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Biology (NCERT) - Class XI > XI Chap 21 Neural Control & Coordination > Flashcards

XI Chap 21 Neural Control & Coordination Flashcards

1
Q

________________ is the process through which 2 or more organs interact and complement the functions of one another

A

Coordination

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2
Q

Physical exercises is an example of coordination. T or F?

A

True

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3
Q

Functions of muscles, lungs, heart, blood vessels, kidney and other organs are coordinated while performing physical activity. T or F?

A

True

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4
Q

The __________ system and the __________ system jointly coordinate and integrate all activities of the organs.

A

neural, endocrine

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5
Q

Neural system provides an organised network of __________ for quick coordination

A

point-to-point connections

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6
Q

Endocrine system provides chemical integration through __________

A

hormones

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7
Q

Neural system of ALL animals is composed of neurons. T or F?

A

True

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8
Q

__________ are highly specialised cells which can detect, receive and transmit different kinds of stimuli.

A

Neurons

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9
Q

Neural organisation is very __________ (simple / complex) in lower invertebrates.

A

very simple

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10
Q

In Hydra, neural system is composed of __________

A

a network of neurons

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11
Q

Neural system is better organised in insects than lower invertebrates, where a __________ is present along with __________ and __________

A

brain, ganglia, neural tissues

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12
Q

Human neural system is divided into 2 parts:

A

CNS (central)

PNS (peripheral)

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13
Q

CNS includes the __________ and the __________

A

brain, spinal cord

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14
Q

CNS is the site of __________

A

information processing and control

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15
Q

PNS comprises of ALL the nerves in the body associated with CNS. T or F?

A

True

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16
Q

Nerve fibres of PNS are of 2 types:

A

afferent, efferent

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17
Q

Afferent vs efferent fibres

A

Afferent - impluses from tissues/organs to CNS

Efferent - regulatory impulses from CNS to peripheral tissues/organs

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18
Q

PNS is divided into 2 divisions:

A

somatic neural system

autonomic neural system

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19
Q

Somatic neural system vs Autonomic neural system?

A

Somatic - relays impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles

Autonomic - impulses from CNS to involuntary organs and smooth muscles

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20
Q

Autonomic neural system is further classified into:

A

sympathetic neural system

parasympathetic neural system

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21
Q

Visceral nervous system is part of __________ nervous system (central / peripheral)

A

peripheral

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22
Q

Visceral nervous system comprises of:

A

the whole complex of nerves, fibres, ganglia and plexuses by which impulses travel from CNS to viscera and from viscera to CNS

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23
Q

Neuron is a microscopic structure composed of 3 parts:

A

cell body, dendrites, axon

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24
Q

Cell body of neuron contains cytoplasm with __________ and certain granular bodies called __________

A

typical cell organelles, Nissl’s granules

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25
Q

Dendrites?

A

Short fibres
branch repeatedly
project out of cell body
also contain Nissl’s granules

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26
Q

Dendrite fibres transmit impulses towards the __________

A

cell body

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27
Q

Axon?

A

long fibre,

distal end of which is branched

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28
Q

Each axon terminates as a ____-like structure called __________ which posesses __________

A

bulb, synaptic knob, neurotransmitters

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29
Q

Neurotransmitters?

A

Synaptic vesicles containing chemicals at terminal end of axon

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30
Q

Axons transmit nerve impulses __________ (toward/away) from cell body
to a __________ or __________

A

away,
synapse,
neuro-muscular junction

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31
Q

Based on the number of axon and dendrites, neurons are divided into _____ (how many?) types. They are:

A

3;

multipolar - 1 axon, >=2 dendrites - found in cerebral cortex
bipolar - 1 axon, 1 dendrite - found in retina of eye
unipolar - 1 axon only - found in embryonic stage

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32
Q

There are 2 types of axons:

Explain

A

myelinated - enveloped which Schwann cells which form a myelin sheath
Non-myelinated - enclosed by Schwann cell that does NOT form a myelin sheath

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33
Q

Gaps between 2 adjacent myelin sheaths are called __________

A

nodes of Ranvier

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34
Q

Myelinated nerve fibres are found in __________ and __________ nerves

A

spinal, cranial

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35
Q

Unmyelinated nerve fibres are commonly found in __________ and __________

A

autonomous and somatic neural systems

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36
Q

Neurons are excitable cells because __________

A

their membranes are in a polarised state

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37
Q

Different types of ion channels are present on the neural membrane that are selectively permeable to different ions. T or F?

A

True

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38
Q

When a neuron is not conducting any impulse it is __________

A

resting

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39
Q

Axonal membrane of neuron is more permeable to __________ ions and nearly impermeable to __________ ions

A

K+, Na+

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40
Q

Axonal membrane is impermeable to __________

A

negatively charged proteins present in the axoplasm

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41
Q

The axoplasm inside the axon contains high concentration of __________ and low concentration of __________

A

high - K+, negatively charged proteins

low - Na+

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42
Q

The fluid outside the axon contains high concentration of __________ and low concentration of __________

A

high - Na+

low - K+

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43
Q

The ionic gradients across the resting axonal membrane are maintained by __________

A

active transport of ions / sodium - potassium pump

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44
Q

Sodium-potassium pump transports __________ outwards for __________ into the cell

A

3 Na+

2K+

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45
Q

Outer surface of the membrane possesses a __________ charge while the inner surface possesses a __________ charge and therefore is polarised.

A

positive, negative

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46
Q

What is resting potential?

A

Electrical potential difference across the resting plasma membrane of axon

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47
Q

When a stimulus is applied at a site A, it becomes freely permeable to ______ which leads to a rapid influx of _____

A

Na+, Na+

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48
Q

With influx of Na+ polarity at site on an axon is reversed i.e. outer surface is __________ charged and inner side becomes __________ charged

A

negatively, positively

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49
Q

When polarity of the axonal membrane is reversed it is known as __________

A

depolarised

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50
Q

Define action potential / nerve impulse

A

Electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane at site where stimulus is applied, Na+ influx and depolarisation occurs

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51
Q

At site of stimulus (say “A”), current flows on inner surface from __________ to __________ and on outer surface from __________ to __________

(say site immediately ahead is “B”)

A

inner: A to B
outer: B to A

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52
Q

Stimulus-induced permeability to Na+ is extremely __________ (permanent / short-lived)

A

short-lived

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53
Q

Stimulus-induced permeability to Na+ is quickly followed by rise in permeability to __________

A

K+

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54
Q

Within fraction of a second, K+ diffuses __________ (inside/outside) the membrane and restores the resting potential at the site of excitation

A

outside

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55
Q

A nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another through junctions called __________

A

synapses

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56
Q

A synapse is formed by the membranes of __________ and __________

A

pre-synaptic neuron

post-synaptic neuron

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57
Q

Pre- and post-synaptic neurons are always separated by a gap called synaptic cleft. T or F?

A

False, may or may not be separated by synaptic cleft

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58
Q

What are the 2 types of synapses?

A
  1. electrical

2. chemical

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59
Q

Electrical vs. chemical synapse?

A
  1. Membranes of pre- and post are in very close proximity in electrical; separated by fluid-filled synaptic cleft in chemical
  2. current flows directly from one neuron to another (similar to impulse conduction along single axon); chemicals called neurotransmitters involved in impulse transmission
  3. electrical impulse transmission is faster than chemical
  4. electrical synapses are rare-r in our system than chemical
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60
Q

Axon terminals contain vesicles filled with __________

A

neurotransmitters

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61
Q

In a chemical synapse:

When an impulse arrives at axon terminal, it stimulates…

A

movement of synaptic vesicles towards membrane => vesicles fuse with plasma membrane => release neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft => neurotransmitters bind to specific receptors on post-synaptic membrane => ion channels open => generate new potential in post-synaptic neuron

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62
Q

New potential developed in a chemical synapse may be __________ or __________

A

excitory, inhibitory

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63
Q

__________ is the central information processing organ of our body and acts as the ‘command and control system’

A

brain

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64
Q

Brain controls:

A 
voluntary movements, 
balance, 
functioning of vital involuntary organs (lungs/hearts/kidneys)
thermoregulation
hunger and thirst
circadian (24-hour) rhythms, 
activities of several endocrine glands, 
human behaviour, 
processing of vision, hearing, speech, memory, intelligence, emotions and thoughts
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65
Q

Inside skull, brain is covered by __________

A

cranial meninges

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66
Q

Cranial meninges consist of 3 layers:

A

outer layer - dura mater
middle layer - arachnoid (very thin)
inner - pia mater (in contact with brain tissue)

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67
Q

Brain can be divided into 3 major parts:

A

forebrain,
midbrain,
hindbrain

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68
Q

Forebrain consists of __________ , __________ and __________

A

cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus

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69
Q

__________ forms the major part of the human brain

A

Cerebrum

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70
Q

A __________ divides the cerebrum longitudinally into 2 haves termed as __________ and __________

A

deep cleft, left and right cerebral hemispheres

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71
Q

The cerebral hemispheres are connected by a tract of nerve fibres called __________

A

corpus callosum

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72
Q

Layer of cells which covers the cerebral hemisphere is called __________ and is thrown into __________

A

cerebral cortex, prominent folds

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73
Q

Cerebral cortex is referred to as __________

A

grey matter (due to greyish appearance)

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74
Q

__________ are concentrated in the cerebral cortex giving it the grey colour

A

neuron cell bodies

75
Q

Cerebral cortex contains __________, __________ and __________ areas

A

motor, sensory, association

76
Q

What are association areas?

A

large regions
neither clearly sensory nor motor in function
responsible for complex functions like intersensory associations, memory and communication

77
Q

Fibres of the tracts are covered with __________ which constitute the __________ part of the cerebral hemisphere

A

mylein sheath, inner

78
Q

Fibres of tracts give an opaque white appearance to the cerebral layer and hence is called __________

A

white matter

79
Q

Cerebrum wraps around a structure called __________

80
Q

Thalamus is a major coordinating centre for __________ and __________ signaling

A

sensory, motor

82
Q

Hypothalamus contains several groups of neurosecretory cells, which secrete hormones called __________

A

hypothalamic hormones

83
Q

Inner parts of the cerebral hemispheres and a group of associated deep structures (amygdala, hippocampus, etc) form a complex structure called __________ or __________

A

limbic lobe, limbic system

84
Q

Along with hypothalamus, limbic lobe is involved in regulation of __________ , __________ and __________

A

sexual behavior, expression of emotional reactions, motivation

85
Q

Midbrain is located between the __________ of the forebrain and the __________ of the hindbrain

A

hypothalamus/thalamus,

pons

86
Q

A canal called __________ passes through the midbrain

A

cerebral aqueduct

87
Q

Hindbrain comprises __________, __________ and __________

A

pons, cerebellum, medulla

88
Q

Medulla is aka __________

A

medulla oblongata

89
Q

Pons consists of __________ that interconnect different regions of the brain

A

fibre tracts

90
Q

__________ has very convoluted surface in order to provide the additional space for many more neurons

A

Cerebellum

91
Q

Medulla contains centres which control __________, __________ and __________

A

respiration, cardiovascular reflexes, gastric secretions

92
Q

Define reflex action?

A

Entire process of response to a peripheral nervous stimulation;
occurs involuntarily;
requires involvement of a part of CNS

93
Q

Reflex pathway comprises of:

A 
At least one afferent neuron (receptor) 
One efferent (effector/excitor)
appropriately arranged in a series
94
Q

__________ neuron receives signal from a sensory organ and transmits the impulse via a __________ into the CNS

A

Afferent, dorsal nerve root

95
Q

__________ neuron carries signals from CNS to effector

96
Q

__________ and __________ forms a reflex arc

A

Stimulus, response

97
Q

Sensory organs detect all types of changes in the environment and send appropriate signals to the __________ where all inputs are processed and analysed

98
Q

Nose contains __________-coated receptors which are specialised for receiving the sense of smell and called __________

A

mucus, olfactory receptors

99
Q

Olfactory receptors are made up of __________ that consists of __________ (how many?) kinds of cells

A

olfactory epithelium, 3

100
Q

Olfactory bulb is a pair of __________-sized organs which are extensions of the __________

A

broad bean,

brain’s limbic system

101
Q

Both __________ and __________ detect dissolved chemicals

A

nose, tongue

102
Q

Chemical sense of gustation (taste) and olfactory (smell) are functionally similar and interrelated. T or F?

103
Q

Tongue detects tastes through __________

A

taste buds

104
Q

Taste buds contain __________ receptors

105
Q

Wall of eye ball is composed of __________ (how many?) layers.

They’re called?

A

3

sclera (external), choroid (middle), retina (inner)

106
Q

Sclera is composed of __________ tissue

A

dense connective

107
Q

Anterior portion of the sclera layer is called __________

108
Q

Middle layer, choroid, contains many __________ and looks __________ in color

A

blood vessels, bluish

109
Q

__________ is the visible coloured portion of the eye

110
Q

Eyeball contains a transparent, crystalline __________ which is held in place by __________

A

lens,

ligaments attached to the ciliary body

111
Q

Diameter of the pupil is regulated by the __________

A

muscle fibres of the iris

112
Q

Retina (inner layer) consists of __________ (how many?) layers of neural cells. They are?

A

3

from inside to outside:
ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptor cells

113
Q

The two types of photoreceptor cells are __________ and __________

A

rods, cones

114
Q

Photoreceptor cells contain __________ called photopigments

A

light-sensitive proteins

115
Q

Daylight is aka __________ vision and twilight is known as __________ vision

A

photopic, scotopic

116
Q

Phototopic and colour vision are the functions of __________ and scotopic vision is the function of __________

A

cones, rods

117
Q

Rods contain a __________ protein called __________ or __________ which contains a derivative of Vitamin __________

A

purplish-red protein, rhodopsin, visual purple, A

118
Q

There are 3 types of cones in human eye:

A

red, green, blue

119
Q

When red, green and blue cones are stimulated equally, a sensation of __________ light is produced

120
Q

__________ leave the eye and the __________ enter it at a point medial to and slightly above the posterior pole of the eye ball.

A

Optic nerves, retinal blood vessels

121
Q

Photoreceptor cells are not present in the region called the __________

A

blind spot

122
Q

At the posterior pole of the eye, lateral to the blind spot, there is a yellowish pigmented spot called __________ with a central pit called the __________

A

macula lutea,

fovea

123
Q

Fovea is a thinned-out portion of the retina where only the __________ are densely packed

124
Q

__________ is the point where the visual activity (resolution) is the greatest

125
Q

Space between cornea and the lens is __________

A

aqueous chamber

126
Q

Aqueous chamber contains a thin, watery fluid called __________

A

aqueous humor

127
Q

Space between the lens and retina is called the __________ chamber and is filled with a transparent gel called __________

A

vitreous chamber, vitreous humor

128
Q

Vitreous humor vs. aqueous humor

A

Vitreous - transparent gel, between lens & retina

Aqueous - thin, watery, between cornea & lens

129
Q

Light rays in visible wavelength focussed on the retina through the cornea and lens generate __________ in rods and cones

A

potentials (impulses)

130
Q

Photosensitive compounds in the human eyes is composed of __________ and __________

A

opsin (a protein)

retinal (an aldehyde of vitamin A)

131
Q

Light induces dissociation of the __________ from __________ resulting in changes in __________

A

retinal, opsin, structure of opsin

132
Q

Changes in opsin causes __________ as a result of which potential differences are generated in photoreceptor cells

A

membrane permeability changes

133
Q

The membrane permeability change and potential differences in photoreceptor cells produces a signal that generates action potentials in the __________ cells through the __________ cells

A

ganglion, bipolar

134
Q

Action potentials (impulses) are transmitted by the __________ to the visual cortex area of the brain

A

optic nerves

135
Q

The ears perform 2 sensory functions:

A

hearing,

maintenance of body balance

136
Q

Ear can be divided into 3 major sections anatomically:

A

outer, middle, inner

137
Q

Outer ear consists of __________ and __________

A

pinna, external auditory meatus(canal)

138
Q

__________ collects the vibrations in the air which produce sound

139
Q

The external auditory meatus leads inwards and extends up to the __________

A

tympanic membrane (ear drum)

140
Q

There are __________ and __________ in the skin of the pinna and meatus

A

very fine hairs,

wax-secreting glands

141
Q

The tympanic membrane is composed of __________ tissues covered with __________ outside and with __________ inside

A

connective, skin, mucus membrane

142
Q

Middle ear contains three __________ called __________, __________ and __________

A

ossicles, malleus, incus, stapes

143
Q

Malleus, incus and pinna are attached to one another in a chain-like fashion. T or F?

A

False,

malleus, incus and stapes - middle ear ossicles

144
Q

Malleus is attached to the __________ and the stapes is attached to the __________

A

tympanic membrane,

oval window of the coclea

145
Q

Ear ossicles increase the efficiency of …

A

transmission of sound waves to the inner waves

146
Q

A __________ connects the middle ear cavity with the pharynx

A

Eustachian tube

147
Q

An Eustachian tube helps in __________

A

equalising the pressures on either sides of the ear drum

148
Q

Fluid-filled inner ear called __________ consists of two parts: __________ and __________

A

labyrinth, bony, membranous

149
Q

__________ is a series of channels

Bony / membranous

A

Bony labyrinth

150
Q

Inside the channels of the membrane labyrinth lies the bony labyrinth. T or F?

A

False, other way around

151
Q

Membranous labyrinth is surrounded by a fluid called __________

152
Q

Membranous labyrinth is filled with a fluid called __________

153
Q

Coiled portion of the labyrinth is called __________

154
Q

The membranes constituting __________, __________ and __________ divide the surrounding perilymph filled bony labyrinth into __________ and __________

A

cochlea, the reissner’s, basilar
upper scala vestibuli
lower scala tympani

155
Q

The space within cochlea is called __________ and is filled is __________

A

scala media, endolymph

156
Q

At the base of the cochlea, the scala vestibuli ends at the __________ while the scala tympani terminates at the __________ which opens to the __________

A

oval window, round window, middle ear

157
Q

What is the organ of corti?

A

structure located on the basilar membrane

contains hair cells as auditory receptors

158
Q

Hair cells are present in the rows on the __________ side of the organ of corti

159
Q

The basal end of the hair cells of organ of corti are in close contact with the __________

A

afferent nerve fibres

160
Q

A large number of processes called __________ are projected from the __________ part of each hair cell

A

stereo cilia, apical

161
Q

Above the rows of the hair cells in the organ of corti is a thin elastic membrane called __________

A

tectorial membrane

162
Q

Inner ear contains a complex system called __________ located above the cochlea

A

vestibular apparatus

163
Q

Vestibular apparatus is composed of __________ and __________

A

3 semi-circular canals, otolith

164
Q

Macula is the sensory part of the __________ and __________

A

saccule, utricle

165
Q

Each semi-circular canal of the vestibular apparatus lies in the same plane at right angles to each other. T or F?

A

False, different planes

166
Q

Membranous canals are suspended in the __________ of the bony canals.

167
Q

Base of the semi-circular canals is swollen and called __________

168
Q

Ampulla contains a projecting ridge called __________ which has __________ cells

A

crista ampullaris, hair

169
Q

The saccule and utricle contain a projecting ridge called __________

170
Q

__________ and __________ are the specific receptors of the vestibular apparatus responsible for maintenance of balance of the body and posture

A

Crista, macula

171
Q

The __________ receives sounds waves and directs them to the ear drum

A

external ear

172
Q

The ear drum vibrates in response to sound waves and these vibrations are transmitted through the __________ to the __________

A

ear ossicles, oval window

173
Q

Vibrations pass through the oval window on to the __________ where they generate waves in the __________

A

fluid of the cochlea, lymphs

174
Q

The waves in the lymphs induce a ripple in the __________

A

basilar membrane

175
Q

The ripple movements of the basilar membrane bend the __________, pressing them against the __________

A

hair cells, tectorial membrane

176
Q

When hair cells press against the tectorial membrane, __________ are generated in the __________

A

nerve impulses, associated afferent neurons

177
Q

Nerve impulses in the associated afferent neurons are transmitted by the afferent fibres via __________ to the __________ of the brain

A

auditory nerves, auditory cortex

178
Q

__________ system coordinates and integrates functions as well as metabolic and homeostatic activities of all the organs

179
Q

The nerve impulse is conducted along the axon membrane in the form of a wave of __________ and __________

A

depolarisation, repolarisation

180
Q

The __________ receives and integrates visual, tactile and auditory inputs

181
Q

The __________ integrates information received from the semicircular canals of the ear and the auditory system

A

cerebellum

182
Q

Inside sclera is the middle layer, which is called the choroid. T or F?

183
Q

__________ is influenced by gravity and movements, and helps us in maintaining balance of the body and posture

A

Vestibular apparatus

Biology (NCERT) - Class XI (23 decks)

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