XI Chap 2 Biological Classification Flashcards by Anamta Farook

___________ was the earliest to attempt a more scientific basis for classification using simple morphological characteristics

Aristotle

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How did Aristotle divide animals into 2 groups?

Those that had red blood and those that didn’t

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___________ developed the Two Kingdom system of classification

Linnaeus

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What were the shortcomings of the Two Kingdom system?

did not differentiate between:

eukaryotes & prokaryotes
unicellular and multicellular
photosynthetic (green algae) and non-photosynthetic (fungi)

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In the year ___________, ___________ proposed the Five Kingdom Classification

1969, R. H. Whittaker

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What were the main classification criteria used by Whittaker?

cell structure
body organisation
mode of nutrition
reproduction
phylogenetic relationships

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Monera is the only Kingdom that contains prokaryotic organisms, the remaining four are all eukaryotes. T or F?

True

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Describe the cell wall of each of the Five Kingdoms

Monera - Non-cellulosic (polysaccharide + amino acid)
Protista - Present in some
Fungi - Present, chitin
Plantae - Present, cellulose
Animalia - Absent

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Nuclear membrane is present in all Kingdoms except Protista. T or F?

False, all except MONERA

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Body organisation of Monera and Protista are cellular. T or F?

True

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Describe body organisation of Fungi, Plantae and Animalia

Fungi - multicellular / loose tissue
Plantae - tissue / organ
Animalia - tissue / organ / organ system

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Monera, Protista and Plantae have autotrophic organisms. T or F?

True

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Name the five kingdoms

Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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Earlier bacteria, blue green algae, fungi, mosses and ferns were classified under Plants. T or F?

What was the character that united this kingdom?

True

All organisms had a cell wall

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Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra were earlier placed together under ____________

Algae

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Fungi walls are made of ____________ whereas plant walls are made of ____________

chitin, cellulose

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____________ are the sole members of Kingdom Monera

Bacteria

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Bacteria are the most abundant micro-organisms. T or F?

True

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Many bacteria live as parasites. T or F?

True

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Autotrophic bacteria are the most abundant in nature. Majority of bacteria are important decomposers.

T or F?

False, HETEROTROPHIC are most abundant, rest is correct.

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What are the 4 shapes of bacteria?

Coccus / cocci- spherical
Bacillus / bacilli - rod-shaped
Vibrium / vibrio - comma-shaped
Spirillum / spirilla - spiral

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Though the bacterial ____________ is very simple, they are very complex in ____________

structure, behavior

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Bacteria as a group show the most extensive ____________ diversity

metabolic

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Some bacteria are autotrophic. They synthesize their food from organic substrates. T or F?

False,

first sentence is correct, INORGANIC substrates

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Autotrophic bacteria are of two types:

Photosynthetic | Chemosynthetic

____________ bacteria are the oldest-living

Archaebacteria

____________ bacteria live in the most harsh habitats

Archaebacteria

Where do the following archaebacteria live? Halophiles, thermoacidophiles and methanogens

Halophiles - extremely salty areas Thermoacidophiles - hot springs Methanogens - marshy areas

Methanogens are present in the ____________ of ruminant animals like cows and buffaloes. They are responsible for the production of ____________ from ____________ of these animals

gut, methane (biogas), dung

There are thousands of different ____________ (kind of bacteria)

eubacteria

Eubacteria is aka ____________

true bacteria

Eubacteria are characterised by a ____________ cell wall and ____________ if motile

rigid, flagellum

Cyanobacteria aka ____________ have ____________ pigment similar to green plants

blue-green algae, chlorophyll a

Cyanobacteria are: multicellular/unicellular? colonial/filamentous/both? freshwater/marine/terrestrial/some combination?

unicellular, colonial or filamentous, freshwater, marine and terrestrial

Cyanobacteria colonies are surrounded by ____________

gelatinous / mucilagenous sheath

Cyanobacteria form ____________ in polluted water bodies

blooms

What are heterocysts?

Specialized cells in cyanobacteria in which atmospheric nitrogen is fixed

Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria ____________ various inorganic substances such as ____________, ____________ and ____________ and use the released energy for their ATP production.

oxidise, | nitrates, nitrites and ammonia

____________ (kind of bacteria) play a great role in recycling nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur and iron.

Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria

Bacteria that make curd from milk, involved in the production of antibiotics and that fix nitrogen in legume roots are all heterotrophic. T or F?

True

What are 4 diseases caused by bacteria?

Cholera, typhoid, tetanus, citrus canker

Bacteria reproduce mainly by ____________

fission

Under unfavorable conditions for reproduction, bacteria ____________

produce spores

Bacteria reproduce sexually as well using ____________ type of ____________ transfer

primitive, DNA

____________ are smallest living cells known

Mycoplasma

Mycoplasma have a cell wall and can survive without oxygen. T or F?

False, do NOT have a cell wall, rest is correct

Many mycoplasma are pathogenic in plants and animals. T or F?

True

All single-celled eukaryotes are placed under the kingdom ____________

Protista

Boundaries of ____________ kingdom are not well-defined.

Protista

What are the groups of organisms in Protista?

1. Chrysophytes 2. Dinoflagellates 3. Euglenoids 4. Slime Moulds 5. Protozoans

Members of Protista are primarily ____________ (aquatic / terrestrial)

aquatic

Protistan cell body contains a well-defined nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. T or F?

True

Protists produce asexually as well as sexually by process involving ____________ and ____________

cell fusion, zygote formation

Some protists have flagella and cilia. T or F?

True

Chrysophytes are: - mostly photosynthetic / heterotrophic / holozoic? - fresh water / marine / either? - visible to the naked eye / microscopic?

mostly photosynthetic freshwater as well as marine microscopic

Chrysophytes float passively in water currents like ____________

plankton

Diatoms and Desmids belong to the group ____________

Chrysophytes

Desmids are aka ____________

golden algae

Describe diatoms' cell walls

2 thin overlapping shells, fit together like a soap box | Walls embedded with silica => indestructible

Diatomaceous earth?

Large amount of cell wall deposits in habitats of diatoms, accumulated over billions of years

Diatoms are also referred to as the __________ in the oceans

chief producers

Diatomaceous earth is used in __________, __________ of oils and syrups

polishing, filtration

Dinoflagellates: - mostly photosynthetic / heterotrophic / holozoic? - fresh water / marine / either? - colors?

mostly photosynthetic, mostly marine, red, yellow, green, blue and brown

Describe cell walls of dinoflagellates

Stiff cellulose plates on outer surface

Do dinoflagellates have flagella?

Yes, 2. One longitudinal, one transversely in a furrow between wall plates.

Red dinoflagellates for example ___________ undergo such rapid multiplication that they make the sea appear red and release ________

Gonyaulax, toxins that kill other marine animals

Euglenoids are: - mostly photosynthetic / heterotrophic / holozoic? - fresh water / marine / either?

photosynthetic in sunlight, otherwise heterotrophic | mostly fresh water (STAGNANT water)

Describe cell wall of euglenoids

No cell wall, | protein rich layer called PELLICLE => makes their body flexible

Do euglenoids have flagells?

Yes, 2, one long and one short

Pigments of ________ are identical to higher plants

euglenoids

Example of Euglenoid?

Euglena

Slime moulds are: | - mostly photosynthetic / heterotrophic / holozoic?

Saprophytes

Slime moulds move along decaying twigs and leaves engulfing ____________

organic material

Under suitable conditions, slime moulds form _____________ In unfavourable conditions, they ___________

form an aggregation called plasmodium, several feet. plasmodium differentiates, forms fruiting bodies which bear spores at their tips

Spores produced by slime moulds possess _______ walls, are extremely resistant and are dispersed by _______

true walls, air currents

All protozoans are _______

heterotrophs

All protozoans live as predators or parasites. T or F?

True

_______ are believed to be primitive relatives of animals

Protozoans

What are the 4 major groups of protozoans?

1. Amoeboid protozoans 2. Flagellated protozoans 3. Ciliated protozoans 4. Sporozoans

Ameboid protozoans live in _______, _______ or _______

fresh water, sea water or moist soil

Ameboid protozoans move and capture their prey by putting out _______

pseudopodia (false feet)

Marine forms of ameboid protozoans have _______ shells on their surface

silica

Some ameboid protozoans like _______ are parasites

Entamoeba

Flagellated protozoans are either free-living or _______

parasitic

Parasitic forms of flagellated protozoans cause diseases like _______

sleeping sickness

Trypanosoma is a _______ whereas Paramoecium is a _______

flagellated protozoan, ciliated protozoan

Ciliated protozoans are _______ (aquatic / terrestrial) and are actively moving because of the presence of thousands of _______

aquatic, cilia

Ciliated protozoans have a cavity that opens to _______

the outside of the cell surface

Coordinated movement of cilia in ciliated protozoans causes _______ laded with food to be steered into the _______

water, gullet

Sporozoans are diverse organisms that have a _______ stage

infectious spore-like

Example of sporozoan?

Plasmodium (malarial parasite)

_______ constitute a unique kingdom of heterotrophic organisms

Fungi

White spots seen on mustard leaves are due to _________

a parasitic fungus, Albugo

_________ fungus causes rust in wheat

Puccinia

_________ and _________ are cosmopolitan

Fungi, bacteria

_________ fungus is a source of antibiotics

Penicillium

Fungi prefer to grow in _________ and _________ places

warm, humid

With the exception of _________ which are unicellular, fungi are filamentous.

yeast

What are hyphae and mycelium?

Hyphae - Long, slender thread-like structures | Mycelium - network of hyphae

What are coenocytic hyphae?

Continuous tubes filled with multinucleated cytoplasm

Non-coenocytic hyphae have _________ or _________ in the hyphae

septae, cross walls

Cell walls of fungi are composed of chitin and _________

polysaccharides

Most fungi are _________, while some are _________ and can also live as _________ (mode of nutrition)

saprophytes, parasites, symbionts

Examples of symbionts are fungi in association with _________ as lichens and with _________ as mycorrhiza

algae, roots of higher plants

Reproduction in fungi can take place by vegetative measures _________, _________ and _________

fragmentation, fission and budding

Asexual reproduction in fungi takes place by spores called _________ or _________ or _________ and sexual reproduction takes place by _________, _________ and _________

asexual - conidia, sporangiospores, zoospores (CSZ) | sexual - oospores, ascospores, basidiospores (OAB)

Spores of fungi are produced in distinct structures called _________

fruiting bodies

Sexual cycle in fungi involves 3 steps. They are?

1. Plasmogamy (fusion of protoplasms between 2 motile or non-motile gametes) 2. Karyogamy (fusion of 2 nuclei) 3. Meiosis (zygote -> haploid spores)

In some fungi, the fusion of two haploid cells immediately results in diploid cells (2n). T or F?

True

What is dikaryon / dikaryophase of fungus?

In some fungi - ascomycetes and basidiomycetes - an intervening dikaryotic stage occurs where there are 2 nuclei per cell

What are the classes of the Fungi kingdom? What is the basis of their division?

Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteromycetes On the basis of: morphology of mycelium, mode of spore formation and fruiting bodies

Members of phycomycetes are found in _________ (terrestrial / aquatic) habitats and on _________ in moist and damp places or as ________ on plants

aquatic, decaying wood, obligate parasites

Describe mycelium of Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes

Phycomycetes - aseptate and coenocytic Asco - branched and septate Basidio - branched and septate Deutero - branched and septate

Describe asexual reproduction of Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes

Phyco - zoospores (motile) or aplanospores (non-motile), endogenously produced in sporangium Asco - conidia produced exogenously on conidiophores (special mycelium) Basidio - asexual reproduction not found, vegetative reproduction by fragmentation Deutero - conidia

Describe sexual reproduction of Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes

Phyco - zygospore formed, isogamous or anisogamous or oogamous Asco - ascospores, endogenously produced in sac-like asci Basidio - sex organs absent, but plasmogamy happens by fusion of 2 vegetative or somatic cells => dikaryotic structure => basidium => 4 basidiospores exogenously produced on basidium Deutero - not found

``` Classify into the various fungi classes. Penicillium Mucor Aspergillus Agaricus Saccharomyces Trichoderma Claviceps Alternaria Ustilago Rhizopus Puccinia Colletotrichum Neurospora Albugo ```

``` Penicillium - Asco Mucor - Phyco Aspergillus - Asco Agaricus - Basidio Saccharomyces - Asco Trichoderma - Deutero Claviceps - Asco Alternaria - Deutero Ustilago - Basidio Rhizopus - Phyco Puccinia - Basidio Colletotrichum - Deutero Neurospora - Asco Albugo - Phyco ```

Match the following: - Bread mould - Smut causing fungus - Biochemical and genetic work - Mushroom - Parasitic fungi on mustard - Making bread and beer - Rust causing fungus (wheat) - Edible delicacies Puccinia, morels, Ustilago, Trichoderma, Agaricus, Penicillium, Saccharomyces, truffles Rhizopus, Albugo, Neurospora

``` Bread mould - Rhizopus Smut causing fungus - Ustilago Biochemical and genetic work - Neurospora Mushroom - Agaricus Parasitic fungi on mustard - Albugo Making bread and beer - Saccharomyces Rust causing fungus on wheat - Puccinia Edible delicacies - morels and truffles ```

Ascomycetes are commonly known as __________ and are mostly __________ (unicellular / multicellular)

sac-fungi, multicellular

Yeast is among the rare unicellular members of ascomycetes. T or F?

True

Ascomycetes are saprophytic, decomposers, parasitic or __________ (growing on dung)

coprophilous

Conidia of ascomycetes on germination produces __________

mycelium

The sac-like asci that produce sexual spores in ascomycetes are arranged in different types of fruiting bodies called __________

ascocarps

Morels and truffles (edible delicacies) belong to which class of Fungi?

Ascomycetes

Commonly known forms of basidiomycetes are __________, __________ and __________

mushrooms, bracket fungi, puffballs

Basidiomycetes grow in __________, on __________ and __________ and in plant bodies as __________

soil, logs and tree stumps parasites

In plasmogamy in basidiomycetes, the fusion of two vegetative or somatic cells is of __________ (similar / different) strains or genotypes.

different

The basidia in basidiomycetes are arranged in fruiting bodies called __________

basidiocarps

__________ class of fungi is commonly known as imperfect fungi because __________

Deuteromycetes, because only the asexual vegetative phases of these fungi are known

Most deuteromycetes are __________ (decomposers or saprophytes)

decomposers, | litter and mineral recycling

Some members of deuteromycetes are saprophytes or parasites. T or F?

True

Kingdom __________ includes all eukaryotic chlorophyll-containing organisms.

Plantae

Few members of plant kingdom are partially heterotrophic, such as __________ plants or __________

insectivorous, parasites

Specify whether these plants are insectivorous or parasitic: Bladderwort Cuscuta Venus fly trap

Bladderwort - insectivorous Cuscuta - parasite Venus fly trap - insectivorous

Plantae includes algae. T or F?

True

What is alternation of generation?

2 distinct phases in life cycle of plants - diploid sporophytic and haploid gametophytic - that alternate with each other

Kingdom __________ includes heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular and their cells lack cell walls.

Animalia

Animals digest their food in an internal cavity and store food reserves as __________ or __________

glycogen, fat

Mode of nutrition of animals is __________ i.e. ingestion of food

holozoic

Higher forms of animals show elaborate __________ and __________ mechanism

sensory, neuromotor

All animals are capable of locomotion. T or F?

False, MOST are

Sexual reproduction in animals is by __________ of male and female followed by __________

copulation, embryonic development

Viruses did not find a place in classification since they are __________

not considered truly living

Viruses are __________ organisms (cellular / non-cellular) characterized by having a __________ crystalline structure outside the __________

non-cellular, inert, living cell

Virus means __________ or __________

venom, poisonous fluid

__________ (in the year______) recognized certain microbes as causal organisms of the mosaic disease of tobacco.

Dmitri Ivanowsky (1892)

Microbes discovered by D. Ivanowsky were found to be __________ (smaller / larger) than bacteria because they __________ (passed through / were caught by) bacteria-proof filters

smaller, passed through

In the year ____, __________ demonstrated that the extract of infected plants of tobacco could cause infection and named the new pathogen __________ and the fluid as ________ ________ ________

1898, MW Beijerinek, virus, Contagium vivum fluidum (infectious living fluid)

In the year ____, __________ showed that viruses could be crystallised and crystals consist largely of __________

1935, W. M. Stanley, proteins

Viruses are obligate parasites as they are inert outside their host cell. T or F?

True

Viruses contain RNA, DNA or both. T or F?

False, never contain BOTH

A virus is a ________-protein and the genetic material is infectious.

nucleoprotein

Identify genetic material of these types of viruses: 1. infect plants 2. infect animals 3. infect bacteria

1. infect plants - SS RNA 2. infect animals - SS RNA, DS RNA, DS DNA 3. infect bacteria - DS DNA

Protein coat of virus is called ________

capsid

Capsid is made of small subunits called ________ and protects the ________

capsomeres, nucleic acid

Capsomeres are arranged in ________ or ________ forms

helical, polyhedral geometric forms

Name 5 diseases caused by virus

AIDS, herpes, mumps, small pox, influenza

What are the symptoms of virus diseases in plants?

- mosaic formation - leaf rolling and curling - yellowing and vein clearing - dwarfing - stunted growth

In ____, ________ discovered viroid, a new infections agent that was smaller than viruses and caused ________ disease.

1971, T. O. Diener, potato spindle tuber disease

Viroids are free RNA => they lack the protein coat. T or F?

True

RNA of viroid is of ________ (higher / lower) molecular weight than that of viruses.

lower

What are prions?

Abnormally folded protein, | transmits certain infectious neurological diseases

Size of prions compared to viruses?

Similar size

What is the most notable disease caused by prions? What are all its names?

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) In cattle - mad cow disease In humans - Cr-Jacob disease (CJD)

________ are symbiotic associations between algae and fungi

Lichens

The algal component of a lichen is called ________ and is ________ (autotropic/heterotrophic). The fungal component is called ________ and is ________ (autotropic/heterotrophic).

phycobiont, autotrophic | mycobiont, heterotrophic

Lichens are good pollution indicators as they ___________

do not grow in polluted areas