XI Chap 20 Locomotion and Movement Flashcards
Movement is one of the significant features of ______________
living beings
Streaming of protoplasm in unicellular organisms like ______________ is a simple form of movement
Amoeba
Movement of cilia, flagella and ______________ are shown by many organisms
tentacles
Voluntary movements that result in a change of place or location are called ______________
locomotion
Locomotory structures are distinct from those affecting other types of movements. T or F?
False, need not be, they can be the same
In Paramoecium, cilia helps in movement of food through ______________ and in ______________ as well
cytopharynx, locomotion
Hydra can use its tentacles to capture prey and for locomotion. T or F?
True
All locomotions are movements but not all movements are locomotion. T or F?
True
Methods of locomotion performed by animals vary ______________ and ______________
habitats, demand of situation
Locomotion is generally for:
search of food, shelter, mate, suitable breeding grounds, favourable climatic conditions, escape from enemies/predators
Cells of human body exhibit how many types of movement? What are they?
- Amoeboid
- Ciliary
- Muscular
Some specialised cells in our body like ______________ and ______________ in ______________ exhibit amoeboid movement
macrophages, leucocytes, blood
Amoeboid movement is effected by ______________ formed by the streaming of ______________
pseudopodia, protoplasm
Cytoskeletal elements like ___________ are also involved in amoeboid movements
microfilaments
Ciliary movement occurs in most of our ___________ organs which are lined by ___________
internal tubular, ciliated epithelium
Coordinated movements of cili in the trachea help us in removing ___________ and some ___________ inhaled with atmospheric air
dust particles, foreign substances
Passage of ___________ through the female reproductive tract is also facilitated by ciliary movement
ova
Movement of our limbs, jaws, tongue, etc. require ___________ movement.
muscular
The ___________ property of muscles are effectively used for locomotion and other movements by humans and a majority of multicellular organisms.
contractile
Locomotion requires a perfect coordinated activity of ___________, ___________ and ___________ systems
muscular, skeletal, neural
___________ movement helps in swimming of spermatozoa
Flagellar
___________ movement helps in maintenance of water current in canal system of sponges
Flagellar
___________ movement helps in locomotion of Protozoans like Euglena
Flagellar
Muscle is a specialised tissue of ___________ origin
mesodermal
About _____% of body weight of a human adult is contributed by muscles
40-50
Muscles have special properties like ___________, ___________, ___________ and ___________
excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticiy
Muscles have been classified using different criteria, namely ___________, ___________ and ___________.
location, appearance, nature of regulation of their activities
Based on their location, how are muscles classified?
- Skeletal
- Visceral
- Cardiac
Skeletal muscles are closely associated with ___________ components of the body
skeletal
Skeletal muscles have a ___________ appearance under the microscope and hence are called ___________ muscles
striped, striated
Skeletal/striated muscles are aka ___________ muscles
voluntary
Skeletal muscles are primarily involved in ___________ actions and changes of ___________
locomotory, body posutres
Visceral muscles are located in ___________.
Give examples
inner walls of hollow visceral organs;
alimentary canal, reproductive tract, etc.
Visceral muscles also exhibit striation. T or F?
False, they are smooth
Visceral muscles are aka ___________ or ___________ muscles
smooth, non-striated
Visceral muscles are voluntary muscles. T or F?
False, involuntary
Visceral muscles assist in the transportation of ___________ and ___________
food in digestive tract,
gametes through genital tract
Cardiac muscles are the muscles of the ___________.
heart
Many cardiac muscle cells assemble in a ___________ pattern to form a cardiac muscle
branching pattern
Cardiac muscles are also striated. T or F?
True
Cardiac muscles are involuntary. T or F?
True
Each organised skeletal muscle in our body is made of a number of ___________ or ___________ held together.
muscle bundles, fascicles
Muscle bundles/fascicles are held together by a common collagenous connective tissue layer called ___________
fascia
Each muscle bundle contains a number of muscle ___________
fibers (cells)
Each muscle fibre is lined by the plasma membrane called ___________ enclosing the ___________
sarcolemma, sarcoplasm
Muscle fibre is a ___________ as the sarcoplasm contains many nuclei
syncitium
Endoplasmic reticulum i.e. the ___________ of the muscle fibres is the store house of ___________
sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium ions
A characteristic feature of the muscle fibre is the presence of a large number of ___________ or ___________
myofilaments, myofibrils
Myofilaments/myofibrils are ___________ arranged filaments in the ___________
parallelly arranged,
sarcoplasm
Each myofibril has alternate ___________ on it
dark and light bands
A detailed study of the myofibril has established that the striated appearance is due to the ___________
distribution pattern of two important proteins - actin, myosin
Light bands contain ___________ and is called ___________ or ___________
actin, I-band, Isotropic band
Dark bands called ___________ or ___________ contains ___________
A, or Anisotropic band, myosin
Both proteins - actin and myosin - are arranged as ___________ structures, parallel to each other and also to the ___________
rod-like, longitudinal axis of the myofibrils
Myosin filaments are ___________ (thinner / thicker) as compared to the actin filaments.
thicker
Myosin and actin filaments are commonly called as ___________ and ___________ filaments respectively.
(thin / thick)
thick, thin
In the centre of each I band is ___________ called ___________ which bisects it
elastic fibre, ‘Z’ line
The thin filaments are firmly attached to the ___________ line
Z
The thick filaments in the ___________ band are also held together in the middle of this band by a ___________ called the ___________
A, thin fibrous membrane, M line
A and I bands are arranged alternately throughout the entire length of the myofibrils. T or F?
True
The portion of the myofibril between 2 successful ____lines is considered as the functional unit of contraction and is called ___________
Z, sarcomere
In a resting state, the edges of the ______ filaments on either side of the ______ filaments partially overlap the free ends of the ______ filaments leaving the central part of the ______
(thin/thick)
thin, thick, thick, thick
The central part of the _____ filament, not overlapped by the _____ filaments, is called the H zone.
(thin / thick)
thick, thin
Each actin is made of two ___________ helically wound to each other
F (filamentous) actins
Each F actin is a polymer of ___________
monomeric ‘G’ (Globular) actins
Two filaments of another protein ___________ also run close to the ‘F’ actins throughout its length
tropomyosin
A complex protein ___________ is distributed at regular intervals on the tropomyosin
troponin
In the resting state, a subunit of ___________ masks the active binding sites for ___________ in the actin filaments.
Troponin, myosin
Each myosin filament is also a polymerised protein. T or F?
True
Many monomeric proteins called ___________ constitute one thick filament
Meromyosins
Each meromyosin has 2 importnat parts: ___________ and ___________
a globular head with a short arm,
a tail
The globular head with short arm of meromyosin is aka ___________
heavy meromyosin (HMM)
The tail of meromyosin is aka ___________
light meromyosin (LMM)
The HMM projects ___________ (inwards/outwards) at regular distance and angle from each other from the surface of a polymerised myosin filament and is known as ___________
outwards, cross arm
The globular head is an active ___________ enzyme and has binding sites for ___________ and active sites for ___________
ATPase, ATP, actin
Mechanism of muscle contraction is best explained by the ___________ theory
sliding filament
Muscle contraction is initiated by a signal sent by the ___________ system via a ___________
CNS, motor neuron
What is a motor unit?
Motor neuron + muscle fibres
What is neuromuscular junction? aka?
junction b/w a motor neuron and sarcolemma
aka motor-end plate
A neural signal reaching neuromuscular junction releases a neurotransmitter (___________) which generates an action potential in the ___________
Acetyle choline, sarcolemma
Action potential spreads through the muscle fibre and causes the release of ___________ into the ___________
calcium ions, sarcoplasm
Increase in Ca++ level leads to ___________
binding of calcium with a subunit of troponin on actin filaments => remove the masking of active sites for myosin
Utilising energy from ___________, the myosin head binds to exposed active sites on actin to form a ___________
ATP hydrolysis, cross bridge
Cross bridge pulls the attached ______ filaments towards the centre of the _______ band
actin, A
The _____ line attached to actins are also pulled inwards by cross bridge thereby causing a shortening of the ___________ i.e. contraction
Z, sarcomere
During contraction, the ______ bands get reduced where as the ______ bands retain length
I, A
After contraction, the myosin, releasing ___________ and ___________ goes back to relaxed state
ADP, P1
When myosin goes back to its relaxed state, a new ATP binds and the ___________ is broken
cross-bridge
After the cross-bridge is broken, the ___________ is again hydrolysed by ___________ and the cycle of cross bridge formation and breakage is repeated causing further ___________
ATP, myosin head, sliding
Process of sliding continues until the ___________ are pumped back to the ___________ resulting in the marking of actin filaments
Calcium ions, sarcoplasmic cisternae
Masking of _______ filaments causes the return of _________ lines back to their original position i.e. relaxation
actin, Z
The reaction time of fibres is constant in different muscles. T or F?
False, varies
Repeated activation of muscles can lead to the accumulation of ___________ due to ___________ causing fatigue
lactic acid, anaerobic breakdown of glycogen
Muscle contains a red-coloured oxygen storing pigment called by ___________
myoglobin
Myoglobin content is ___________ (low/high) in some of the muscles which gives a ___________ (color) appearance. Such muscles are called ___________ fibres.
high, reddish, red
Red fibres contain plenty of ___________ which can utilise the large amount of ___________ stored in them for ATP production
mitocondria, oxygen
Why are red fibres aka aerobic muscles?
contain plenty of mitochondria which utilize large amounts of oxygen for ATP production
Some muscles possess very ___________ (more / less) quantity, and therefore, appear ___________ or ___________ (color) and are called ___________ fibres.
less,
pale or whitish,
White
Number of mitochondria are ___________ (few / many) in white fibres and the amount of sarcoplasmic reticulum is ___________ (low / high)
few, high
White fibres depend on ___________ (aerobic / anaerobic) for energy
anaerobic
___________ consists of a framework of bones and few cartilages
Skeletal system
___________ system has a significant role in movement shown by the body.
Skeletal
___________ and ___________ are specialised connective tissues
Bone, cartilage
Bone has very hard matrix due to ___________ salts; cartilage has slightly pliable matrix due to ___________ salts
calcium, chondroitin
In human beings, skeletal system is made up of ___________ bones and ___________ cartilages
206, few
Skeletal system is grouped into two principal divisions: ___________ and ___________
axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton
___________ comprises 80 bones distributed along the main axis of the body
Axial skeleton
The ___________, ___________, ___________ and ___________ constitute axial skeleton
skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs
The skull is composed of two sets of bones - ___________ and ___________ - that totals to ____ bones
cranial, facial, 22
Cranial bones are ____ in number
8
___________ form the hard protective outer covering “cranium” for the brain
Cranial bones
The facial region is made up of _____ skeletal elements which form the ______ (front / back)
14, front
A single U-shaped bone called ______ is present at the base of the ______ cavity and it is also included in the skull
hyoid, buccal
Each middle ear contains _____ (how many?) tiny bones collectively called ___________.
What are the bones?
3, Ear Ossicles
Malleus, Incus and Stapes
Skull region articulates with ___________ region of the vertebral column with the help of ___________
superior, occipital condyles (dicondylic skull)
Our vertebral column is formed by ____ (how many?) serially arranged units called ___________ and is ___________ (dorsally/ventrally) placed
26, vertebrae, dorsally
Vertebral column extends from the base of the ___________ and constitutes the main framework of the ___________
skull, trunk
Each vertebra has a central hollow portion called ___________ through which the spinal cord passes
neural canal
First vertebra is ___________ and it articulates with ___________
atlas, occipital condyles
Vertebral column is differentiated into which regions?
cervical (7) thoracic (12) lumbar (5) sacral (1-fused) coccygeal (1-fused)
The number of cervical vertebrae are 7 in all mammals, including human beings. T or F?
False, ALMOST ALL
Vertebral column protects ___________, supports the ___________ and serves as the point of attachment for ___________ and ___________
the spinal cord, head, ribs, musculature
Sternum is a ______ bone on the ______ of thorax
flat, ventral midline
There are ___________ ribs.
12 pairs
Each rib is a ___________ bone connected ___________ (ventrally/dorsally) to the vertebral column and ___________ (ventrally/dorsally) to the sternum
thin flat, dorsally, ventrally
Rib has two ___________ on its dorsal end and is hence called ___________
articulation surfaces, bicephalic
First _____ pairs of ribs are called true ribs
7
Dorsally, the ribs are attached to the ___________ and ventrally connected to the ___________ with the help of ___________
thoracic vertebrae, sternum, hyaline cartilage
The ___________ pairs of ribs do not articulate directly with the sternum but join the ___________ with the help of ___________
8th, 9th, 10th
seventh rib
hyaline cartilage
___________ ribs are called false ribs aka ___________ ribs
8th, 9th, 10th
vertebrochondral
___________ pairs are not connected ventrally and are called floating ribs
Last 2 pairs - 11th and 12th
___________, ___________ and ___________ together form the rib cage
Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum
Bones of the limbs alongwith their girdles constitute ___________
appendicular skeleton
Each limb is made of _____ bones
30
Bones of the hand (fore limb) are:
humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Bones of the leg (hind limb) are:
Femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
A cup-shaped bone called ___________ cover the knee ventrally aka ___________
patella, knee cap
Carpals are ___________ bones, _____ in number
wrist, 8
Metacarpals are ___________ bones, _____ in number
palm, 5
Phalanges (of the forelimb and hindlimb) are aka ___________, _____ in number
digits, 14
__________ is the thigh bone and also the longest bone
Femur
Tarsals are ___________ bones, _____ in number
ankle, 7
Metatarsals are _____ in number
5
_________ and _________ bones help in the articulation of the upper and lower limbs respectively with the axial skeleton
Pectoral, Pelvic girdle
Each _________ is formed of two halves
girdle
Each half of pectoral girdle consists of a _________ and _________
clavicle, scapula
_________ is a large triangular flat bone situated in the dorsal part of the thorax between the _________ and the _________ ribs
Scapula, second, seventh
The scapula has a slightly elevated ridge called the _________ which projects as a flat, expanded process called the _________
spine, acromion
Clavicle articulates with _________
spine / acromion (?)
Below the acromion is a depression called the _________ which articulates with the _________ to form the _________ joint
glenoid cavity, head of the humerus, shoulder
Each clavicle is a long, slender bone with two _________ and is commonly called _________
curvatures, collar bone
Pelvic girdle consists of two _________
coxal bones
Each coxal bone is formed by fusion of ___ (how many?) bones, They are?
3,
ilium, ischium, pubis
At the point of fusion of the ilium, ischium and pubis is a cavity called _________ to which the thigh bone articulates
acetabulum
The two halves of the pelvic girdle meet ventrally to form the _________ containing _________
pubic symphysis, fibrous cartilage
_________ are essential for all types of movements involving the bony parts
Joints
Joints are points of contact between _________
bones OR bones and cartilages
Force generated by the _________ is used to carry out movement through _________ where the _________ acts as a fulcrum
muscles, joints, fulcrum
Joints have been classified into ____ (how many?) major structural forms, namely, _________, _________, _________
3,
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
_________ joints do not allow any movement
Fibrous
Fibrous joint is shown by the _________ bones which fuse end-to-end with the help of dense _________ tissues in the form of _________ to form the cranium
flat skull,
fibrous connective tissues,
sutures
In _________ joints, the bones involved are joined together with the help of cartilages
cartilaginous
The join between the adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column is of _________ type and permits _________ (extensive / limited) movements
cartilaginous, limited
_________ joints are characterised by the presence of fluid filled synovial cavity between _________
Synovial, articulating surfaces of the two bones
_________ joints allow considerable movements
Synovial
_________ joints help in locomotion (and other movements)
Synovial
Examples of synovial joints:
Ball and socket joint, Hinge joint, Pivot joint, Gliding joint, Saddle joint
Ball and socket joint is between _________
humerus and pectoral girdle
Hinge joint is aka the _________ joint
knee
Pivot joint is between _________
between atlas and axis
Gliding joint is between _________
the carpals
Saddle joint is between _________
carpal and metacarpal of thumb
What is myasthenia gravis?
Auto immune disorder
affects neuromuscular junction
fatigue, weakening and paralysis of skeletal muscle
What is muscular dystrophy?
Progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle
mostly due to genetic disorder
What is tetany?
Rapid spasms (wild contraction) in muscle due to low Ca++ in body fluid
What is arthritis?
Inflammation of joints
What is osteoporosis?
Age-related disorder
decreased bone mass
increased chances of fractures.
Decreased levels of _________ is a common cause of osteoporosis
estrogen
What is gout?
Inflammation of joints due to accumulation of uric acid crystals
____________ is the anatomical unit of muscle
muscle fibre
____________ are the functional units of myofibril
Sarcomere
Each sacromere has a central ____ band made of thick _______ filaments and two half _____ bands made of thin _______ filaments on either side of marked by Z lines.
A, myosin
I, actin
____________ and ____________ are polymerised proteins with contractility
Actin, myosin
Repeated stimulation of muscles leads to ____________
fatigue
____________ and ____________ constitute our skeletal system
Bones, cartilage
