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Biology (NCERT) - Class XI > XI Chap 17 Breathing / Exchange of Gases > Flashcards

XI Chap 17 Breathing / Exchange of Gases Flashcards

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1
Q

___________ is used by organisms to indirectly break down simple molecules like glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, etc.

A

Oxygen

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2
Q

Respiration is commonly known as ___________

A

breathing

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3
Q

Exchange of ________ from the atmosphere with ________ produced by the cells is ___________

A

O2, CO2, breathing/respiration

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4
Q

Lower invertebrates like sponges, coelenterates, flatworms, etc. exchange O2 with CO2 through _____________

A

simple diffusion over their entire body surface

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5
Q

Earthworms use their _________ and insects have a ____________ to transport atmospheric air within the body.

A

moist cuticle, network of tracheal tubes

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6
Q

In branchial respiration specialized vascularised structures called _____ are used by aquatic arthropods and molluscs.

A

gills

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7
Q

In pulmonary respiration, vascularised bags called ______ are used by terrestrial forms.

A

lungs

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8
Q

Among vertebrates, _______ use gills whereas _______, _______, _______ and _______ respire through lungs

A

fishes;

amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

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9
Q

Amphibians like frogs can respire through their moist skin aka _____________ respiration

A

cutaneous

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10
Q

Nostrils leads to a __________ through the ________

A

nasal chamber, nasal passage

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11
Q

Nasal chamber opens into the ________

A

pharynx

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12
Q

Pharynx opens through the ______ region into the trachea

A

larynx

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13
Q

What is a larynx? aka?

A

Cartilaginous box which helps in sound production.

Aka sound box

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14
Q

Why is glottis covered with epiglottis during swallowing?

A

To prevent entry of food into larynx

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15
Q

What is trachea?

A

Straight tube extending up to the mid-thoracic cavity

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16
Q

Trachea divides at the level of the _______ thoracic vertebra into right and left ________

A

5th, primary bronchi

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17
Q

Each bronchi undergoes repeat divisions to form secondary and tertiary bronchi ending up in very thin terminal _________

A

bronchioles

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18
Q

The trachea, primary, secondary, tertiary bronchi and terminal bronchioles are supported by incomplete cartilaginous rings. T or F?

A

False, initial NOT terminal bronchioles (rest is correct)

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19
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Very thin, irregular-walled and vascularised bag-like structures at terminal bronchioles

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20
Q

The branching network of ________, _________ and _________ comprise the lungs

A

bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

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21
Q

We have two lungs which are covered by a double-layered _______ with _________ between them

A

pleura, pleural fluid

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22
Q

What is the role of the pleural fluid?

A

Reduces friction on the lung surface

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23
Q

The outer pleural membrane is in close contact with the _________ whereas the inner pleural membrane is in contact with the _________

A

thoracic lining, lung surface

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24
Q

Where are the conducting and respiratory/exchange parts of the lung?

A

Conducting - external nostrils up to the terminal bronchioles

Respiratory/exchange - alveoli and their ducts

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25
Q

What are the roles of the conducting vs. respiratory/exchange parts of the lungs?

A

Conducting - transports atmospheric air to alveoli, clears it from foreign particles, humidifies and brings air to body temperature

Respiratory/exchange - site of actual diffusion of O2 and CO2 between blood and atmospheric air

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26
Q

Lungs are situated in the ______ chamber

A

thoracic

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27
Q

Thoracic chamber is anatomically an _________ chamber

A

air-tight

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28
Q 
Position of the following wrt thoracic chamber?
vertebral column
diaphragm
ribs
sternum
A

vertebral column - dorsally
diaphragm - lower side
ribs - laterally
sternum - ventrally

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29
Q

Any change in the volume of the thoracic cavity will be reflected in the __________ cavity

A

lung (pulmonary)

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30
Q

We can directly alter pulmonary volume by injecting a tube through the thoracic cavity. T or F?

A

False, cannot directly alter pulmonary volume

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31
Q

Steps involved in respiration?

A
  1. Breathing or pulmonary ventilation
  2. Diffusion of gases across alveolar membrane
  3. Transport of gases by blood
  4. Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues
  5. Utilisation of O2 by cells for catabolic reactions => release of CO2
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32
Q

Breathing involves 2 stages:

A

inspiration - atmospheric air is drawn in

expiration - alveolar air is released out

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33
Q

Alveolar air is rich in ______ (CO2 or O2)

A

CO2

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34
Q

Movement of air into and out of the lungs is carried out by creating a pressure gradient. T or F?

A

True

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35
Q

Pressure within lungs less than atmospheric pressure => ______ [A] pressure in lungs => ______ [B}

Intra-pulmonary pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure => ______ [C} in lungs => ______ [D]

(positive / negative / inspiration / expiration)

A

negative
inspiration
positive
expiration

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36
Q

__________ and a specialized set of muscles ___________ between the ribs help in generation of pressure gradient for breathing.

A

Diaphragm, external and internal intercostals

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37
Q

Explain the process of inspiration

A

Contraction of diaphragm => increased volume of thoracic chamber in antero-posterior axis => contraction of external inter-costal muscles => lifts up ribs and sternum => increased volume of thoracic chamber in dorso-ventral axis => increase in pulmonary volume => decrease in intra-pulmonary pressure => forces air into the lungs

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38
Q

Explain the process of expiration

A

Relaxation of diaphragm and inter-costal muscles returns diaphragm and sternum to normal positions => reduce the thoracic volume => reduce pulmonary volume => increase in intra-pulmonary pressure => expulsion of air

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39
Q

We have the ability to increase the strength of inspiration and expiration with the help of additional muscles in abdomen. T or F?

A

True

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40
Q

A healthy humans breathes how many times per minute?

A

12-16

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41
Q

Volume of air involved in breathing movements can be estimated by using a _________

A

spirometer

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42
Q

What is tidal volume (TV) ?

A

volume of air inspired/expired during a normal respiration ~500 ml

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43
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

Additional volume a person can FORCIBLY inspire ~2500-3000mL

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44
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

Additional volume of air a person can FORCIBLY expire ~1000-1100 mL

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45
Q

What is residual volume (RV)?

A

Volume of air remaining in lungs even after a FORCIBLE expiration ~1100-1200mL

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46
Q

What are the pulmonary capacities used in clinical diagnosis?

A

IC, EC, FRC, VC, TLC

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47
Q

What is inspiratory capacity (IC)?

A

Total volume of air a person can inspire after a normal expiration
TV+IRV

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48
Q

What is expiratory capacity (EC)?

A

Total volume of air a person can expire after a normal expiration
TV+ERV

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49
Q

What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?

A

Volume of air that remains in lungs after normal expiration

ERV+RV

50
Q

What is vital capacity (VC)?

A

Maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expirationOR can breathe out after a forced inhalation
TV + IRV + ERV

51
Q

What is total lung capacity (TLC)?

A

Total volume of air accommodated in lungs at end of a forced inspiration
VC + residual volume => TV+ERV+IRV+RV

52
Q

_________ are the primary sites of exchange of gases

A

Alveoli

53
Q

Apart from alveoli, exchange of gases occur between _____ and ______

A

blood and tissues

54
Q

O2 and CO2 are exchanged between blood and tissues by ____________ process.

A

simple diffusion

55
Q

Factors that can affect rate of diffusion in exchange of gases?

A
  1. solubility of gases

2. thickness of membrane

56
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

pressure contributed by an individual gas in a mixture of gases e.g. pO2, pCO2

57
Q

What are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in atmosphere?

A

O2 - 159

CO2 - 0.3

58
Q

What are the partial pressures of O2 at alveoli, deoxygenated blood, oxygenated blood and tissues?

A

Alveoli - 104
Oxygenated blood - 95
Deoxygenated blood - 40
Tissue - 40

59
Q

What are the partial pressures of CO2 at alveoli, deoxygenated blood, oxygenated blood and tissues?

A

Alveoli - 40
Oxygenated blood - 40
Deoxygenated blood - 45
Tissue - 45

60
Q

Concentration gradient for CO2 goes from tissues to …

A

blood to alveoli

61
Q

Solubility of CO2 vs O2

A

Solubility of CO2 is 20-25 times higher

62
Q

Owing to its solubility, amount of CO2 that can diffuse through the diffusion membrane per unit difference in partial pressure is much ______ (higher/lower) than O2

A

higher

63
Q

Diffusion membrane is made up of 3 layers, they are:

A
  1. thin squamous epithelium of alveoli
  2. basement substance
  3. endothelium of alveolar capillaries
64
Q

What is the basement substance?

A

thin basement membrane supporting the squamous epithelium and the basement membrane surrounding the single layer endothelial cells of capillaries

65
Q

Total thickness of basement membrane substance is much less than _________

A

a millimetre

66
Q

________ is the medium of transport for O2 and CO2

A

Blood

67
Q

About ______ percent of O2 is transported by RBCs in the blood. Remaining?

A

97%

Remaining 3% is carried in dissolved state through plasma

68
Q

____________ is a red-coloured iron containing pigment present in RBCs

A

Haemoglobin

69
Q

O2 can bind with haemoglobin in a ____________ manner (reversible/irreversible) to form __________________

A

reversible, oxyhaemoglobin

70
Q

Each haemoglobin molecule can carry a maximum of ______ molecules of O2

A

four

71
Q

Binding of oxygen with haemoglobin is primarily related to partial pressure of ______

What are the other factors?

A

O2

Other factors - pCO2, hydrogen ion concentration, temperature

72
Q

What is the oxygen dissociation curve?

A

A sigmoid curve

percentage saturation of haemoglobin with O2 is plotted against pO2

73
Q

The oxygen dissociation curve useful in studying ______

A

the effect of factors like pCO2, H+ concentration, etc. on binding of O2 with haemoglobin

74
Q

What are the factors in the alveoli that make it favourable for the formation of oxyhaemoglobin?

A

High pO2,
Low pCO2,
lesser H+ concentration,
lower temperature

75
Q

What are the factors in the tissues that make it favourable for the dissociation of oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin?

A

High pCO2,
Low pO2,
Higher H+ concentration,
higher temperature

76
Q

O2 gets bounds to haemoglobin at the __________ and gets dissociated at the _________

choose: tissues, plasma membrane, lung surface

A

lung surface, tissues

77
Q

Every 100ml of oxygenated blood can deliver around _____ml of O2 to the tissues under normal physiological conditions

A

5ml

78
Q

Every 100ml of deoxygenated blood can deliver around _____ml of CO2 to the alveoli under normal physiological conditions

A

4ml

79
Q

CO2 is carried by haemoglobin as ________________ about _____ percent

A

carbamino-haemoglobin (20-25 per cent)

80
Q

Binding of CO2 to haemoglobin is related to the partial pressure of _____

A

CO2

81
Q

pO2 is a major factor which could affect the binding of CO2 to haemoglobin. T or F?

A

True

82
Q

RBCs contain a very high concentration of the enzyme ____________ and minute quantities of the same is present in __________

A

carbonic anhydrase, plasma

83
Q

What is the reaction that captures the transport of carbon dioxide?

A

CO2 + H2O <==Carbonic anhydrase==> H2CO3 <==Carbonic anhydrase==> HCO3- + H+

84
Q

At the tissue site partial pressure of CO2 is high due to __________ (anabolism / catabolism)

A

catabolism

85
Q

CO2 diffuses into the blood (RBCs and plasma) and forms _____ and ____

A

HCO3- and H+

86
Q

At the alveolar site where pCO2 is low, reaction proceeds in the opposite direction leading to the formation of ______ from _____

A

CO2 and H20 from H+ and HCO3- ions

87
Q

Human beings do not have the ability to maintain and moderate the respiratory rhythm through the neural system. T or F?

A

False, they do have the ability

88
Q

A specialized centre in the medulla region of the brain called __________ the responsible for regulation of respiration

A

respiratory rhythm centre

89
Q

Other than the respiratory rhythm centre, what are the regions/factors that can regulate respiration?

A
  • pneumotaxic centre
  • chemosensitive area adjacent to the rhythm centre
  • receptors associated with aortic arch and carotid artery
90
Q

Role of oxygen in regulation of respiratory rhythm is quite insignificant. T or F?

A

True

91
Q

Pneumotaxic centre is present in the _______ region of the brain and reduces the duration of ____________ (inspiration / expiration / respiration)

A

pons region, inspiration

92
Q

The chemosensitive area adjacent to the rhythm centre is highly sensitive to ______ and ______

A

CO2 and Hydrogen ions

93
Q

Increase in CO2 and/or hydrogen ions activates the _________ and causes these substances to be ________ (increased further, eliminated, or neither)

A

chemosensitive area adjacent to the rhythm centre,

eliminated

94
Q

Receptors associated with aortic arch and carotid artery can also recognize changes in ____ and _____ concentration

A

CO2 and H+

95
Q

Asthma is difficulty in breathing causing _________ due to inflammation of __________ and __________

A

wheezing, bronchi and bronchioles

96
Q

Amphysema is a chronic disorder in which ….

A

alveoli walls are damaged due to which respiratory surface is decreased

97
Q

One of the major causes of amphysema is _________

A

cigarette smoking

98
Q

In industries like grinding or stone breaking, disproportionate amounts of _____ is produced that the defense mechanisms of body cannot cope with.

A

Dust

99
Q

Long exposure to dust can give rise to __________ leading to ______________ and causing serious lung damage.

A

inflammation, fibrosis (proliferation of fibrous tissues)

100
Q

Which groups live in water, have no specific respiratory organs and respire through diffusion? (4)

A

Porifera
Coelenterata
Ctenophora
Platyhelminthes

101
Q

Animals having cellular, tissue and organ levels of organisation do not have any specific respiratory organs. T or F?

A

True

102
Q

__________ and __________ groups of organisms show cutaneous respiration

A

Annelida

Amphibians

103
Q

Annelida have many blood capillaries below the skin that aid in cutaneous respiration. T or F?

A

True

104
Q

Aquatic arthropoda respire through _________ or ________

A

Gills

Book gills

105
Q

Terrestrial arthropoda respire through ___________ system

A

Tracheal

106
Q

____________ respire through book lungs

A

Scorpions and spiders

107
Q

All mollusca respire through gills. T or F?

A

False, mostly through gills

108
Q

______________ have a water vascular system wherein they respire through ____________

A

Echinoderms,

tube feet

109
Q

Balanoglosses respire through _________

A

Gills

110
Q

Prawns respire through ____________

A

Gills or book gills

111
Q

Respiratory structures in amphibians? (4)

A

Gills
Lungs
Skin
Bucco-pharangeal cavity

112
Q

What is unique about Aves respiratory organs?

A

Lungs with air sacs

113
Q

Mechanisms of breathing vary among different groups of animals depending mainly on their _________ and __________

A

habitats

levels of organisation

114
Q

Nostrils are aka internal nares. T or F?

A

False, external nares.

Internal nares are inside nasal chamber/cavity

115
Q

What are the 3 steps in human respiration - name and brief description?

A
  1. External respiration - gaseous exchange between atmosphere and lungs
  2. Internal respiration - between lungs and blood
  3. Cellular respiration - between blood and tissues (glucose oxidation)
116
Q

Nasal cavity is divided into how many parts? What are they called?

A

2
Nasal vestibule
Middle-posterior part

117
Q

______________ is the anterior part of the nasal cavity

A

Nasal vestibule

118
Q

Nasal vestibule contains turbinal bones that create long passage for air. T or F?

A

False, contains hair particles that trap dust

119
Q

________ part of nasal cavity is also called bony part and contains __________ bones

A

Middle-posterior, turbinal

120
Q

What is the function of turbinal bones?

A

Create long spiral passage so that air is brought to body temperature

Biology (NCERT) - Class XI (23 decks)

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