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Biology (NCERT) - Class XI > XI Chap 5 Plant Morphology > Flashcards

XI Chap 5 Plant Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

____________ born in Ukraine published the book Plant Anatomy

A

Katherise Esau

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2
Q

___________ by Katherine Esau was published in 1960

A

Anatomy of Seed Plants

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3
Q

Anatomy of Seed Plants by Katherine Esau was referred to as _____________

A

Webster’s of plant biology

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4
Q

_____________ was the sixth woman to be elected to the National Academy of Sciences

A

Katherine Esau

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5
Q

_____________ reported that the curly top virus spreads through a plant via the food-conducting or phloem tissue

A

Katherine Esau

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6
Q

Angiosperms do not show large diversity in morphology. They are all characterised by presence of roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. T or F?

A

False, first sentence is false, there is lot of diversity. Second is still true.

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7
Q

In the majority of _____________ (monocot/dicot) plants, the direct elongation of the radicle leads to the formation of _____________

A

dicot, primary root

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8
Q

Secondary, tertiary, etc. roots are _____________ roots of several orders

A

lateral

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9
Q

Primary root and its branches constitute the _____________ system

A

tap root

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10
Q

Define fibrous root system

A

Monocot plants,
Primary root short-lived / degenerates,
replaced by large number of roots originating from base of the stem

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11
Q

Define adventitious roots

A

Roots arise from parts of the plant other than radicle e.g. fibrous / foliar

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12
Q

Specify the type of root system:

wheat
carrot / radish / beet / turnip
mustard
sweet potato
sugarcane !!
grass !!
A 
wheat - fibrous
carrot - tap
mustard - tap
sweet potato - adventitious
sugarcane - fibrous !!
grass - adventitious  !!
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13
Q

Specify the type of root system:

mango
onion !!!
Monstera
Banyan
guava
peepal
maize
A 
mango - tap
onion - fibrous
Monstera - adventitious & fibrous
Banyan - adventitious & tap
guava - tap
peepal - tap
maize - fibrous
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14
Q

Main functions of root system?

A
  1. ABSORPTION (not transport!!) of water and minerals from soil
  2. anchorage
  3. storing reserve food material
  4. synthesis of PGRs
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15
Q

Root cap is a ________-like structure and its function is: ______

A

thimble-like structure,

covers and protects the root apex

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16
Q

_______ has numerous Golgi bodies that secrete mucilaginous substances

A

Root cap / Calyptra

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17
Q

Root cap arises from special ________gen called ________ which in turn arises from __________

A

histogen, calyptrogen, dermatogen

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18
Q

What is calyptra?

A

Root cap

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19
Q

Describe region of meristematic activity

A

few mm above root cap,
very small, thin-walled cells with dense protoplasm
cells divide repeatedly

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20
Q

Region of ___________ is a few mm above the root cap

A

meristemattic activity

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21
Q

Cells in region of meristematic activity are ___________ (small/large), ___________ (thin/thick walled), ___________ (dense with / lacking protoplasm)

A

small,
thin-walled
dense with protoplasm

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22
Q

Cells of region of ___________ divide repeatedly

A

meristematic activity

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23
Q

Cells proximal to the meristematic cells undergo rapid ___________ and ___________

A

elongation, enlargement

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24
Q

Region of ___________ is responsible for growth of the root in length

A

elongation

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25
Q

Cells of region of _____________ gradually differentiate and mature

A

elongation

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26
Q

The zone proximal to the region of elongation is called the region of ___________

A

maturation

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27
Q

Root hairs are:
_________ (unicellular / multicellular / either)
________ cells (type of cells)
________ously produced (endo/exo) in the ________
in zone of ___________

A

unicellular, epidermal, exogenously produced, epidermis, maturation

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28
Q

Epidermal cells from the region of maturation form very fine and delicate, thread-like structures called ___________

A

root hairs

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29
Q

Roots in some plants can be modified for ? (8)

A
  1. support (prop),
  2. support (stilt),
  3. food storage,
  4. respiration (pneumatophores)
  5. assimilatory/photosynthesizing,
  6. haustorial/parasitic,
  7. reproductive,
  8. hygroscopic/epiphytic
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30
Q

Prop roots?

A

Hanging structures,

Roots modified for support e.g. Banyan tree

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31
Q

Stilt roots?

A

From lower nodes of stem
Roots modified for support
e.g. maize, sugarcane

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32
Q

Pneumatophores? Example?

A

Roots modified for respiration (swampy areas / halophytes)
apogeotropic - come out of the ground and grow vertically upwards
get O2 for respiration
e.g. Rhizophora

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33
Q

Supporting roots of maize and sugarcane come out of the ___________

A

lower nodes of the stem

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34
Q

Asparagus is an example of root modified for ___________

A

storage and reproduction

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35
Q

Assimilatory / photosynthesizing roots like _________ develop _________

A

Trapa, chlorophyll

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36
Q

__________ aka ________ roots derive nutrition from host xylem/phloem.

Give exampls

A

Haustorial / parasitic

Cuscuta, Orobanche, Striga, Viscum

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37
Q 
Tag as modified for reproduction, storage and/or food:
Dahlia
Turnip / Carrot / Radish / Beet
Sweet potato
Asparagus
A

Dahlia - reproductive
TCRB - storage
Sweet potato - storage + reproductive
Asparagus - storage + reproductive

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38
Q

What are hygroscopic/ epiphytic modified roots?

A

grow on other plants to absorb moisture from atmosphere through velamen tissue
example of commensalism - mango & orchid

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39
Q

What are foliar roots? Example?

A

Roots arising from leaves e.g. Bryophyllum

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40
Q

Root is _____geotropic and _____phototropic

A

ortho, apo

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41
Q

________ part of the root contains gravity receptors

A

Root cap

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42
Q

In hydrophytes, _______ is absent but it contains ________ for buoyancy

A

root cap, air pockets

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43
Q

Root meristem is ________

terminal / subterminal

A

subterminal

root cap is terminal

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44
Q

Lateral roots are _____genous arising from the __________

A

endo, pericycle

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45
Q

Stem is the ___________ part of the axis that develops from the ________ of the embryo

A

ascending, plumule

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46
Q

Stem is ___geotropic and ___phototropic

A

apo, ortho

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47
Q

Stem bears ___________ (where leaves are borne) and ___________

A

nodes and internodes

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48
Q

Region of the stem where leaves are born is called ___________ and internodes are the portion between two ___________

A

nodes, nodes

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49
Q

Stem bears buds which may be ___________ or ___________

A

terminal or axillary

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50
Q

Stem is generally ___________ in color when young and later often becomes ___________ and ___________ (color)

A

green, woody, dark brown

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51
Q

Main functions of stem is ___________

A

spreading out branches

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52
Q

All functions of stem:

A
  1. spreading out branches
  2. conducting water, minerals and photosynthates
  3. (some) food storage, support, protection, vegetative propagation
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53
Q

Underground stems modified to store food also act as organs of ___________ to tide over ___________

A

perennation, unfavourable growth conditions

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54
Q

What are the 4 types of U/G stems?

A

Rhizome
Corm
Tuber
Bulb

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55
Q

Rhizome grows _____________ whereas Corm grows ____________

A

horizontally, vertically

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56
Q

__________ is the smallest U/G stem whereas ___________ is the largest

A

Bulb, Corm

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57
Q

Examples of rhizome

A

Ginger, Turmeric, Canna and Banana

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58
Q

Examples of corm

A 
Colocassia (Arvi) 
Crocus (Saffron) 
Colcichicum, 
Amorphophallus (Zaminkhand)
Gladiolus
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59
Q

Tuber is the ________ _________ end of a _______ branch arising from the u/g part of the stem

A

swollen terminal,

lateral

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60
Q

_______ (eyes) in tuber help in vegetative propagation

A

axillary buds

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61
Q

Examples of tuber

A

Potato

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62
Q

Bulb is a _____-shaped structure with ________ as the edible part

A

disc, scale leaves

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63
Q

Examples of bulb

A

(Liliaceae family)

Onion, garlic, lily

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64
Q

What are the characteristics that help distinguish an u/g stem from an u/g root?

A

buds
scale leaves
nodes
internodes

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65
Q

Stem tendrils develop from ___________ buds. They are slender and spirally coiled and help plants ___________

A

axillary, to climb

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66
Q

Axillary buds of stems may get modified into woody, straight and pointed ___________

A

thorns

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67
Q

What are the sub-aerial modifications of stem?

A

Runner, Stolan, Support and Sucker

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68
Q

What is runner?

A

Underground stems of some plants spread to new niches and when older parts die, new parts are formed

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69
Q

What is a stolan?

A

slender lateral branch
base of the main axis
aerially for some time
then arch downwards
(arches at regular intervals)

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70
Q

What is support (sub aerial stem)?

A

A lateral branch with short internodes
each node bearing a rosette of leaves and tuft of roots
found in aquatic plants

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71
Q

Support stem modifications is only found in _________ plants

A

aquatic / hydrophytes

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72
Q

Describe sucker? (sub-aerial stem modification)

A

Lateral branch
basal u/g portion of main stem,
horizontally beneath soil
then out obliquely upwards

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73
Q

Examples of runner?

A

Grass, Oxalis, Fragaria (strawberry)

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74
Q

Examples of stolan?

A

mint, jasmine

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75
Q

Examples of support stem modification?

A 
Water hyacinth (Eichhornia)
Pistia
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76
Q

Examples of sucker?

A

Banana, Pineapple, Chrysanthemum

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77
Q

What are the aerial modifications of stem?

A

Phylloclade, cladode, tendrils and thorns

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78
Q

Plants of arid regions modify their stems into flattened structures (e.g. ___________) or fleshy structures (e.g. ___________) for photosynthesis. They’re called ___________

A

Opuntia,
Euphorbia,
phylloclade

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79
Q

Modified stems of plants in arid regions contain ___________ and carry out ___________. Their leaves become __________.

A

chlorophyll, photosynthesis, spines

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80
Q

What is a cladode?

A

Phylloclade with single internode

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81
Q

Example of cladode?

A

Ruscus, Asparagus

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82
Q

Bougainvillea and Citrus are examples of what kind of modification?

A

Stem -> thorn

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83
Q

Examples of stem -> tendril modification?

A

Gourds and grapevines

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84
Q

Potato is a modified _______ whereas sweet potato is a modified ______

A

stem, adventitious root

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85
Q

Leaf blade contains _______ cells whereas petiole contains _______ cells

A

parenchymatous mesophyll,

collenchymatous

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86
Q

In some leguminous plants, the leafbase may become swollen which is called the ___________

A

pulvinus

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87
Q

Leaf base is swollen in leguminous and this plant: __________

A

touch me not (Mimosa)

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88
Q

___________ is a lateral, generally flattened structure borne on the stem

A

Leaf

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89
Q

Leaf develops at the ___________ and bears a bud in its ___________

A

node, axil

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90
Q

Axillary bud later develops into a ___________

A

branch

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91
Q

Leaves originate from ___________ meristems and are arranged in an ___________ order

A

shoot apical, acropetal

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92
Q

___________ are the most important organs for photosynthesis

A

Leaves

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93
Q

Parts of a leaf? (3)

A
  1. Leaf base (Hypopodium)
  2. Petiole (Mesopodium)
  3. Lamina (Epipodium)
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94
Q

The ___________ helps hold the leaf blade to light

A

petiole

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95
Q

Leaf is attached to the stem by the ___________

A

leaf base

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96
Q

What are stipules?

A

Two lateral small leaf-like structures that may originate from the leaf base

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97
Q

In monocots, the leaf base ___________

A

expands into a sheath covering the stem partially or wholly

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98
Q

Lamina or leaf blade is the green expanded part of the leaf with ___________ and ___________

A

veins, veinlets

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99
Q

A middle prominent vein on the leaf blade is called ___________

A

midrib

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100
Q

Veins provide ___________ to the leaf blade and act as channels of transport for ___________, ___________ and ___________

A

rigidity

water, minerals and food

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101
Q

Define venation

A

Arrangement of veins and veinlets in the leaf lamina

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102
Q

Dicot plants generally possess ___________ venation whereas monocots show ___________

A

reticulate, parallel

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103
Q

Simple v. compound leaf

A

Simple - lamina is entire / incisions don’t touch midrib

Compound - incisions reach midrib => leaflets

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104
Q

Compound leaves are of 2 types: ___________ and ___________

A

pinnately, palmately

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105
Q

In a pinnately compound leaf, number of leaflets are present on a common axis called ___________ which represents the ___________ of the leaf

A

rachis, midrib

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106
Q

In palmately compound leaves, the leaflets are attached at a common point i.e. _______

A

tip of petiole

107
Q

Examples of simple leaf

A

Banyan, peepal, mango, guava

108
Q

Examples of pinnately compound leaf?

A

Neem, Tamarind, Rose, Acacia

109
Q

Examples of palmately compound leaves?

A 
Silk cotton (Bombax)
Citrus fruits
110
Q

Define phyllotaxy

A

Pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or branch

111
Q

What are the 3 types of phyllotaxy? Define.

A

Alternate: single leaf at each node, alternating
Opposite: a pair of leaves at each node
Whorled: 2+ leaves arise at node

112
Q

Explain the phyllotaxy of these plants:

china rose (and Malvaceae)
Calotropis
Leguminaceae
Liliaceae
Alstonia
mustard (and Brassicaceae)
guava
Cucurbitaceae
sunflower (and Asteraceae)
Solanaceae
A 
china rose - alternate
Calotropis - opposite
Leguminaceae - alternate
Liliaceae - alternate
Alstonia - whorled 
mustard - alternate
guava - opposite
Cucurbitaceae - alternate
sun flower - alternate
Solanaceae - alternate
113
Q

Peas are examples of modified __________ (root, stem or leaf?)

A

leaf -> tendril

114
Q

Leaves are modified into ___________ for defence e.g. ___________

A

spines, cacti (Opuntia)

115
Q

Fleshy leaves of ______ and _______ are modified to store food

A

onion and garlic

116
Q

What is phyllode? Example?

A

Petioles that expand, become green and synthesise food

e.g. Australian acacia

117
Q

Leaves in Australian Acacia are ______ and ________

A

small, short-lived

118
Q

Stems of certain insectivorous plants such as pitcher plant, venus fly trap are also modified stems. T or F?

A

False, leaves

119
Q

Examples of insectivorous plants with modified leaves?

A

Nepenthes - pitcher plant,
Venus fly trap,
Drosera,
Bladderwort

120
Q

Insectivorous plants are still autotrophic. T or F?

They use insects to fill a ________ deficiency

A

True, Nitrogen

121
Q

A flower is a modified ___________

122
Q

The shoot apical meristem changes to ___________ to create inflorescence

A

floral meristem

123
Q

In floral meristem, internodes do not ___________ and the axis gets ___________. Floral axis is aka __________

A

elongate, condensed, peduncle

124
Q

When a shoot tip transforms into a flower it is always ___________

125
Q

Arrangement of flowers on the floral axis (peduncle) is termed as ___________

A

inflorescence

126
Q

Racemose vs. cymose

talk about growth, grouping, blooming, order

A

Racemose - unlimited growth, grouping of flowers common, centripetal, acropetal
Cymose - limited (main axis terminates into flower), grouping of flowers uncommon, centrifugal, basipetal

127
Q 
Group into racemose or cymose:
Jasmine
Leguminaceae
Asteraceae
Solanaceae, 
Banana, 
Bougainvillea, 
Brassicaceae
Poaeceae
Liliaceae
A 
Jasmine - cymose
Leguminaceae - racemose
Asteraceae - racemose
Solanaceae - cymose
Banana - racemose
Bougainvillea - cymose
Brassicaceae - racemose
Poaeceae - racemose
Liliaceae - cymose (some)
128
Q

Sunflower inflorescence is most advanced and is called ______ or _____. Petals are actually flowers, flower is actually an inflorescence.

Two types of florets?

A

Head, capitulum

Disc, ray

129
Q

___________ is a reproductive unit in angiosperms

130
Q

Flower has 4 different kinds of whorls, they are:

A

calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium

131
Q

K, C, A and G are arranged successively on the swollen end of the stalk or pedicel called:

A

thalamus / receptacle

132
Q

Calyx and corolla are ___________ while androecium and gynoecium are ___________

A

accessory / non-essential organs,

reproductive / essential / non-accessory organs

133
Q

Define perianth?

A

K and C fused (not distinct)

134
Q

In some flowers like beans, the calyx and corolla are fused and are termed as perianth. T or F?

A

False, not beans, liliaceae. Rest is accurate

135
Q

Incomplete vs complete flowers?

A

Complete: has all 4 whorls (K, C, A & G)
Incomplete: one or more whorls missing

136
Q

Unisexual vs bisexual flowers?

A

Bisexual - both A and G on same flower

Unisexual - only stamens or only carpels

137
Q

A flower that has radial symmetry is called ___________.

A flower that has bilateral symmetry is called ___________.

A

actinomorphic, zygomorphic

138
Q

A flower is ___________ aka ___________ if it cannot be divided into 2 similar halves by any vertical plane passing through the centre

Example?

A

asymmetric, irregular

e.g. canna

139
Q

What kind of symmetry do each of these plants?

Gulmohur
Mustard
Pea
datura
Canna
Cassia
bean
chilli
A 
Gulmohur - zygomorphic
Mustard - actinomorphic
Pea - zygomorphic
datura - actinomorphic
Canna - asymmetric
Cassia - zygomorphic
bean - zygomorphic
chilli - actinomorphic
140
Q

A flower may be _____________, _____________, or _____________ when floral appendages are in multiple of 3, 4, 5, respectively.

Most common is?

A

trimerous, tetramerous or pentamerous

Pentamerous = most common

141
Q

Flowers with bracts ( __________ leaves) found at the base of the ____________ are called bracteate.

Those without bracts are called ___________

A

reduced, pedicel, ebracteate

142
Q

Hypogynous flower?

A

Gynoecium occupies the highest position while the other parts are situated below it;
superior ovary

143
Q

Gynoecium situated in center, other parts on rim of ____________ is known as __________ flower aka ____________ ovary

A

thalamus, perigynous, half-inferior

144
Q

Epigynous flowers?

A

Thalamus encloses ovary completely, getting fused with it;
other parts arise above the ovary;
inferior ovary

145
Q

Comment on position of floral parts on thalamus:

Leguminaceae

A

Leguminaceae - hypogynous

146
Q

Comment on position of floral parts on thalamus:

guava

A

guava - epigynous

147
Q

Comment on position of floral parts on thalamus:

mango & coconut

A

mango & coconut - hypogynous

148
Q

Comment on position of floral parts on thalamus:

peach

A

peach - perigynous

149
Q

Comment on position of floral parts on thalamus:

cucumber (Cucurbitaceae)

A

cucumber - epigynous

150
Q

Comment on position of floral parts on thalamus:

mustard (Brassicaceae)

A

mustard - hypogynous

151
Q

Comment on position of floral parts on thalamus:

ray florets of sunflower (Asteraceae / Compositae)

A

ray florets of sunflower - epigynous

152
Q

Comment on position of floral parts on thalamus:

brinjal (Solanaceae)

A

brinjal - hypogynous

153
Q

Comment on position of floral parts on thalamus:

plum

A

plum - perigynous

154
Q

Comment on position of floral parts on thalamus:

china rose (Malvaceae)
rose
Liliaceae

A

china rose - hypogynous
rose - perigynous
Liliaceae - hypogynous

155
Q

Comment on position of floral parts on thalamus:

rose

A

rose - perigynous

156
Q

Comment on position of floral parts on thalamus:

Liliaceae

A

Liliaceae - hypogynous

157
Q

In __________ flowers, the ovary is said to be superior whereas in __________ flowers it is inferior.

A

hypogynous,

epigynous

158
Q

___gynous flowers are more likely to develope false fruits

159
Q

Unisexual or bisexual?

Solanaceae
Date palm
Cucurbitaceae
Maize
Liliaceae
Malvaceae
Papaya
Brassicaceae
Castor
A 
Solanaceae - bi
Date palm - uni
Cucurbitaceae - uni
Maize - uni
Liliaceae - bi
Malvaceae - bi
Papaya - uni
Brassicaceae - bi
Castor - uni
160
Q

Calyx is the __________ whorl of the flower and the members are called __________

A

outermost, sepals

161
Q

__________ are green, leaf-life and protect the flower in the bud stage

162
Q

Calyx may be __________ (united) or __________ (free)

A

gamosepalous, polysepalous

163
Q

Persistent calyx is one that ______ ?

Examples

A

sepals remain attached with fruit

e.g. tomato, brinjal (solanaceae)

164
Q

Corolla is composed of __________

165
Q

What is pappus? example?

A

Hairy modified calyx

Sunflower

166
Q

Like calyx, corolla may also be __________ (petals united) or __________ (petals free)

A

gamopetalous, polypetalous

167
Q

Possible shapes of corolla?

A

tubular,
bell-shaped,
funnel-shaped,
wheel-shaped

168
Q

Mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in a floral bud with respect to other members of the __________ (same/different) whorl is known as __________

A

same, aestivation

169
Q

What are the 4 types of aestivation? Explain them briefly.

A
  1. Valvate - just touch one another at margin, no overlap
  2. Twisted - one margin overlaps the next one (one direction)
  3. Imbricate - overlap one another, but no particular direction
  4. Vexillary - 5 petals, largest (posterior) overlaps the 2 lateral ones, which in turn overlaps the 2 smallest anterior petals
170
Q

In which aestivation(s), do you have one completely overlapped petal/sepal and one completely overlapping petal/sepal?

171
Q

In which aestivation(s), do you have one completely overlapped petal and one completely overlapping petal?

A

Imbricate, vexillary

172
Q

In vexillary aestivation, explain ‘standard’, ‘wings’, and ‘keel’.

A

‘Standard’ - largest petal aka vexillium
Wings - two lateral petals
Keel - two smallest anterior fused petals

173
Q

Vexillary aestivation in sepals is aka papilionaceous. T or F?

A

False, known as papilionaceous but it is only in petals.

174
Q

Match these to the correct aestivation:

Cassia
China rose
Pea
Lady's finger
Calotropis
Cotton
Gulmohur
Bean
A 
Cassia (S & P) - imbricate
China rose - twisted
Pea - P - vexillary/papilionaceous, S - valvate/imbricate
Lady's finger - twisted
Calotropis - valvate
Cotton - twisted
Gulmohur (S & P) - imbricate
Bean - P - vexillary/papilionaceous, S - valvate/imbricate
175
Q

Match these to the correct aestivation:

Solanaceae
Leguminaceae
Brassicaceae
Liliaceae

A

Solanaceae - valvate
Leguminaceae - petals - vexillary, sepals - valvate / imbricate
Brassicaceae - valvate
Liliaceae - tepals - valvate

176
Q

A sterile stamen is called __________

177
Q

When stamens are attached to the petals, they are called __________ e.g. __________

A

epipetalous, brinjal (solanaceae)

178
Q

When stamens are attached to the perianth as in flowers of __________, they are called __________

A

lily (liliaceae),

epiphyllous/epitepalous

179
Q

Stamens in flower may remain free aka __________
or may be united into one bunch __________
or into two bundles __________
or into more than two bundles __________

A

polyandrous,
monoadelphous,
diadelphous,
polyadelphous

180
Q

When in stamens the filament is free but anther is fused it is called ____________
example?

A

syngenesious

Asteraceae (sunflower)

181
Q

When stamens are completely fused with each other it is called ____________.

Examples?

A

synandrous

Cucurbitaceae

182
Q

When in stamens, anther is free and filament is fused, it is called ____________

Examples?

A

adelphous

Mono / di / poly
China rose / Pea / Citrus

183
Q

Examples of monoadelphous, diadelphous and polyadelphous flowers?

A

mono - china rose
dia - pea
poly - citrus

184
Q

Examples of polyandrous

A

Brassicaceae

Solanaceae

185
Q

There may be variation in length of filaments within a flower e.g. __________ and __________

A

Salvia, mustard

186
Q

Explain cohesion vs adhesion wrt stamens

A

Adhesion - attachment of stamen with other flower parts (epipetalous / epitepalous)
Cohesion - attachment of stamen with stamens (polyandrous, mono/di/poly adelphous)

187
Q

What is didynamous? Examples?

A

variation in length of stamens
2 outer shorter ones, 2 inner longer ones

e.g. Salvia

188
Q

What is tetradynamous? examples?

A

variation in length of stamens,
2 outer shorter ones
4 inner longer ones

e.g. Brassicaceae (mustard)

189
Q

Gynoecium is made up of one or more __________

190
Q

A carpel consists of 3 parts: __________, __________ and__________

A

stigma, style and ovary

191
Q

__________ is the enlarged basal part of the carpel on which lies the elongated tube, the __________

A

ovary, style

192
Q

Style connects the ovary to the __________

193
Q

Each ovary bears one or more ovules attached to a flattened, cushion-like __________

194
Q

Placenta is the ovary ________ (inner/outer) wall and is a __________ (parenchymatous/ collenchymatous/ sclerenchymatous) outgrowth

A

inner,

parenchymatous

195
Q

Apocarpous vs. syncarpous (with examples)

A

apocarpous - free carpels e.g. lotus, rose, Michelia, peach, plum
syncarpous - fused carpels e.g. mustard (Brassicaceae), tomato (Solanaceae), Liliaceae

196
Q

What is placentation?

A

Arrangement of ovules within the ovary

197
Q

Marginal placentation

A

marginal - unilocular, ridge along ventral suture of ovary, ovules borne on ridge in 2 rows

198
Q

Axile placentation

A

axile - multilocular, ovules at center between septa

199
Q

Parietal placentation

A

parietal - unilocular initially then bilocular, false septum (replum), ovules develop on inner wall / peripheral part

200
Q

Free central placentation

A

free central - unilocular, ovules borne on central axis and septa are absent

201
Q

Basal placentation

A

basal - unilocular, single ovule at base

202
Q

Examples of different types of placentation

A
  1. marginal - Leguminaceae (pea)
  2. axile - Solanaceae, Liliaceae, Citrus, Malvaceae (Tomato, lemon, china rose,)
  3. parietal - Brassicaceae (mustard), Argemone
  4. free central - Dianthus, Primrose
  5. basal - Asteraceae (sunflower, marigold), Poaceae (cereals), Graminae (grasses), mango, coconut
203
Q

In __________ placentation, ovary is one-chambered but it becomes two-chambered due to the formation of the false septum.

204
Q

Monocarpellary vs bicarpellary vs tricarpellary?

Examples

A

Monocarpellary - one carpel - Leguminaceae, mango, coconut
Bi - 2 - Solanaceae, Brassicaceae
Tri - 3 - Liliaceae

205
Q

__________ is a characteristic feature of flowering plants

206
Q

Fruit is a __________ ovary developed after ___________

A

mature / ripened,

fertilization

207
Q

Parthenocarpic fruit?

A

Fruit formed without fertilisation of the ovary

208
Q

Fruit consists generally of (1) __________ and (2)__________

A

1) wall/pericarp

2) seeds

209
Q

Dry vs. fleshy fruits? with examples

A

Dry - pericarp not differentiated e.g. capsule, legumes,

Fleshy - pericarp is differentiated e.g. drupe, berry

210
Q

When pericarp is thick and fleshy, it is differentiated into __________, __________ and __________

A

epicarp (outer), mesocarp and endocarp (inner)

211
Q

In mango and coconut the fruit is known as a __________

212
Q

Drupes develop from __________ ____________ ovaries and contain how many seeds?

A

monocarpellary superior ovaries, one

213
Q

In mango, the pericarp is well differentiated into an outer __________ (thin/thick epicarp), a middle __________ ___________ mesocarp and an inner __________ (soft, hard) endocarp

A

thin epicarp, fleshy edible mesocarp,

hard endocarp

214
Q

Which part of the mango and coconut is edible?

A

Mango - Mesocarp

Coconut - endosperm (liquid and cellular)

215
Q

In coconut, the mesocarp is __________ (fleshy, fibrous, does not exist)

216
Q

After fertilisation, ovules develop into __________

217
Q

A seed is made of __________ and __________

A

seed coat, embryo

218
Q

Embryo is made up of a __________, __________ and __________

A

radicle, embryonal axis, cotyledons

should be plumule also?!

219
Q

Wheat and maize are __________ whereas gram and pea are __________

(monocots/ dicots)

A

monocots, dicots

220
Q

Outermost covering of a seed is called __________

221
Q

Seed coat has 2 layers, outer __________ and inner __________

A

testa, temen

222
Q

Hilum is a __________ on the seed coat through which developing seeds were __________

A

scar, attached

223
Q

Above the hilum is a small pore called __________

224
Q

Within the seed coat is the embryo, consisting of __________ and __________

A

embryonal axis, two cotyledons

225
Q

Cotyledons are often fleshy and full of __________

A

reserve food materials

226
Q

Endospermic vs. non-endospermic seeds?

A

Endospermic: In some seeds, the endosperm formed as a result of double fertilisation is a food-storing tissue.

Non-endospermic: endosperm not present in mature seeds

227
Q

Examples of endospermic vs. non-endospermous seeds?

A

Endo - monocots (maize, wheat, cereals in general)
+ castor + Solanaceae (exceptional dicots)

Non-endo - dicots (pea, bean, gram)
+ orchid (exceptional monocot)

228
Q

All monocot seeds are endospermic. T or F?

A

False, generally they are but some like orchids are non-endospermic

229
Q

In seeds of cereals such as maize, the seed coat is ___________ and generally fused with the ___________

A

membranous, fruit wall

230
Q

Endosperm of maize is bulky and stores food. T or F?

231
Q

Outer covering of endosperm separates the embryo by a layer called ___________ made up of _________ and containing ___________

A

aleurone layer, proteins, hydrolytic enzymes (like alpha amylase)

232
Q

Embryo of maize is ___________ (small/large) and situated in a groove at ___________

A

small, one end of the endosperm

233
Q

Embryo consists of one large and ___________-shaped cotyledon known as ___________ and a short axis with a ___________ and ___________

A

shield, scutellum, plumule, radicle

234
Q

Plumule and radicle are enclosed in sheaths which are called ___________ and ___________ respectively

A

coleoptile, coleorhiza

235
Q 
In floral formula, explain what each of these stands for:
Br
K
C
P
A
G
G (with underline)
G (with over line)
♂
♀
⚥
%
⨁
A 
Br - bracteate
K - calyx
C - corolla
P - perianth
A - androecium
G - gynoecium
G (with underline) - superior ovary
G (with over line) - inferior ovary
♂- male
♀ - female
⚥ - bisexual
% - zygomorphic
⨁ - actinomorphic
236
Q

A floral diagram provides information about:

A

number of parts of a flower, their arrangement and the relation they have with one another

237
Q

Position of the mother axis with respect to the flower is represented by a ___________ on the top of the floral diagram

238
Q

Calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium are drawn in successive whorls, calyx being the ___________ and gynoecium being in the ___________

A

outermost, centre

239
Q

Floral formula also shows cohesion and adhesion within parts of whorls and between whorls. T or F?

240
Q

Fabaceae was earlier called ___________ a subfamily of ___________

A

Papilionoideae, Leguminosae

241
Q

___________ and ___________ plant families are distributed worldwide

A

Fabaceae and Liliaceae

242
Q

___________ is a large family that is distributed in tropics, subtropics and even temperate zones

A

Solanaceae

243
Q

___________ (family) is a characteristic representative of monocot plants

244
Q

Floral formula for Fabaceae?

A

%⚥K(5) C1+2+(2) A(9)+1 G̲1

245
Q

Floral formula for Solanaceae?

A

⨁⚥K(5) C(5) ^ A(5)+1 G̲(2)

246
Q

Floral formula for Liliaceae?

A

Br⨁⚥P(3+3)^A3+3 G(3)

247
Q

Which families do these plants belong to?

petunia (ornamental)

A

petunia (ornamental) - Solanaceae

248
Q

Which families do these plants belong to?

ashwagandha, belladonna (medicine)

A

ashwagandha, belladonna (medicine) - Solanaceae

249
Q

Which families do these plants belong to?

pulses,
edible oil (soyabean, groundnut)
250
Q

Which families do these plants belong to?

Indigofera

A

Indigofera (dye) - Fabaceae

251
Q

Which families do these plants belong to?

tobacco

A

tobacco - Solanaceae

252
Q

Which families do these plants belong to?

Aloe

A

Aloe - Liliaceae

253
Q

Which families do these plants belong to?

sunhemp

A

sunhemp (fibres) - Fabaceae

254
Q

Which families do these plants belong to?

Pisum sativum

A

Pisum sativum (pea) - Fabaceae

255
Q

Which families do these plants belong to?

Asparagus

A

Asparagus - Liliaceae

256
Q

Which families do these plants belong to?

Sesbania, Trifolium

A

Sesbania, Trifolium (fodder) - Fabaceae

257
Q

Which families do these plants belong to?

lupin

A

lupin, sweet pea (ornamentals) - Fabaceae

258
Q

Which families do these plants belong to?

S. nigrum (makoi)

A

Solanum nigrum (makoi) - Solanaceae

259
Q

Which families do these plants belong to?

Gloriosa, tulip (ornamentals)

A

tulip, Gloriosa (ornamentals) - Liliaceae

260
Q

Which families do these plants belong to?

muliathi (medicine)

A

muliathi (medicine) - Fabaceae

261
Q

Which families do these plants belong to?

Colchicum autumnale

A

Colchicum autumnale - Liliaceae

262
Q

Leaf is a lateral outgrowth of stem developed _____geneously at the node

263
Q

Comment on position of floral parts on thalamus:

Leguminaceae
guava
mango
peach
cucumber (Cucurbitaceae)
mustard (Brassicaceae)
ray florets of sunflower (Asteraceae / Compositae)
brinjal (Solanaceae)
plum
coconut
china rose (Malvaceae)
rose
Liliaceae
A 
Leguminaceae - hypogynous
guava - epigynous
mango - hypogynous
peach - perigynous
cucumber - epigynous
mustard - hypogynous
ray florets of sunflower - epigynous
brinjal - hypogynous
plum - perigynous
coconut - hypogynous
china rose - hypogynous
rose - perigynous
Liliaceae - hypogynous

Biology (NCERT) - Class XI (23 decks)

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