell that is the largest in proper connective tissue and maximum in number
Fibroblast
Areolar tissue contains what cells? (4)
Macrophages,
Fibroblasts,
Mast cells,
Plasma cells
Macrophage is aka ____________ and is responsible for ______________
histiocyte, phagocytosis of bacteria
Plasma cells are activated ____ cells that secrete ___________
B, antibodies / immunoglobulins
Areolar tissues contains what fibres? (3)
Collagen,
elastin,
reticular
Compare collagen vs. elastic vs. reticular fibres?
- single/bundle
- branching
- strength
- elasticity / flexibility
- color
- protein
collagen - bundle, elastic & reticular - single
collagen - unbranched, elastic - branched, reticular - HIGHLY branched
collagen & elastic - strong, reticular - fragile/delicate
collagen & reticular - non-elastic/non-flexible, elastic - elastic
collagen - white, elastic - yellow
tropocollagen, elastin, reticulin
______ connective tissue forms the support framework for epithelium
Areolar
_______ tissues connects muscle to skin
areolar
________ connective tissue is always present below epithelium
areolar
Adipose connective tissue is made up of the same cells as areolar tissue. T or F?
True
Adipose connective tissue contains specialized cells called ________ which are made from ____________
adipocyte, fibroblast
Excess carbs are stored in the form of ____________ int he _______ of adipocytes
triglyceride, fat globule
__________ tissue is present around delicate organs like kidneys for protection
Adipose
Describe the tissues these first few layers of skin contain:
- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Hypodermis
- Epidermis - stratified squamous epithelium
- Dermis - irregular white fibrous dense CT
- Hypodermis - adipose CT then areolar
Hypodermis is part of the skin. T or F?
False
White fibrous dense connective tissues contains what fibres? YFCT?
WFDCT - collagen only
YFDCT - max. yellow elastic, few collagen
In WFDCT, there are many ______ and _____ but fewer _______
fibroblast, mast cell, macrophage
What kind of FDCT are tendons, ligaments and dermis?
tendon - regular WFDCT
ligament - regular YFDCT
dermis - irregular WFDCT
Which are more flexible - ligaments or tendons? Why
Ligaments - YELLOW fibrous DCT whereas tendons have no yellow elastin fibres
Fibres are symmetrically arranged. What kind of CT is this?
Regular
Top layer of cartilage is called __________
Top layer of bone?
perichondrium, periosteum
Perichondrium contains?
Periosteum?
Perichondrium - WFDCT + chondroblasts
Periosteum - WFDCT + osteoblasts
What are the 3 types of bones cells?
osteoblasts, cytes and clasts
ECM of cartilage is aka ________ and its ground substances if made up of _________
chondrin, chondroiton sulfate (mucopolysaccharide)
________ cells in cartilage form ECM and protein fibres
Chondroblasts
Extracellular matrix of cartilage contains which fibres?
collagen and elastic
Extracellular matrix of cartilage contains chondroblasts, collagen fibres, elastic fibres and matrix. T or F?
True
___________ converts to ________ in mature cartilage
Chondroblast, chondrocyte
Once chondroblasts convert to chondrocytes they can no longer produce any extracellular matrix. T or F?
False, they can in small amounts
There is no blood supply in the main parts of cartilage. T or F?
True, only in WFDCT in perichondrium
How many chondrocytes per cavity / lacuna?
How many osteocytes?
1-4 chondrocytes
1 osteocyte
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
- Hyaline
- Yellow elastic
- White fibrous
Hyaline cartilage has ________ (less or more) fibres in ECM and has _____ color
less, bluish color
_______ cartilage has a glass-like appearance and is present in? (5)
Hyaline
- embryonic endoskeleton
- C-shaped rings of trachea
- max. part of larynx
- articular cartilage on long bones (hands and legs)
- nasal septum
Yellow elastic cartilage has mainly _____ fibres and is present in? (2)
elastin, tip of nose, ear pinna
White fibrous cartilage consists of ______ fibres and is present in? (2)
collagen, pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs
__________ cartilage is the strongest
white fibrous
A bone can be divided into 3 parts. They are?
epiphysis (extreme ends),
metaphysis,
diaphysis (long cylindrical portion in between)
_________ is aka spongy bone whereas ________ is known as compact bone
Epiphysis, Diaphysis
What do osteoclasts do?
Destroy bone to provide shape
Osteoblasts form _____% of the ECM aka the _____ part
35%, osseine/organic
Osseine is made up of _______ and _______
collagen fibres and mucopolysaccharides
Osseine attracts Ca, etc. from diet to form _______ part of matrix which makes up ___%
inorganic, 65
Inorganic ECM of bone is made of? (3)
Which of these is present in max. quantity?
Ca3PO4 (max)
CaCO3
Mg3(PO4)2
Epiphysis consists of bone pieces called ____________ and ______
trabeculae, red bone marrow
_____physis of mammals has a special longitudinal section called ___________ containing blood vessels and nerves
Diaphysis, Haversian canal
The haversian canal of epiphysis contains blood vessels and nerves. T or F?
False, diaphysis
Diaphysis and Epiphysis have rings of _________
extracellular matrix
Why do humans stop growing taller after 20 years?
Metaphysis contains epiphyseal plates which close after 20 years
Epiphyseal plates contain _________ cells that help in increase of bone height
osteoblast
___________ convert to __________ in mature bone and the __________ (former/latter) are responsible for maintaining the extra-cellular matrix in mature bone
Osteoblasts, osteocytes, latter
______ is aka false connective tissue
Blood
Why is blood known as false connective tissue?
Blood cells do not produce fibres and ECM (unlike other connective tissue). Liver makes plasma for blood and blood has no fibres at all
_________ is the liquid part of blood
plasma
________ is the only connective tissue that has a liquid matrix
Blood
Platelets are ____ fragments produced by ____________
cell, megakaryocyte
Blood has a pH of ____ and there’s about ____ litres of blood in every adult
7.4, 5 litres
Muscle tissues are made up of numerous rod-like structures called ______ or ________
myofibrils, myofilaments
Myofibrils are present in ALL muscle fibres (skeletal, cardiac and smooth). T or F?
True
Skeletal muscle fibre/cells
- shape
- striation
- branching
- voluntary/involuntary
- nucleus
- plasma membrane
cylindrical, striated (light and dark bands), unbranched
voluntary, multinucleated and nuclei at periphery,
special plasma membrane - sarcolemma
Smooth muscle fibre/cells
- shape
- striation
- branching
- voluntary/involuntary
- nucleus
- plasma membrane
spindle shaped with tapered ends, non-striated, unbranched
involuntary, uninucleated, simple plasma membrane
Cardiac muscle fibre/cells
- shape
- striation
- branching
- voluntary/involuntary
- nucleus
- plasma membrane
cylindrical, faintly striated, branched
involuntary, uninucleated,
special plasma membrane - sarcolemma
Smooth muscle cells are aka __________ muscles
visceral
Cell junctions are present in which muscle tissues?
Smooth and cardiac
Which muscle fibres are bundled together in a connective tissue sheath?
Skeletal and smooth
Everything except heart and lungs is lined with ________ tissue
smooth muscle
Intercalated discs are made by ________
modified plasma membranes of two muscle fibres
______ is a packing cell to support and protect neurons
Neuroglea
What are the 4 types of neuroglial cells and their functions?
astrocytes - damage repair
Schwann cell - form myelin sheath in PNS
oligodendrocytes - form myelin sheath in CNS
microglial cells - phagocytosis of bacteria and dead cells
