XI Chap 7 Structural Organisation Animals Flashcards
____ is a simple organism with thousands of cells
Hydra
Human body is composed of how many cells?
Billions
What is a tissue?
multicellular animals
group of similar cells + intercellular substances
perform a specific function
Which are tissues vs. organs? Stomach Blood Lung Heart Bone Kidney Cartilage
Stomach - organ Blood - tissue Lung - organ Heart - organ Bone - tissue Kidney - organ Cartilage - tissue
What are 4 types of tissue?
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscular
- Neural
Epithelial tissue has ____ surface which faces _____ or _____
free surface,
body fluid or outside environment
Epithelial tissue provides a covering or lining for some part of the body like skin, stomach or intestine. T or F?
True
Epithelial tissue cells are loosely or compactly packed?
Little or lot of intercellular matrix?
Compactly, little intercellular matrix
Two types of epithelial tissues?
Simple and Compound
Three types of simple epithelial tissue?
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Squamous epithelium is made of single, thin layer whereas cuboidal and columnar are multilayer. T or F?
False, all simple epithelium is single layered
Simple epithelium functions as lining for ___ , ___ and ____
body cavities, ducts and tubes
Compound epithelium has how many cell layers?
And what function?
Two or more cell layers,
protection against chemical/mechanical stresses
Simple epithelium cells function as protective layer like in the skin, whereas compound epithelium provide covering or lining. T or F?
False, reverse
Shapes of three types of simple epithelial tissue?
Squamous - flattened cells, irregular boundaries
Cuboidal - cube-like
Columnar - tall and slender cells
_____ are found in ducts of glands and tubular parts of nephrons in kidneys.
_____ are found in walls of blood vessels and air sacs of lungs.
_____ are found in lining of stomach and intestine.
Columnar / Cuboidal / Squamous
Cuboidal - glands + kidney nephrons
Squamous - Blood vessels + lungs
Columnar - stomach + intestine
Functions of squamous, cuboidal and columnar epithelium?
Squamous - diffusion boundary in blood vessels and lung air sacs
Cuboidal - secretion and absorption in glands and kidneys
Columnar - secretion and absorption in stomach / intestine
Which simple epithelium cells may have cilia?
On which surface?
What are they called?
Columnar or cuboidal
free surface
What is ciliated epithelium?
Columnar or cuboidal epithelium with cilia
move particles / mucus in specific direction
Where does one find ciliated epithelium?
inner surface of hollow organs (e.g. bronchioles, fallopian tubes)
Ciliated epithelium move mucus / particles through the epithelium. T or F?
False, OVER the epithelium
Free surface may have cilia or microvilli. T or F?
True
Which type of epithelium cells have nuclei located at the base?
Columnar
Epithelium of ___________ of the nephron in kidney has microvili
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
What is glandular epithelium?
Columnar or cuboidal cells specialised for secretion
Two types of glandular epithelium?
unicellular - isolated e.g. goblet cells of alimentary canal
multicellular - cluster e.g. salivary gland
Two types of glands?
Exocrine - products released through ducts or tubes
Endocrine - products are hormones, secreted directly into the fluid bathing the gland
What are the products of exocrine glands?
Mucus, saliva, earwax, oil, milk, digestive enzymes, tears, bile, sweat
(NOT HORMONES)
Why does compound epithelium have limited role in secretion and absorption?
because multilayered
Where can you find compound epithelium?
Dry surface of skin Moist surface of buccal cavity Pharynx Oesophagus Anus Vagina Inner lining of ducts of salivary glands Pancreatic ducts
All cells in epithelium are held with little intercellular matrix. True or False?
True
In all animal tissues, specialised junctions provide structural and functional links between individual cells. T or F?
False, almost all animal tissues
3 types of cell junctions in epithelium?
Tight - stop leaking
Adhering - keep neighbouring cells together
Gap - connect cytoplasm for communication / transfer of ions, small and big molecules
Tight, Adhering and Gap junctions are only found in epithelium issues. T or F?
False, epithelium and others
Gap junctions facilitated transfer of all big molecules. T or F?
False, some
________ is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in complex animals
Connective tissue
Why are they named as connective tissue?
special function of linking and supporting other tissues / organs
3 types of connective tissues?
loose, dense and specialized
What are the 4 specialized connective tissues?
Cartilage, bone, adipose and blood
In all connective tissues cells secrete collagen fibres. T or F?
False, all connective tissues except blood
Why do connective tissue secrete polysaccharides?
accumulate and act as matrix (ground substance)
_______ connective tissue is in a semi-fluid ground substance
loose connective tissue
Areolar tissue?
loose connective;
beneath skin;
support framework for epithelium
Areolar tissue contains ______, _____ and _____b
fibroblasts, macrophages and mast cells
___________ forms fibres and secretes ground substance (matrix
Fibroblast
Adipose tissue?
Loose connective and specialized (?)
beneath the skin
stores fats
______ and ______ are compactly packed in dense connective tissue
Fibres and fibroblasts
Dense regular vs. irregular? + Examples
Regular - tendons, ligaments - rows/parallel bundles of fibers
Irregular - in skin - fibres oriented differently
Tendons connects _____ to ________ vs. ligaments?
Tendon - muscle to bone
Ligament - bone to bone
Intercellular material of cartilage is ________, _______ and _________ compression
Solid
pliable
resists
Cells of cartilage are called _____ and of bone are called _______
chondrocytes
osteocytes
Where are osteocytes and chondrocytes present?
Cartilage - enclosed in small cavities within matrix secreted by them
Bone - spaces called lacunae
Cartilages in vertebrate embryos are replaced by _____ in adults
bones
Where is cartilage present in our bodies?
Tip of the nose outer ear joints between adjacent bones of vertebral column limbs hands
What gives bones their strength?
hard, non-pliable ground substance
rich in calcium salts, collagen fibres
______ is the main tissue that provides structural frame to the body
Bone
Bones do _______ for softer tissues and organs
support and protect
_______ bones serve weight bearing functions
Limb
Bones interact with _______ attached to them to bring about movement
skeletal muscle
_________ is site of production of blood cells
Bone marrow
Blood is a _____ connective tissue
fluid
Blood contains ?
RBCs
WBCs
platelets
plasma
Every muscle is made of ______, _____ fibres arranged in ____ arrays
long, cylindrical fibres
parallel arrays
Muscle fibers are composed of numerous fine ______ called _____
fibrils; myofibrils
Muscles ______ in response to stimulation and once the stimulation is removed they _____
contract;
relax
Contracted muscles are lengthened whereas relaxed muscles are unchanged. T or F?
False,
contracted = shortened
relaxed = lengthen / return to uncontracted state
Muscles play a _____ role in all movements of the body
active
3 types of muscles?
- Skeletal
- Smooth
- Cardiac
The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, loose/dense and smooth. T or F?
False, mixed up with connective tissues
_________ type of muscle is closely attached to bones
Skeletal
How are muscle fibres arranged in biceps?
Striped/striated muscles are bundled together in parallel fashion and a sheath of tough connective tissue encloses several bundles
A sheath of soft connective tissue encloses several bundles of skeletal muscle fibres. T or F?
False, tough connective tissue
Skeletal muscles are voluntary whereas smooth and cardiac muscles are involuntary. T or F?
True
Cardiac and smooth muscles have no striations. T or F?
False,
only smooth muscles do not have striations
What does fusiform mean?
FIbres taper at both ends - smooth muscle
_________ hold smooth muscle fibres together
Cell junctions
Only epithelial tissues are held together with cell junctions. T or F?
False, other tissues too (e.g. smooth muscular tissues, cardiac muscle tissue)
Connective sheaths surround skeletal and smooth muscles. T or F?
True
Walls of internal organs (e.g. blood vessels, stomach and intestine) contain smooth type of tissue. T or F?
True
Cardiac muscle tissue is a _____ tissue present only in the heart
contractile
Cell junctions fuse the ___________ of cardiac muscle cells making them stick together.
fibres / nuclei / plasma membranes / cell walls
Plasma membranes
_____________ junctions at SOME fusion points allow adjacent cells to contract as a unit
Communication
Intercalated disc is another name for communication junctions. T or F?
True
How does contraction as a unit work in adjacent cardiac muscle cells?
when one cell receives signal to contract, its neighbours are also stimulated to contract
________ tissue exerts the greatest control over the body’s responsiveness to changing environments
Neural
_____ are the unit of the neural system
Neurons
Neurons are _______ type of cells
excitable
__________ make up more than one half the volume of neural tissue in our body
neuroglia
________ protect and support neurons
Neuroglea
When a neuron is stimulated, ________ is generated which swiftly travels along the neuron’s _________
electrical disturbance;
plasma membrane
When electrical disturbance arrives at ______ or ______ it triggers events that cause stimulation or inhibition of adjacent neurons
neuron’s endings or output zone
_____ has all 4 types of tissue
Heart
Complexity in organ and organ systems displays certain discernable trend called an ____________ trend?
evolutionary
Morphology is study of?
form or externally visible features
Anatomy is study of?
morphology of internal organs in ANIMALS
Color of earthworm?
Reddish brown
Earthworm is vertebrate / invertebrate that lives in _____ layer of moist soil
invertebrate
upper layer
During the day time, earthworms live in ____ made by _____ and _______ the soil
burrows;
boring and swallowing
Earthworms can be traced by _______ aka ______
faecal deposits aka worm castings
Common Indian earth worms?
Pheretima and Lumbricus
Earthworms body is divided into how many segments? They’re called?
100-120,
metameres
Describe dorsal, ventral, anterior and posterior surfaces of earthworm
Dorsal - dark median mid dorsal line (blood vessel) along longitudinal axis
Ventral - genital pores
Anterior - mouth + prostomium
Posterior - anus
What is the function of the prostomium?
- Covering for mouth
2. Wedge to force open cracks in soil
Prostomium is ______ in function
sensory
First body segment of earthworm is called ______
peristomium (buccal segment)
What is special about the peristomium in earthworm?
Contains the mouth
In mature earthworm, segments 14-16 are covered by dark band of _______ called _______
glandular tissue, clitellum
Body of earthworm is divisible into how many prominent regions? their names?
3
preclitellar,
clitellar,
postclitellar
In the earthworm:
_____ pairs of spermathecal apertures are situated on the _____ sides of the intersegmental grooves of the _____ (number) segments
Four pairs,
ventro-lateral,
5th to 9th segments
Single female genital pore of earthworm is present in the ____ line of the ___ segment
mid-ventral line, 14th segment
A pair of male genital pores of earthworm is present on the ____ of the ___ segment
ventro-lateral sides, 18th segment
What are nephridiopores?
numerous minute pores on surface of earthworm body, part of the nephridium (excretory organ)
In each body segment of the earthworm, there are rows of S-shaped setae in epidermal pits. T or F?
False,
all segments EXCEPT first, last and clitellum
Epidermal pits where setae are embedded are at the beginning of each segment. T or F?
False, middle of each segment
Setae’s principle role is _______
locomotion
What are the layers of the body wall of the earthworm?
- Thin, non-cellular cuticle
- Epidermis
- Circular muscle layer
- Longitudinal muscle layer
- Coelomic epithelium
Epidermis of earthworm is made of up single layer of _______ type of epithelium cells
Columnar
Epidermis cells of earthworm contain ________ cells
secretory gland cells
Alimentary canal runs throughout earthworm body, from first to last segment. T or F?
True
Alimentary canal of earthworm:
Mouth -> Buccal cavity -> …
Complete the above
Mouth -> Buccal cavity -> Pharynx -> Oesophagus -> Gizzard -> Stomach -> Pre-typhlosolar Intestine -> Intestinal caecae -> Typhlosolar intestine -> Anus
At which segments do we find these elements of earthworm alimentary canal? buccal cavity typhlosole intestine gizzard stomach oesophagus intestinal caecae pharynx
buccal cavity: 1-3 typhlosole: after 26ths (except last 23rd-25th) intestine: 15th onwards gizzard: 8-9 stomach: 9-14 oesophagus: 5-7 intestinal caecae: 26th pharynx: 4th
________ in the earthworm’s stomach neutralise humic acid in humus
Calciferous glands
Intestinal caecae in earthworm are a pair, short and conical. T or F?
True
What is typhlosole and its function?
internal median fold of dorsal wall, increases the effective area of absorption in intestine
What are the types of circulatory system in earthworm, cockroach and frog?
earthworm - closed
cockroach - open
frog - closed
What are nephridia?
excretory organs of earthworm;
segmentally arranged coiled tubules
What is septum (earthworm)?
thin wall separating the segments of an earthworm
3 types of nephridia?
- septal - both sides of intersegmental septa, #15 to last, open into intestine
- integumentary - lining of body wall, #3 to last, open on body surface
- pharyngeal - 3 paired tufts, #4 #5 & #6
The different types of nephridia are different in structure. T or F?
False, similar
What is the role of nephridia?
regulate volume and composition of body fluids
Nephridium starts out as a funnel that collects ______ from ______.
excess fluid from coelomic chamber
Nervous system of earthworm is represented by ____ arranged segmentwise on the ______ paired nerve cord.
ganglia, ventral
Nerve cord in the anterior region ( ____ # segment) bifurcates, laterally encircling the ____ and joins the _______ dorsally to form a nerve ring
3 and #4
pharynx
cerebral ganglia
Nerve ring integrates ____ input and commands ____ responses of earthworm
sensory input;
muscular responses
Earthworms have eyes to distinguish light intensities in the ground. T or F?
False,
they have light and touch sensitive organs
Earthworms have _____ in the anterior part of the worm to react to chemical stimuli.
chemo/taste receptors
At which segments do we find these elements of earthworm? testes ovaries accessory glands oviduct male genital pores female genital pores spermathecae vasa deferentia
testes - 10th and 12th ovaries - intersegmental septum of 12th and 13th accessory glands - 17th and 19th oviduct - around 14th male genital pores - 18th female genital pore - 14th spermathecae - 6th-9th vasa deferentia - from testes to 18th segment
Mutual exchange of _____ happens between 2 worms during mating
sperms packets - spermatophores
Gland cells of clitellum deposit _____, ____ and ____ in cocoons of worms
mature sperm cells, egg cells and nutritive fluid
Fertilization and development occur within the _______ in earthworm
Cocoon
After _____ weeks, cocoon produces _____ baby worms with an average of _____
3 weeks, 2-24 baby worms, average is 4
Development of earthworms is indirect since the cocoons are deposited in soil. T or F?
False, direct since no larva formed.
What is vermicomposting?
increasing fertility of soil by earthworms
Color, class and phylum of cockroach?
Brown/black (bright yellow, red, green in tropical regions)
Class Insecta
Phylum Arthropoda
Size of cockroach?
1/4 to 3 inches
0.6-7.6 cm
Upper body wall of cockroach conceals its head. T or F?
True
Cockroaches are nocturnal omnivores that live in damp places and are pests and vectors of disease. T or F?
True
Common species of cockroach?
Size?
Periplaneta americana,
34-53 mm (3.4-5.3cm)
In Periplaneta americana, wings of male ____________
extend beyond the tip of the abdomen
3 segments of cockroach’s body?
head, thorax and abdomen
How many segments of head, thorax and abdomen in embryonic stage cockroach?
Head - 6
Thorax - 3
Abdomen - 11
How many segments of head, thorax and abdomen in adult stage cockroach?
Head - 1
Thorax - 3
Abdomen - 10
Cockroach’s entire body is covered by ________
hard chitinous exoskeleton
What are sclerites?
hardened chitin plates in each segment of cockroach
How are sclerites in cockroach joined?
Arthrodial membrane - thin, flexible, articular
Dorsal, ventral and lateral sclerites are called?
Dorsal - tergum
Ventral - sternum
Lateral - pleuron
Cockroach head is ______ (small/big) _______ shape and formed by fusion of ___ (how many) segments
small, triangular, six segments
Cockroach head shows great mobility in all directions due to _________
flexible neck
Head is at 90° angle wrt complete body hence it is known as __________
hypogynathus
Cockroach has a pair of ______ (simple/compound) eyes that lie dorso-______lly and ______-like antennae arising from _________ sockets
compound, dorso-laterally, thread-like, membranous sockets
Flexible neck of cockroach is a short extension of the __________
prothorax
Thread-like antennae of cockroach are aka __________
filiform
Cockroach antennae are unsegmented. T or F?
False, segmented
Antennae have _____ receptors that help in ______
sensory receptors,
help in monitoring the environment
Antenna is a tactile and olfactory sense organ in cockroach. T or F?
True
Each segment of the thorax in the cockroach bears ___________
a pair of walking legs
Segments in a cockroach leg are?
Coxa Trochanter Femur Tibia Tarsus
Cockroach eyes are _______ (small/large), ______-colored and ______ shape
large, black, kidney
What is ocellus in cockroach? What is it used for?
Simple eye - vestigal/non-functional
What are the mouthparts of cockroach?
- labrum - upper lip
- pair of mandibles - grinding & incising regions
- pair of maxillae
- labium - lower lip
bonus - hypopharynx - median flexible lobe acting as tongue, lies within cavity
What are the 6 segments of cockroach head?
- Ocellus (simple eye)
- Compound eye
- Mandible
- Maxilla
- Labrum
- Labium
3 parts of thorax in cockroach?
pro, meso, meta - each bears a pair of legs
First pair of wings vs. second in cockroach
First - mesothorax, dark, opaque, leathery, long, narrow, thick
Second - metathorax, transparent, membranous, short, broad, thin, used in flight
Mesothoracic wings are aka __________ (3)
forewings, tegmina, elytra
Metathoracic wings are aka __________ (1)
hind wings
Abdomen of male cockroaches consists of 10 segments, of female 14 segments. T or F?
False, both 10 segments
Female cockroaches:
________ is boat-shaped and together with __________ forms brood / genital pouch
7th sternum,
8th and 9th sternum
Female brood or genital pouch in cockroach contains? (3)
Which part of brood contains these?
female gonopore, spermathecal pores and collateral glands
Anterior part
In males, genital pouch/chamber lies ______ (here) and is bounded dorsally by the ___ and ventrally by the ___
at the hind end of the abdomen,
9th and 10th terga,
9th sternum
Male genital chamber in cockroach lies at the _____ end of abdomen bounded dorsally by _________ and ventrally by ___________
hind,
9th and 10th terga
9th sternum
Male genital pouch of cockroach contains?
Dorsal anus, ventral male genital pore and gonapophysis
Males bear ____ absent in females.
They’re used for?
short, thread-like anal styles
copulation
In male cockroaches only, the 10th segment bears a pair of jointed filamentous structures called anal cerci. T or F?
False, in both sexes
Both male and female cockroaches bear a pair of jointed filamentous structures called anal styles in the 10th segment. T or F?
False, anal CERCI
Anal style is ____________
Anal cerci is ____________
unsegmented
segmented (15 segments)
Anal _________ (style / cerci) serves as sound receptor
cerci
Alimentary canal of cockroaches is divided into how many regions? What are they?
Foregut, midgut and hindgut
What is the trajectory of alimentary canal in cockroaches?
Mouth > Buccal cavity > Pharynx > Oesophagus > Crop > Gizzard > Hepatic caeca > Mid gut > Malphigian tubules > ileum > colon > rectum > anus
Foregut of cockroach consists of:
Mouth > Buccal cavity > Pharynx > Oesophagus > Crop > Gizzard
______________ mixes grinded food with saliva containing ______________ (enzyme)
Hypopharynx, salivary amylase
Sites of digestion of proteins, carbs and fats in cockroach?
Carbs - starts in pre-oral cavity
Proteins, fats - crop
Which of the foll. functions do the cockroach mouth parts support with?
- grinding food
- waste removal
- food detection
- storing food
- incising food
- food pickup
- grinding food
- food detection
- incising food
- food pickup
Digestive system of cockroach consists of alimentary canal and ________________
accessory digestive glands
What are the accessory digestive glands in cockroach?
Salivary glands
Gastric caecae
In cockroach alimentary canal,
foregut is aka ______________
midgut is aka ______________
hindgut is aka ______________
stomodaem,
mesenteron,
protodaem
____________ is broader than ____________
midgut, hindgut
Hindgut broader than midgut
Hind gut is differentiated into: ___ , ____ and ____
ileum, colon and rectum
What are Malpighian tubules? (3)
at junction of midgut and hindgut
ring of 100-150 yellow colored thin filaments
help in removal of excreta from haemolymph
What are hepatic caeca?
at junction of foregut and midgut
Ring of 6-8 blind tubules
secrete digestive juice
hepatic caeca is also called gastric caeca. T or F?
True
Midgut of cockroach is broader than hindgut. T or F?
False, hindgut broader than midgut
Entire midgut of cockroach is lined by cuticle which helps in protecting it from digestive juices. T or F?
False, foregut and hindgut is lined by cuticle. Function undisclosed.
Gizzard helps in ________ and crop helps in ______
Gizzard - grinding food particles
Crop - storing of food
Gizzard is followed by crop, latter is also called proventriculus. T or F?
False,
first crop then gizzard
GIZZARD is aka proventriculus
Describe outer and inner layers of gizzard in cockroach?
thick circular muscles,
thick inner cuticle forming 6 highly chitinous plate called teeth
Match the following based on their anatomy:
- short tubular passage
- sac-like structure
- narrow tubular passage
oesophagus - pharynx - gizzard - crop
- short tubular passage - pharynx
- sac-like structure - crop
- narrow tubular passage - oesophagus
Maximum digestion in cockroach occurs in ______________
Maximum absorption occurs in ______________
crop,
midgut
Mechanical digestion in cockroach occurs in ______________
Gizzard
