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Biology (NCERT) - Class XI > XI Chap 19 Excretory Products > Flashcards

XI Chap 19 Excretory Products Flashcards

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1
Q

Animals accumulate ammonia, urea, etc. by metabolic activities or means like excess ingestion. T or F?

A

True

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2
Q

What are the 3 major forms of nitrogenous wastes excreted by animals?

A

Ammonia, urea and uric acid

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3
Q

________ is the most toxic form of nitrogenous waste and requires large amounts of water for its elimination

A

Ammonia

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4
Q

________ is the least toxic form of nitrogenous waste and requires minimum amounts of water for its elimination

A

Uric acid

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5
Q

What is Ammonotelism?

A

Process of excreting ammonia

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6
Q

Many bony fishes, aquatic amphibians and aquatic insects are __________ in nature.

[uricotelic, ureotelic, ammonotelic]

A

ammonotelic

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7
Q

Ammonia is insoluble. T or F?

A

False, soluble

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8
Q

Ammonia is generally excreted by diffusion across body or gill surfaces as ________

A

ammonium ions

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9
Q

Kidneys play a significant role in the removal of ammonia ions. T or F?

A

False

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10
Q

Terrestrial adaptation necessitated the production of ________ (more / lesser) toxic nitrogenous wastes like ________ and ________ for the conservation of water

A

lesser, urea, uric acid

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11
Q

Mammals, terrestrial amphibians and marine fishes ________.

[uricotelic, ureotelic, ammonotelic]

A

ureotelic

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12
Q

In ureotelic animals, ammonia is converted to _________ in the _________ (organ) and released into the blood which is filtered and excreted out by _________ (organ)

A

urea, liver, kidney

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13
Q

Some amount of uric acid may be retained int he kideny matrix of some ureotelic animals to maintain a desired osmolarity. T or F?

A

False, small amount of urea, rest is correct

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14
Q

Reptiles, birds, land snails and insects are ___________ in nature

[uricotelic, ureotelic, ammonotelic]

A

uricotelic

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15
Q

Uric acid is excreted in the form of _________ with minimum loss of water

A

pellet / paste

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16
Q

In most invertebrates, excretory structures are _______________ whereas vertebrates have _______________

A

simple tubular forms, kidneys (complex tubular organs)

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17
Q

Protonephridia aka _______________ are excretory structures in _______________

A

flame cells;

Platyhelminthes (Flatworms e.g. Planaria), rotifers, some annelids and the cephalochordate Amphioxus

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18
Q

Protonephridia are primarily concerned with _______________

A

osmoregulation (ionic and fluid volume regulation)

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19
Q

_______________ are the tubular excretory structures of earthworms and other annelids.

A

Nephridia

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20
Q

Nephridia help to remove _______________ and maintain a _______________ and _______________ balance

A

nitrogenous wastes,
fluid,
ionic

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21
Q

Malphigian tubules are the excretory structures of most _______________

A

insects

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22
Q

Malphigian tubules help in removal of _______________ and _______________

A

nitrogenous wastes, osmoregulation

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23
Q

_________ glands (aka _________ glands) perform excretory function in crustaceans like prawns.

A

Antennal glands (aka green glands)

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24
Q

Human excretory system consists of:

A

pair of kidneys, pair of ureters, a urinary bladder and urethra

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25
Q

Kidneys are reddish-brown, bean-shaped structures situated between the levels of _________ and _________ vertebra close to the _________ wall of the abdominal cavity

A

last thoracic, third lumbar, dorsal inner

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26
Q

Length, width, thickness and weight of human kidney?

A

L: 10-12cm
W: 5-7cm
T: 2-3cm
Weight: 120-170g on average

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27
Q

Towards the centre of the inner concave surface of the kidney is a notch called _________ through which the _________, _________ and _________ enter

A

hilum;

ureter, blood vessels and nerves

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28
Q

Inner to the hilum is a broad funnel shaped space called the _________ with projections called _________

A

renal pelvis, calyces

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29
Q

The outer layer of the kidney is a soft capsule. T or F?

A

False, tough capsule

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30
Q

Inside the kidney there are two zones:

A

outer cortex and inner medulla

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31
Q

Medulla is divided into a few _________ projecting into the calyces

A

medullary pyramids (conical masses)

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32
Q

Cortex extends in between the medullary pyramids as renal columns called _________

A

Columns of Bertini

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33
Q

Each kidney has nearly a million complex tubular structures called nephrons. T or F?

A

True

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34
Q

Nephrons are functional units with two parts:

A

glomerulus and renal tubule

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35
Q

Glomerulus is a tuft of _________

A

capillaries

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36
Q

Efferent vs Afferent arteriole

A

Afferent - brings in blood to glomerulus

Efferent - takes away blood from glomerulus

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37
Q

Glomerulus is a tuft of capillaries formed by _________ arteriole

(afferent or efferent)

A

afferent

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38
Q

Renal tubule begins with a _________-walled (single or double) cup-like structure called _________

A

double, Bowman’s capsule

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39
Q

Bowman’s capsule encloses the _________

A

glomerulus

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40
Q

Glomerulus + Bowman’s capsule is together called the _________ or _________

A

malphigian body OR renal corpuscle

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41
Q

The renal tubules continues beyond Bowman’s capsule to form a highly coiled network called _________

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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42
Q

Henle’s Loop is shaped like a _________ and has an _________ and _________ limb

A

hairpin, descending, ascending

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43
Q

The _________ limb of Henle’s loop continues as another highly coiled tubular region of the renal tubule called _________

A

ascending, distal convoluted tubule

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44
Q

DCT’s of many nephrons open into a straight tube called the _________, many of which converge and open into the _________ through medullary pyramids in the calyces.

A

collecting duct, renal pelvis

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45
Q

Malphigian corpuscle, PCT and DCT are situated in the _________ region of the kidney whereas the loop of Henle dips into the _________

A

cortical, medulla

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46
Q

In most nephrons, loop of Henle is too short and extends very little into medulla. T or F?

A

True

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47
Q

Cortical vs. juxta medullary nephrons?

A

Cortical - Henle’s loop is too short - majority of nephrons

Juxta medullary - long Henle’s loop and runs deep into medulla

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48
Q

Efferent arteriole emerging from the glomerulus forms a fine capillary network around the renal tubule called the _________

A

peritubular capillaries

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49
Q

A minute vessel of peritubular network runs parallel to the Henle’s loop forms a U-shaped _________

A

vasa recta

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50
Q

Vasa recta is present in cortical nephrons only. T or F?

A

False, absent or highly reduced in cortical nephrons (since Henle’s loop is also very short)

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51
Q

What are the 3 main processes involved in urine formation?

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Reabsorption
  3. Secretion
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52
Q

The three main processes involved in urine formation take place int he same part of the nephron. T or F?

A

False, different parts

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53
Q

First step in urine formation is _________

A

glomerular filtration (filtration of blood)

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54
Q

During glomerular filtration, _________ml of blood is filtered by the kidneys per minute which constitutes roughly _________th of the blood pumped out by each ventricle in a minute.

A

1100-1200.

one-fifth

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55
Q

Glomerular capillary _________ causes filtration of blood

A

blood pressure

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56
Q

What are the 3 layers through which blood is filtered?

A
  1. Endothelium of glomerular blood vessels
  2. Epithelium of Bowman’s capsule
  3. Basement membrane between the 2 above layers
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57
Q

Epithelial cells of Bowman’s capsule are called _________ and are arranged in an intricate manner so as to leave some minute spaces called _________ or _________

A

podocytes, filteration slits or slit pores

58
Q

Why is glomerular filtration considered as a process of ultra filtration?

A

Such fine filtration => Almost all constituents of plasma except proteins pass onto lumen of Bowman’s capsule

59
Q

Amount of filtrate formed by kidneys per minute is called _________

A

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

60
Q

GFR in a healthy individual is approximately _________ml per minute or _________ litres per day

A

125 ml/min OR 180 litres/day

61
Q

Kidneys have build-in mechanisms like JGA for regulation of glomerular filtration rate. T or F?

A

True

62
Q

What is JGA?

A

Juxta glomerular apparatus is a special sensitive region,
formed by cellular modification in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and the afferent arteriole at the location of their contact

63
Q

A _________ (rise/fall) in GFR can activate the JGA cells to release _________ which can stimulate the glomerular blood flow and thereby the GFR back to normal.

A

fall, renin

64
Q

_________ percent of filtrate has to be reabsorbed by renal tubules aka reabsorption

A

~99%

65
Q

The _________ cells in different segments of the nephron perform reabsorption by active or passive mechanisms

A

tubular epithelial

66
Q

Glucose, amino acids, Na+ in the filtrate are reabsorbed _________, whereas nitrogenous wastes are absorbed _________ and finally water is absorbed _________ in the initial segments of the nephron

(passively / actively)

A

actively, passively, passively

67
Q

During urine formation, the tubular cells secrete substances like ____, ____ and ____ into the filtrate

A

H+, K+ and ammonia

68
Q

Tubular secretion is an important step in urine formation as it helps maintain _________ and _________ balance of body fluids

A

ionic and acid-base

69
Q

PCT is lined by _________ epithelium which increases the surface area for reabsorption

A

simple cuboidal brush border

70
Q

Nearly all of the essential nutrients and 70-80% of the electrolytes and water are reabsorbed by _________

A

PCT

71
Q

PCT also helps to maintain the pH and ionic balances of the body fluids by selective secretion of ____, ____, and _____ into the filtrate and absorption of ____ from it

A

H+, ammonia, potassium ions

HCO3

72
Q

Reabsorption is minimum in the descending limb of Henle’s loop. T or F?

A

False, minimum in the ascending limb

73
Q

Ascending limb of Henle’s loop plays significant role in maintenance of high _________

A

osmolarity of medullary interstitial fluid

74
Q

The _________ limb of Henle’s loop is permeable to water but almost impermeable to electrolytes

The _________ limb of Henle’s loop is impermeable to water but permeable to electrolytes

A

descending, ascending

75
Q

Why does the filtrate become concentrate as it moves down the descending Henle’s limb?

A

permeable to water, impermeable to electrolytes => water is reabsorbed

76
Q

As the concentrated filtrate passes upward in the ascending Henle’s limb, it becomes _________ (diluted / concentrated)

A

diluted

77
Q

Why does filtrate become diluted in ascending Henle’s limb?

A

Passage of electrolytes to the medullary fluid

78
Q

The descending limb of Henle’s loop has a thick and thin segment. T or F?

A

False, ascending limb does

79
Q

Conditional reabsorption of Na+ and water and reabsorption of HCO3- takes place in _________

A

DCT

80
Q

DCT selectively secretes ______ and ______ ions and ____ to maintain the pH and sodium-potassium balance in blood

A

H+, K+, NH3

81
Q

Collecting duct is a long duct that extends from the _________ to the _________

A

cortex, inner parts of medulla

82
Q

Large amounts of water can be absorbed from _________ region to produce a concentrated urine.

A

Collective duct

83
Q

Why does collecting duct allow passage of small amounts of urea into medullary interstitium?

A

To keep up osmolarity

84
Q

How does collecting duct play a role in maintenance of pH and ionic balance of blood?

A

Selective secretion of H+ and K+ ions

85
Q

Mammals have the ability to produce concentrated urine. T or F?

A

True

86
Q

_________ and _________ play a significant role in producing concentrated urine

A

Henle’s loop, vasa recta

87
Q

Flow of filtrate in 2 limbs of Henle’s loop is in _________ (same or opposite?) directions and thus forms a _________ current

A

opposite, counter

88
Q

Flow of blood through the two limbs of vasa recta is in a _________ current pattern

A

Counter current

89
Q

Proximity between Henle’s loop and vasa recta as well as counter current help in maintaining an increasing osmolarity towards the _________

A

inner medullary interstitium

90
Q

Osmolarity is _________ mOsmol/L in the cortex to about _________ mOsmol/L in the inner medulla

A

300, 1200

91
Q

The osmolarity gradient in nephron is mainly caused by _________ and _________

A

NaCl and urea

92
Q

NaCl transported by the _________ limb of Henle’s loop is exchanged with the _________ limb of vasa recta

A

ascending, descending

93
Q

Small amounts of _________ enter the thin segment of the ascending Henle’s limb which is transported back to the _________ by the collecting tubule

A

urea, interstitium

94
Q

_________ mechanism helps to maintain a concentration gradient in the medullary interstitium

A

Counter current mechanism

95
Q

Human kidneys can produce urine nearly ______ times concentrated than the initial filtrate formed

A

4

from 300mOsmol/L to 1200mOsmol/L

96
Q

The functioning of the kidneys is efficiently monitored and regulated by hormonal feedback mechanisms involving the _________, _________ and to some extent the _________

A

hypothalamus, JGA and heart

97
Q

Osmoreceptors in the body are activated by changes in _________, _________ and _________

A

blood volume, body fluid volume and ionic concentration

98
Q

An excessive loss of fluid from the body can activate osmoreceptors which stimulate the _________ to release _________ or _________ from the _________

A

hypothalamus, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), vasopressin, neurohypophysis

99
Q

ADH facilitates water reabsorption from latter parts of the tubule thereby preventing _________

A

diuresis

100
Q

An _________ (decrease/increase) in body fluid volume can switch off the osmoreceptors and suppress the _________ release.

A

increase, ADH

101
Q

ADH can affect the kidney function by its constricting effects on blood vessels, which causes a _________ (increase / decrease) in blood pressure thereby _________ (increasing/decreasing) the glomerular blood flow and thereby the GFR.

A

increase, increasing

102
Q

The JGA plays a _________ (simple or complex) role in regulation of kidney function.

A

complex

103
Q

A fall in glomerular blood flow/glomerular BP/GFR can activate the JG cells to release _________ which converts _________ in blood to _________ and further to _________

A

renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin I, angiotensin II

104
Q

_________ is a powerful vasoconstrictor and increases glomerular blood pressure and GFR

A

Angiotensin II

105
Q

_________ activates the adrenal cortex to release Aldosterone

A

Angiotensin II

106
Q

_________ causes reabsorption of Na+ and water from the distal parts of hte tubule

A

Aldosterone

107
Q

Aldosterone leads to an increase in blood pressure and GFR. T or F?

A

True

108
Q

An increase in blood flow to the atria can cause the release of _________ which causes _________ and thereby decreases the blood pressure.

A

Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF),

vasodilation

109
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF) acts as a check on _________ mechanism

A

renin-angiotensin

110
Q

Urine formed by nephrons is ultimately carried to the _________ where it is stored until a _________ (involuntary/voluntary) signal is given by the _________

A

urinary bladder, voluntary, CNS

111
Q

The micturition signal is initiated by the stretching of the ____________

A

urinary bladder as it gets filled with urine

112
Q

The _________ receptors on the walls of urinary bladder send signals to _________

A

stretch, CNS

113
Q

CNS passes on motor messages to initiate the contraction of _________ and the simultaneous relaxation of the _________ causing the release of urine

A

smooth muscles of bladder,

urethral sphincter

114
Q

What is micturition and micturition reflex?

A

Micturition - process of release of urine

Micturition reflex - neural mechanisms that cause micturition

115
Q

Adult human on average excretes _________ litres of urine per day

A

1 to 1.5 litres

116
Q

Urine formed is slightly _________ (alkaline or acidic) with pH _________

A

acidic, 6.0

117
Q

On average _________ gm of urea is excreted out per day

A

25-30 gm

118
Q

Presence of _________ and _________ in urine are indicative of diabetes mellitus.

A 
glucose (Glycosuria)
ketone bodies (Ketonuria)
119
Q

What organs other than kidneys help in elimination of excretory wastes?

A

Lungs,
Liver,
Skin

120
Q

Lungs remove large amounts of CO2 (_________ mL per minute) and significant quantities of _________ every day.

A

300mL, water

121
Q

_________ is the largest gland in the body

A

Liver

122
Q

Liver secretes bile-containing substances like _________, _________, _________, _________, _________ and _________

A 
bilirubin, 
biliverdin,
cholesterol, 
degraded steroid hormones,
vitamins
drugs
123
Q

Most substances secreted by the liver ultimately pass out alongwith digestive wastes. T or F?

A

True

124
Q

_________ and _________ glands in the skin can eliminate certain substances through their secretions

A

Sweat, sebaceous

125
Q

Sweat produced by the sweat glands is a watery fluid containing _________, small amounts of _________ and _________ acid

A

NaCl, urea and lactic

126
Q

Though the primary function of sweat is to _________, it also helps in removal of some wastes

A

facilitate a cooling effect on body surface

127
Q

Sebaceous glands eliminate _________, _________ and _________ through sebum

A

sterols, hydrocarbons and waxes

128
Q

_________ provides a protective oily covering for the skin

A

Sebum

129
Q

Small amounts of nitrogenous wastes could be eliminated through saliva too. T or F?

A

True

130
Q

What is uremia?

A

malfunctioning of kidneys => accumulation of urea in blood

131
Q

Uremia is very harmful in that it can lead to _________

A

kideny failure

132
Q

What is haemodialysis?

A

process to remove urea in uremic patients;
blood is drained from an artery is pumped into an artificial kidney, cleared blood is pumped back to the body through a vein

133
Q

In haemodialysis, an anticoagulant like _________ is added to the blood.

A

heparin

134
Q

The artificial kidney contains a ______________ tube surrounded by a fluid having the same composition as plasma except _________

A

coiled cellophane, the nitrogenous wastes

135
Q

Cleared blood from an artificial kidney is pumped back to the body through a vein after adding _________ to it

A

anti-heparin

136
Q

_________ is the ultimate method in correction of acute renal failures

A

Kidney transplantation

137
Q

What is renal calculi?

A

Stone or insoluble mass of crystallised salts (oxalates, etc.) formed within kidney

138
Q

Inflammation of glomeruli of kidney is called _________

A

glomerulonephritis

139
Q

Nature of nitrogenous wastes formed and their excretion vary among animals mainly depending on the habitat and availability of water. T or F?

A

True

140
Q

Filteration is a ____________ (non-selective / selective) process performed by the glomerulus

A

non-selective

141
Q

___________ part of nephron is the major site of reabsorption and selective secretion

A

PCT

Biology (NCERT) - Class XI (23 decks)

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