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Biology (NCERT) - Class XI > XI Chap 20 Locomotion and Movement > Flashcards

XI Chap 20 Locomotion and Movement Flashcards

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1
Q

Movement is one of the significant features of ______________

A

living beings

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2
Q

Streaming of protoplasm in unicellular organisms like ______________ is a simple form of movement

A

Amoeba

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3
Q

Movement of cilia, flagella and ______________ are shown by many organisms

A

tentacles

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4
Q

Voluntary movements that result in a change of place or location are called ______________

A

locomotion

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5
Q

Locomotory structures are distinct from those affecting other types of movements. T or F?

A

False, need not be, they can be the same

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6
Q

In Paramoecium, cilia helps in movement of food through ______________ and in ______________ as well

A

cytopharynx, locomotion

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7
Q

Hydra can use its tentacles to capture prey and for locomotion. T or F?

A

True

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8
Q

All locomotions are movements but not all movements are locomotion. T or F?

A

True

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9
Q

Methods of locomotion performed by animals vary ______________ and ______________

A

habitats, demand of situation

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10
Q

Locomotion is generally for:

A 
search of food, 
shelter, 
mate, 
suitable breeding grounds, 
favourable climatic conditions,
escape from enemies/predators
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11
Q

Cells of human body exhibit how many types of movement? What are they?

A
  1. Amoeboid
  2. Ciliary
  3. Muscular
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12
Q

Some specialised cells in our body like ______________ and ______________ in ______________ exhibit amoeboid movement

A

macrophages, leucocytes, blood

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13
Q

Amoeboid movement is effected by ______________ formed by the streaming of ______________

A

pseudopodia, protoplasm

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14
Q

Cytoskeletal elements like ___________ are also involved in amoeboid movements

A

microfilaments

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15
Q

Ciliary movement occurs in most of our ___________ organs which are lined by ___________

A

internal tubular, ciliated epithelium

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16
Q

Coordinated movements of cili in the trachea help us in removing ___________ and some ___________ inhaled with atmospheric air

A

dust particles, foreign substances

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17
Q

Passage of ___________ through the female reproductive tract is also facilitated by ciliary movement

A

ova

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18
Q

Movement of our limbs, jaws, tongue, etc. require ___________ movement.

A

muscular

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19
Q

The ___________ property of muscles are effectively used for locomotion and other movements by humans and a majority of multicellular organisms.

A

contractile

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20
Q

Locomotion requires a perfect coordinated activity of ___________, ___________ and ___________ systems

A

muscular, skeletal, neural

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21
Q

___________ movement helps in swimming of spermatozoa

A

Flagellar

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22
Q

___________ movement helps in maintenance of water current in canal system of sponges

A

Flagellar

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23
Q

___________ movement helps in locomotion of Protozoans like Euglena

A

Flagellar

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24
Q

Muscle is a specialised tissue of ___________ origin

A

mesodermal

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25
Q

About _____% of body weight of a human adult is contributed by muscles

A

40-50

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26
Q

Muscles have special properties like ___________, ___________, ___________ and ___________

A

excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticiy

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27
Q

Muscles have been classified using different criteria, namely ___________, ___________ and ___________.

A

location, appearance, nature of regulation of their activities

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28
Q

Based on their location, how are muscles classified?

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Visceral
  3. Cardiac
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29
Q

Skeletal muscles are closely associated with ___________ components of the body

A

skeletal

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30
Q

Skeletal muscles have a ___________ appearance under the microscope and hence are called ___________ muscles

A

striped, striated

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31
Q

Skeletal/striated muscles are aka ___________ muscles

A

voluntary

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32
Q

Skeletal muscles are primarily involved in ___________ actions and changes of ___________

A

locomotory, body posutres

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33
Q

Visceral muscles are located in ___________.

Give examples

A

inner walls of hollow visceral organs;

alimentary canal, reproductive tract, etc.

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34
Q

Visceral muscles also exhibit striation. T or F?

A

False, they are smooth

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35
Q

Visceral muscles are aka ___________ or ___________ muscles

A

smooth, non-striated

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36
Q

Visceral muscles are voluntary muscles. T or F?

A

False, involuntary

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37
Q

Visceral muscles assist in the transportation of ___________ and ___________

A

food in digestive tract,

gametes through genital tract

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38
Q

Cardiac muscles are the muscles of the ___________.

A

heart

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39
Q

Many cardiac muscle cells assemble in a ___________ pattern to form a cardiac muscle

A

branching pattern

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40
Q

Cardiac muscles are also striated. T or F?

A

True

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41
Q

Cardiac muscles are involuntary. T or F?

A

True

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42
Q

Each organised skeletal muscle in our body is made of a number of ___________ or ___________ held together.

A

muscle bundles, fascicles

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43
Q

Muscle bundles/fascicles are held together by a common collagenous connective tissue layer called ___________

A

fascia

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44
Q

Each muscle bundle contains a number of muscle ___________

A

fibers (cells)

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45
Q

Each muscle fibre is lined by the plasma membrane called ___________ enclosing the ___________

A

sarcolemma, sarcoplasm

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46
Q

Muscle fibre is a ___________ as the sarcoplasm contains many nuclei

A

syncitium

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47
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum i.e. the ___________ of the muscle fibres is the store house of ___________

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium ions

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48
Q

A characteristic feature of the muscle fibre is the presence of a large number of ___________ or ___________

A

myofilaments, myofibrils

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49
Q

Myofilaments/myofibrils are ___________ arranged filaments in the ___________

A

parallelly arranged,

sarcoplasm

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50
Q

Each myofibril has alternate ___________ on it

A

dark and light bands

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51
Q

A detailed study of the myofibril has established that the striated appearance is due to the ___________

A

distribution pattern of two important proteins - actin, myosin

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52
Q

Light bands contain ___________ and is called ___________ or ___________

A

actin, I-band, Isotropic band

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53
Q

Dark bands called ___________ or ___________ contains ___________

A

A, or Anisotropic band, myosin

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54
Q

Both proteins - actin and myosin - are arranged as ___________ structures, parallel to each other and also to the ___________

A

rod-like, longitudinal axis of the myofibrils

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55
Q

Myosin filaments are ___________ (thinner / thicker) as compared to the actin filaments.

A

thicker

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56
Q

Myosin and actin filaments are commonly called as ___________ and ___________ filaments respectively.

(thin / thick)

A

thick, thin

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57
Q

In the centre of each I band is ___________ called ___________ which bisects it

A

elastic fibre, ‘Z’ line

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58
Q

The thin filaments are firmly attached to the ___________ line

A

Z

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59
Q

The thick filaments in the ___________ band are also held together in the middle of this band by a ___________ called the ___________

A

A, thin fibrous membrane, M line

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60
Q

A and I bands are arranged alternately throughout the entire length of the myofibrils. T or F?

A

True

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61
Q

The portion of the myofibril between 2 successful ____lines is considered as the functional unit of contraction and is called ___________

A

Z, sarcomere

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62
Q

In a resting state, the edges of the ______ filaments on either side of the ______ filaments partially overlap the free ends of the ______ filaments leaving the central part of the ______

(thin/thick)

A

thin, thick, thick, thick

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63
Q

The central part of the _____ filament, not overlapped by the _____ filaments, is called the H zone.

(thin / thick)

A

thick, thin

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64
Q

Each actin is made of two ___________ helically wound to each other

A

F (filamentous) actins

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65
Q

Each F actin is a polymer of ___________

A

monomeric ‘G’ (Globular) actins

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66
Q

Two filaments of another protein ___________ also run close to the ‘F’ actins throughout its length

A

tropomyosin

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67
Q

A complex protein ___________ is distributed at regular intervals on the tropomyosin

A

troponin

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68
Q

In the resting state, a subunit of ___________ masks the active binding sites for ___________ in the actin filaments.

A

Troponin, myosin

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69
Q

Each myosin filament is also a polymerised protein. T or F?

A

True

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70
Q

Many monomeric proteins called ___________ constitute one thick filament

A

Meromyosins

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71
Q

Each meromyosin has 2 importnat parts: ___________ and ___________

A

a globular head with a short arm,

a tail

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72
Q

The globular head with short arm of meromyosin is aka ___________

A

heavy meromyosin (HMM)

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73
Q

The tail of meromyosin is aka ___________

A

light meromyosin (LMM)

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74
Q

The HMM projects ___________ (inwards/outwards) at regular distance and angle from each other from the surface of a polymerised myosin filament and is known as ___________

A

outwards, cross arm

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75
Q

The globular head is an active ___________ enzyme and has binding sites for ___________ and active sites for ___________

A

ATPase, ATP, actin

76
Q

Mechanism of muscle contraction is best explained by the ___________ theory

A

sliding filament

77
Q

Muscle contraction is initiated by a signal sent by the ___________ system via a ___________

A

CNS, motor neuron

78
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Motor neuron + muscle fibres

79
Q

What is neuromuscular junction? aka?

A

junction b/w a motor neuron and sarcolemma

aka motor-end plate

80
Q

A neural signal reaching neuromuscular junction releases a neurotransmitter (___________) which generates an action potential in the ___________

A

Acetyle choline, sarcolemma

81
Q

Action potential spreads through the muscle fibre and causes the release of ___________ into the ___________

A

calcium ions, sarcoplasm

82
Q

Increase in Ca++ level leads to ___________

A

binding of calcium with a subunit of troponin on actin filaments => remove the masking of active sites for myosin

83
Q

Utilising energy from ___________, the myosin head binds to exposed active sites on actin to form a ___________

A

ATP hydrolysis, cross bridge

84
Q

Cross bridge pulls the attached ______ filaments towards the centre of the _______ band

A

actin, A

85
Q

The _____ line attached to actins are also pulled inwards by cross bridge thereby causing a shortening of the ___________ i.e. contraction

A

Z, sarcomere

86
Q

During contraction, the ______ bands get reduced where as the ______ bands retain length

A

I, A

87
Q

After contraction, the myosin, releasing ___________ and ___________ goes back to relaxed state

A

ADP, P1

88
Q

When myosin goes back to its relaxed state, a new ATP binds and the ___________ is broken

A

cross-bridge

89
Q

After the cross-bridge is broken, the ___________ is again hydrolysed by ___________ and the cycle of cross bridge formation and breakage is repeated causing further ___________

A

ATP, myosin head, sliding

90
Q

Process of sliding continues until the ___________ are pumped back to the ___________ resulting in the marking of actin filaments

A

Calcium ions, sarcoplasmic cisternae

91
Q

Masking of _______ filaments causes the return of _________ lines back to their original position i.e. relaxation

A

actin, Z

92
Q

The reaction time of fibres is constant in different muscles. T or F?

A

False, varies

93
Q

Repeated activation of muscles can lead to the accumulation of ___________ due to ___________ causing fatigue

A

lactic acid, anaerobic breakdown of glycogen

94
Q

Muscle contains a red-coloured oxygen storing pigment called by ___________

A

myoglobin

95
Q

Myoglobin content is ___________ (low/high) in some of the muscles which gives a ___________ (color) appearance. Such muscles are called ___________ fibres.

A

high, reddish, red

96
Q

Red fibres contain plenty of ___________ which can utilise the large amount of ___________ stored in them for ATP production

A

mitocondria, oxygen

97
Q

Why are red fibres aka aerobic muscles?

A

contain plenty of mitochondria which utilize large amounts of oxygen for ATP production

98
Q

Some muscles possess very ___________ (more / less) quantity, and therefore, appear ___________ or ___________ (color) and are called ___________ fibres.

A

less,
pale or whitish,
White

99
Q

Number of mitochondria are ___________ (few / many) in white fibres and the amount of sarcoplasmic reticulum is ___________ (low / high)

A

few, high

100
Q

White fibres depend on ___________ (aerobic / anaerobic) for energy

A

anaerobic

101
Q

___________ consists of a framework of bones and few cartilages

A

Skeletal system

102
Q

___________ system has a significant role in movement shown by the body.

A

Skeletal

103
Q

___________ and ___________ are specialised connective tissues

A

Bone, cartilage

104
Q

Bone has very hard matrix due to ___________ salts; cartilage has slightly pliable matrix due to ___________ salts

A

calcium, chondroitin

105
Q

In human beings, skeletal system is made up of ___________ bones and ___________ cartilages

A

206, few

106
Q

Skeletal system is grouped into two principal divisions: ___________ and ___________

A

axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton

107
Q

___________ comprises 80 bones distributed along the main axis of the body

A

Axial skeleton

108
Q

The ___________, ___________, ___________ and ___________ constitute axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs

109
Q

The skull is composed of two sets of bones - ___________ and ___________ - that totals to ____ bones

A

cranial, facial, 22

110
Q

Cranial bones are ____ in number

A

8

111
Q

___________ form the hard protective outer covering “cranium” for the brain

A

Cranial bones

112
Q

The facial region is made up of _____ skeletal elements which form the ______ (front / back)

A

14, front

113
Q

A single U-shaped bone called ______ is present at the base of the ______ cavity and it is also included in the skull

A

hyoid, buccal

114
Q

Each middle ear contains _____ (how many?) tiny bones collectively called ___________.

What are the bones?

A

3, Ear Ossicles

Malleus, Incus and Stapes

115
Q

Skull region articulates with ___________ region of the vertebral column with the help of ___________

A 
superior, 
occipital condyles (dicondylic skull)
116
Q

Our vertebral column is formed by ____ (how many?) serially arranged units called ___________ and is ___________ (dorsally/ventrally) placed

A

26, vertebrae, dorsally

117
Q

Vertebral column extends from the base of the ___________ and constitutes the main framework of the ___________

A

skull, trunk

118
Q

Each vertebra has a central hollow portion called ___________ through which the spinal cord passes

A

neural canal

119
Q

First vertebra is ___________ and it articulates with ___________

A

atlas, occipital condyles

120
Q

Vertebral column is differentiated into which regions?

A 
cervical (7)
thoracic (12) 
lumbar (5)
sacral (1-fused)
coccygeal (1-fused)
121
Q

The number of cervical vertebrae are 7 in all mammals, including human beings. T or F?

A

False, ALMOST ALL

122
Q

Vertebral column protects ___________, supports the ___________ and serves as the point of attachment for ___________ and ___________

A

the spinal cord, head, ribs, musculature

123
Q

Sternum is a ______ bone on the ______ of thorax

A

flat, ventral midline

124
Q

There are ___________ ribs.

A

12 pairs

125
Q

Each rib is a ___________ bone connected ___________ (ventrally/dorsally) to the vertebral column and ___________ (ventrally/dorsally) to the sternum

A

thin flat, dorsally, ventrally

126
Q

Rib has two ___________ on its dorsal end and is hence called ___________

A

articulation surfaces, bicephalic

127
Q

First _____ pairs of ribs are called true ribs

A

7

128
Q

Dorsally, the ribs are attached to the ___________ and ventrally connected to the ___________ with the help of ___________

A

thoracic vertebrae, sternum, hyaline cartilage

129
Q

The ___________ pairs of ribs do not articulate directly with the sternum but join the ___________ with the help of ___________

A

8th, 9th, 10th
seventh rib
hyaline cartilage

130
Q

___________ ribs are called false ribs aka ___________ ribs

A

8th, 9th, 10th

vertebrochondral

131
Q

___________ pairs are not connected ventrally and are called floating ribs

A

Last 2 pairs - 11th and 12th

132
Q

___________, ___________ and ___________ together form the rib cage

A

Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum

133
Q

Bones of the limbs alongwith their girdles constitute ___________

A

appendicular skeleton

134
Q

Each limb is made of _____ bones

A

30

135
Q

Bones of the hand (fore limb) are:

A 
humerus, 
radius, 
ulna,
carpals,
metacarpals, 
phalanges
136
Q

Bones of the leg (hind limb) are:

A 
Femur,
tibia, 
fibula,
tarsals,
metatarsals, 
phalanges
137
Q

A cup-shaped bone called ___________ cover the knee ventrally aka ___________

A

patella, knee cap

138
Q

Carpals are ___________ bones, _____ in number

A

wrist, 8

139
Q

Metacarpals are ___________ bones, _____ in number

A

palm, 5

140
Q

Phalanges (of the forelimb and hindlimb) are aka ___________, _____ in number

A

digits, 14

141
Q

__________ is the thigh bone and also the longest bone

A

Femur

142
Q

Tarsals are ___________ bones, _____ in number

A

ankle, 7

143
Q

Metatarsals are _____ in number

A

5

144
Q

_________ and _________ bones help in the articulation of the upper and lower limbs respectively with the axial skeleton

A

Pectoral, Pelvic girdle

145
Q

Each _________ is formed of two halves

A

girdle

146
Q

Each half of pectoral girdle consists of a _________ and _________

A

clavicle, scapula

147
Q

_________ is a large triangular flat bone situated in the dorsal part of the thorax between the _________ and the _________ ribs

A

Scapula, second, seventh

148
Q

The scapula has a slightly elevated ridge called the _________ which projects as a flat, expanded process called the _________

A

spine, acromion

149
Q

Clavicle articulates with _________

A

spine / acromion (?)

150
Q

Below the acromion is a depression called the _________ which articulates with the _________ to form the _________ joint

A

glenoid cavity, head of the humerus, shoulder

151
Q

Each clavicle is a long, slender bone with two _________ and is commonly called _________

A

curvatures, collar bone

152
Q

Pelvic girdle consists of two _________

A

coxal bones

153
Q

Each coxal bone is formed by fusion of ___ (how many?) bones, They are?

A

3,

ilium, ischium, pubis

154
Q

At the point of fusion of the ilium, ischium and pubis is a cavity called _________ to which the thigh bone articulates

A

acetabulum

155
Q

The two halves of the pelvic girdle meet ventrally to form the _________ containing _________

A

pubic symphysis, fibrous cartilage

156
Q

_________ are essential for all types of movements involving the bony parts

A

Joints

157
Q

Joints are points of contact between _________

A

bones OR bones and cartilages

158
Q

Force generated by the _________ is used to carry out movement through _________ where the _________ acts as a fulcrum

A

muscles, joints, fulcrum

159
Q

Joints have been classified into ____ (how many?) major structural forms, namely, _________, _________, _________

A

3,

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

160
Q

_________ joints do not allow any movement

A

Fibrous

161
Q

Fibrous joint is shown by the _________ bones which fuse end-to-end with the help of dense _________ tissues in the form of _________ to form the cranium

A

flat skull,
fibrous connective tissues,
sutures

162
Q

In _________ joints, the bones involved are joined together with the help of cartilages

A

cartilaginous

163
Q

The join between the adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column is of _________ type and permits _________ (extensive / limited) movements

A

cartilaginous, limited

164
Q

_________ joints are characterised by the presence of fluid filled synovial cavity between _________

A

Synovial, articulating surfaces of the two bones

165
Q

_________ joints allow considerable movements

A

Synovial

166
Q

_________ joints help in locomotion (and other movements)

A

Synovial

167
Q

Examples of synovial joints:

A 
Ball and socket joint, 
Hinge joint, 
Pivot joint, 
Gliding joint, 
Saddle joint
168
Q

Ball and socket joint is between _________

A

humerus and pectoral girdle

169
Q

Hinge joint is aka the _________ joint

A

knee

170
Q

Pivot joint is between _________

A

between atlas and axis

171
Q

Gliding joint is between _________

A

the carpals

172
Q

Saddle joint is between _________

A

carpal and metacarpal of thumb

173
Q

What is myasthenia gravis?

A

Auto immune disorder
affects neuromuscular junction
fatigue, weakening and paralysis of skeletal muscle

174
Q

What is muscular dystrophy?

A

Progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle

mostly due to genetic disorder

175
Q

What is tetany?

A

Rapid spasms (wild contraction) in muscle due to low Ca++ in body fluid

176
Q

What is arthritis?

A

Inflammation of joints

177
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Age-related disorder
decreased bone mass
increased chances of fractures.

178
Q

Decreased levels of _________ is a common cause of osteoporosis

A

estrogen

179
Q

What is gout?

A

Inflammation of joints due to accumulation of uric acid crystals

180
Q

____________ is the anatomical unit of muscle

A

muscle fibre

181
Q

____________ are the functional units of myofibril

A

Sarcomere

182
Q

Each sacromere has a central ____ band made of thick _______ filaments and two half _____ bands made of thin _______ filaments on either side of marked by Z lines.

A

A, myosin

I, actin

183
Q

____________ and ____________ are polymerised proteins with contractility

A

Actin, myosin

184
Q

Repeated stimulation of muscles leads to ____________

A

fatigue

185
Q

____________ and ____________ constitute our skeletal system

A

Bones, cartilage

Biology (NCERT) - Class XI (23 decks)

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