XI Chap 3 Plant Kingdom Flashcards
Cyanobacteria (aka blue-green algae) come under the group ‘algae’. T or F?
False, in earlier classifications but not anymore
Earliest systems of classification used only __________
gross superficial morphological characters
Earlier systems of plant classification based on _______________ or ________________ were artificial
vegetative characters,
androecium structure
More recent systems of classification that consider not just external but also internal characters such as anatomy, embryology, etc. are termed __________ systems
natural classification systems
Natural classification system for flowering plants was given by __________
George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker
At present, __________ classification systems based on evolutionary relationships between various organisms are acceptable.
phylogenetic
What is the assumption underlying phylogenetic classification systems?
Organisms belonging to the same taxa have a common ancestor
__________ is now easily carried out using computers and is based on all observable characteristics
Numerical Taxonomy
_____taxonomy is based on cytological information like chromosome number
Cytotaxonomy
_____taxonomy is based on chemical constituents of the plant
chemotaxonomy
__________ are chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic and largely aquatic (fresh water and marine)
Algae
Algae occur on a variety of habitats like __________
moist stones, soils and wood
Algae can also be found associated with fungi as in __________ and with animals as in __________
lichen, on sloth bear
Forms and size of algae are largely similar. T or F?
False, highly variable
A few marine forms of algae such as __________ form massive plant bodies
kelps
Algae reproduce by vegetative, asexual and sexual methods. T or F?
True
Vegetative reproduction in algae is by __________
fragmentation
In vegetative reproduction of algae, each fragment develops into a __________
thallus
Asexual reproduction in algae is by the production of a particular type of spore. T or F?
False, different types of spores
Most common spore in asexual reproduction of algae is __________
zoospore
Algal zoospores are __________ (ciliated / flagellated / non-motile)
flagellated (motile)
Sexual reproduction of algae involves fusion of two __________ (flagellated / non-flagellated) gametes
Could be either - flagellated or non-flagellated
Give Examples of Algae:
Flagellated and similar in size gametes: __________
Non-flagellated and similar in size gametes: _________
Dissimilar in size gametes: __________
One large non-motile F and smaller motile M gamete: __________
Ulothrix,
Spirogyra,
Eudorina,
Volvox / Fucus
Fusion of two gametes similar in size is called __________, dissimilar in size is called __________
isogamous,
anisogamous
What is oogamous reproduction?
Fusion between one large, static female gamete and a smaller, motile male gamete e.g. Volvox, Fucus
Classify into green, brown and red algae
Laminaria Polysiphonia, Volvox, Spirogyra, Poryphyra, Sargassum, Fucus, Gracilaria, Ulothrix, Chlamydomonas, Dictyota, Chara, Gelidium Ectocarpus
Laminaria - brown Polysiphonia - red Volvox - green Spirogyra - green Poryphyra - red Sargassum - brown Fucus - brown Gracilaria - red Ulothrix - green Chlamydomonas - green Dictyota - brown Chara - green Gelidium - red Ectocarpus - brown
A half of the total carbon dioxide fixation on earth is carried out by __________ through __________
algae, photosynthesis
Being photosynthetic, algae increase the level of dissolved oxygen in their immediate environment. T or F?
True
__________ are primary producers of energy-rich compounds which is the basis of the food cycles of all aquatic animals
Algae
There are __________ (how many?) species of marine algae used as food.
3 examples?
70
Porphyra, Laminaria and Sargassum
Certain marine __________ and __________ algae (colors) produce large amounts of hydrocolloids e.g. __________ and__________
brown, red,
algin, carrageen
Hydrocolloids are __________-holding substances
water
Algin and carrageen are used commercially. T or F?
true
Agar one of the commercial products obtained from __________ and __________ is used to grow microbes in preparations of __________ and __________
Gelidium, Gracilaria, ice-creams, jellies
__________ a unicellular alga rich in proteins is used as food supplement even by space travellers
Chlorella
Algae are divided into 3 main classes:
Chlorophyceae (green)
Phaecophyceae (brown)
Rhodophyceae (red)
The plant body of Chlorophyceae is __________ (multicellular/unicellular) and __________ (colonial/filamentous/either)
unicellular, either
Chlorophyceae have pigments __________ and __________ localised in definite __________
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chloroplasts
Shapes of chloroplasts in different species of Chlorophyceae?
discoid, plate-like, reticulate, cup-shaped, spiral or ribbon-shaped
Chlorophyceae are found in what habitats?
Fresh water,
brackish water,
salt water
Most chlorophyceae have one or more storage bodies called __________ containing __________ and __________ located in the chloroplasts
pyrenoids, proteins, starch
Some algae may store food in the form of oil droplets. T or F?
True
Chlorophyceae usually have a rigid cell wall made of an inner layer of __________ and an outer layer of __________
cellulose, pectose
Vegetative reproduction in chlorophyceae usually takes place by __________ or __________
fragmentation, formation of spores
Asexual reproduction in chlorophyceae is by __________ produced in __________
flagellated zoospores, zoosporangia
Sexual reproduction in chlorophyceae shows considerable variation in the type and formation of sex cells and may be isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous. T or F?
True
Members of phaeophyceae are found primarily in which marine habitats?
Fresh water,
(rarely) brackish water,
salt water
Phaeophyceae show great variation in size and form. T or F?
True
__________ range from simple branched, filamentous forms to profusely branched forms (e.g. kelps).
Phaeophyceae
Phaeophyceae possess __________, __________ and __________ pigments
chlorophyll a, c,
carotenoids
xanthophylls (fucoxanthin)
Phaeophyceae vary in color from olive green to various shades of brown depending on the amount of the __________ pigment, __________.
xanthophyll, fucoxanthin
In phaeophyceae, food is stored as complex carbohydrates which may be in the form of __________ or __________
laminarin or mannitol
Vegetative cells of phaeophyceae have a _________ cell wall usually covered on the outside by a gelatinous coating of __________
cellulosic, algin
The protoplast of phaeophyceae contains __________, __________ and __________
plastids, a centrally located vacuole and nucleus
Plant body of phaeophyceae is usually attached to the substratum by a __________ and has a stalk called __________ and leaf-like photosynthetic organ called __________
holdfast, stipe, frond
Vegetative reproduction in phaeophyceae takes place by __________ whereas asexual reproduction is by __________ that are __________-shaped and have two __________
fragmentation,
flagellated zoospores,
pear-shaped,
unequal laterally attached flagella
Sexual reproduction may be isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous in phaeophyceae. T or F?
True
Union of phaeophyceae gametes takes place in water or within the __________
oogonium
Phaeophyceae gametes are __________ (pear-shaped) and bear two __________
pyriform, two laterally attached flagella
Rhodophyceae have a predominance of red pigment __________ in their body
r-phycoerythrin
What are the major pigments in rhodophyceae?
Chlorophyll a, d,
Phycoerythrin
What is the cell wall of rhodophyceae made of?
Cellulose, pectin and polysulphate esters
Majority of red algae are __________ (marine or freshwater) with greater concentrations found in __________ (cooler or warmer) areas
marine, warmer
What kinds of water are rhodophyceae found in?
Fresh water (some),
brackish water,
(most) salt water
Rhodophyceae occur in both well-lighted regions close to surface of water and at great depths in oceans where little light penetrates. T or F?
True
The red thalli of most of red algae are __________ (unicellular / multicellular)
multicellular
All rhodophyceae have complex body organization. T or F?
False, some
Food in rhodophyceae is stored as floridean starch which is very similar to __________ and __________ in structure
amylopectin, glycogen
Vegetative reproduction of rhodophyceae is by __________
fragmentation
Rhodophyceae reproduce asexually by __________ spores and sexually by __________ gametes
(motile / non-motile)
non-motile, non-motile
Sexual reproduction in rhodophyceae is ___gamous and accompanied by __________ post-fertilization developments
oogamous, complex
__________ are also called amphibians of plant kingdom
Bryophytes
Bryophytes can live in soil but are dependent on water for __________
sexual reproduction
Bryophytes usually occur in ______, ______ and ______ localities.
damp, humid, shaded
__________ play an important role in plant succession on bare rocks/soil
(Algae - Bryophytes - Fungi)
Bryophytes
Plant body of algae is more differentiated than bryophytes. T or F?
False, reverse
Plant body of bryophytes is thallus-like and prostrate/erect, and attached to the substratum by __________
unicellular or multicellular rhizoids
Bryophytes lack root-like, stem-like or leaf-like structures. T or F?
False, they have. They lack TRUE roots/stems/leaves.
The main plant body of bryophytes is __________ (haploid/diploid/haplo-diploid)
haploid
Bryophyte main plant body is a gametophyte or sporophyte?
gametophyte => produces gametes
Sex organs in bryophytes are __________ (unicellular / multicellular)
multicellular
Male sex organ of bryophyte is called __________ whereas female sex organ is called __________
Male - antheridium
Female - archegonium
Antheridium produce __________ whereas the archegonium produces __________
biflagellated antherozoids, single egg
Archegonium is __________ shaped
flask
Antherozoids of bryophytes are released into __________ where they come in contact with __________
water, archegonium
An antherozoid fuses with the egg to produce __________.
Zygote
Zygote of bryophytes undergoes reduction division immediately. T or F?
False, NOT IMMEDIATELY
Bryophyte zygote produces a multicellular body called __________ which is not free-living but is attached to the __________ and derives __________ from it.
sporophyte,
photosynthetic gametophyte,
nourishment
Some cells of the sporophyte undergo __________ (mitosis/meiosis) to produce __________ (diploid/haploid) spores
meiosis, haploid
Bryophyte spores germinate to produce __________ (sporophyte / gametophyte)
gametophyte
Bryophytes in general are of little economic importance. T or F?
True
Some mosses provide food for __________ mammals, birds and other animals.
herbaceous
Species of __________, a moss, provide peat that has long been used as a fuel and as __________ material because of their capacity to hold water.
Sphagnum, packing
__________ along with __________ are the first colonise rocks and hence are of great ecological importance.
(Type of bryophytes)
Mosses, lichens
Mosses and lichens decompose rocks making the substrate suitable for growth of __________
higher plants
Since mosses form dense mats on soil, they reduce the impact of __________ and prevent __________
falling rain, soil erosion
Bryophytes are divided into __________ and __________
liverworts, mosses
Liverworts grow in ________, ________ habitats such as banks of streams, marshy ground, damp soil, bark of trees and deep in the woods.
moist, shady
Plant body of a liverwort is thalloid. T or F? e.g. _________
True, Marchantia
Thallus of liverwort is __________ (ventral, dorsal, dorsiventral) and closely appressed to the __________
dorsiventral, substrate
Leafy members of liverworts have __________ appendages in ______ (how many?) rows on the stem-like structures
tiny leaf-like, two
Asexual reproduction in liverworts takes place by __________ or by __________
fragmentation of thalli,
formation of specialized structures called gemmae
Gemmae are __________ (color),
__________ (unicellular / multicellular)
__________ (sexual / asexual) buds
green,
multicellular,
asexual
Liverworts: Gemmae develop in small receptacles called __________
gemma cups
Gemmae become detached from the parent body and germinate to form new individuals. T or F?
True
Liverworts:
During sexual reproduction, male and female sex organs are produced on same or different (or either) thalli?
Either same or different
A liverwort sporophyte is differentiated into a __________, __________ and __________
foot, seta, capsule
Liverworts: After \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (mitosis, meiosis), spores are produced within the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
meiosis, capsule
Liverwort spores germinate to form free-living __________ (sporophyte / gametophyte)
gametophyte
Predominate stage of life cycle of a moss is __________ (sporophyte/gametophyte) which itself consists of ______ (how many?) stages
gametophyte, 2
First stage of moss gametophyte is called __________ which develops directly from __________
protonema, spore
Protonema is creeping, green, branched and frequently filamentous. T or F?
True
Second stage of moss gametophyte is __________ which develops from the secondary protonema as a __________
leafy stage, lateral bud
Mosses: Leafy stage consists of upright, thick axes bearing spirally arranged leaves. T or F?
False, slender axes NOT thick
Leafy stage mosses are attached to the soil through __________ and __________ rhizoids
multicellular and branched
The __________ stage of mosses bears the sex organs.
Protonema, leafy stage
Leafy stage
Vegetative reproduction in mosses is by __________ and __________ in the secondary protonema
fragmentation, budding
Mosses:
In sexual production, the sex organs __________ and __________ are produced at the __________ of the leafy shoots.
Antheridia, archegonia, apex
After fertilization, the moss zygote develops into a __________ (gametophyte / sporophyte) consisting of the parts: __________, __________ and __________
sporophyte,
foot, seta, capsule
The sporophyte in mosses is more elaborate than in liverworts. T or F?
True
The capsule of moss sporophyte contains __________ which are formed after __________ (mitosis / meiosis)
spores, meiosis
Mosses have a __________ (simple / elaborate) mechanisms of spore dispersal.
elaborate
Classify into mosses or liverworts: Polytrichum, Sphagnum Marchantia, Funaria
Polytrichum - moss
Sphagnum - moss
Marchantia - liverwort
Funaria - moss
___________ include horsetails and ferns
Pteridophytes
___________ are used for medicinal purposes and as soil-binders
Pteridophytes
___________ are frequently grown as ornamentals
Gymnosperms - Pteridophytes - Bryophytes - Red algae
Pteridophytes
___________ are the first terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues - xylem and phloem.
Pteridophytes
Pteridophytes are found in ___________ places
warm - damp - shady
warm - moist - sunny
cool - sunny - dry
cool - damp - shady
cool, damp and shady
In pteridophytes, the main plant body is a ___________ (gametophyte / sporophyte)
sphorophyte
Pteridophyte plant body is differentiated into root-like, stem-like and leaf-like structures. T or F?
False, true roots, leaves and stem
Leaves in pteridophytes are small (aka ___________) as in ___________ or large (aka ___________) as in ___________
microphylls - Selaginella
macrophylls - ferns
Sporophytes bear sporangia that are subtended by _____-like appendages called ___________
leaf, sporophylls
In some cases, sporophylls may form distinct compact structures called ___________ or ___________ (e.g. ___________, ___________)
strobili or cones
Selaginella, Equisetum
Pteridophytes: Sporangia produce spores by ___________ (mitosis / meiosis) in ______ cells
meiosis, spore mother cells
Pteridophyte spores germinate to give rise to free-living, mostly photosynthetic thalloid ___________ (sporophyte/gametophyte) called ___________
gametophytes,
prothallus
Why is the spread of pteridophytes limited to narrow geographical regions?
Because gametophytes require cool, damp and shady places to grow
Gametophyte pteridophytes bear male and female sex organs called ___________ and ___________
antheridia, archegonia
___________ is required for the transfer of pteridophyte antherozoids to the archegonium
Water
Pteridophyte zygote produces a multicellular well-differentiated ___________ (gametophyte/sporophyte)
sporophyte
In most pteridophytes, spores are of similar kinds. Such plants are called ___________
homosporous
In some pteridophytes like ___________ and ___________ two kinds of spores are produces (macro and micro). Such plants are called ___________.
Selaginella, Salvinia, heterosporous
In heterosporous plants, the megaspores and microspores germinate to give rise to ___________ and ___________ gametophytes respectively.
female, male
The ___________ (male / female) gametophyte in pteridophytes are retained on the parent sporophyte for variable periods.
female
Development of pteridophyte zygotes into young embryos take place within the ___________
female gametophyte
Development of the zygote in pteridophyte female gametophytes is a precursor to the ___________ considered an important step in evolution
seed habit
Pteridophytes are classified into 4 classes. What are they?
- Psilopsida
- Lycopsida
- Sphenopsida
- Pteropsida
Classify into the various classes of pteridophytes Adiantum Lycopodium Equisetum Psilotum Selaginella Pteris Dyopteris
Adiantum - Pteropsida Lycopodium - Lycopsida Equisetum - Sphenopsida Psilotum - Psilopsida Selaginella - Lycopsida Pteris - Pteropsida Dyopteris - Pteropsida
Gymnosperms literally means:
gymnos _________
sperma _________
naked, seeds
Gymnosperms are plants in which the ovules are…
not enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed, both before and after fertilisation
Gymnosperms include ________-sized trees, ____ trees and _________
medium, tall, shrubs
The giant redwood tree Sequoia is a _________ (angiosperm / gymnosperm) and is one of the tallest tree species.
gymnosperm
Gymnosperm roots in some genera (e.g. _______) have fungal association in the form of _________
Pinus, mycorrhiza
Gymnosperm roots are _________ (tap / fibrous / adventitious)
tap roots
Gymnosperm roots in some genera (e.g. _______) have coralloid roots associated with _________
Cycas, N2-fixing cyanobacteria
Gymnosperm stems are unbranched as in _______ or branched as in _______ and _______.
Cycas, Pinus, Cedrus
Gymnosperm leaves are _______ (simple / compound / either).
Either
In _______ genus of gymnosperms, the pinnate leaves persist for a few years.
Cycas
The leaves in gymnosperms are not adapted to withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and wind. T or F?
False, are well-adapted to…
Conifers are gymnosperms with ______-like leaves to _______ (increase / reduce) the surface area
needle, reduce
How do conifers reduce water loss?
Needle-like leaves
Thick cuticle
Sunken stomata
Gymnosperms are _______ (homosporous / heterosporous). They produces _______
heterosporous
haploid microspores and megaspores
The two kinds of spores in gymnosperms are produced within _______ that are borne on _______
sporangia, sporophylls
Gymnosperm sporophylls are arranged spirally along an axis to form _______ or _______ or _______
lax, compact strobili, cones
Strobili bearing microsporophylls and microsporangia are called _______
microsporangiate / male strobili
In angiosperms, the microspores develop into a _______ (female/male) gametophytic generation which is highly reduced to only a limited number of cells and is aka _______
male, pollen grain
The cones bearing megasporophylls with ovules or megasporangia are called _______
macrosporangiate or female strobili
The male or female cones or strobili may be born on the same gymnosperm tree. T or F? Example?
True, Pinus
In _______ (gymnosperm) male cones and megasporophylls are borne on different trees
Cycas
The megaspore mother cell is differentiated from one of the cells of the _______
nucellus
Gymnosperms: The nucellus is protected by envelopes and the composite structure is called a _______
ovule
Ovules are borne on _______ which may be clustered to form the female cones.
megasporophylls
The megaspore mother cell of gymnosperms divides _______ (mitotically / meiotically) to form _______ (how many?) megaspores
meiotically, four
One of the gymnosperm megaspores develops into a multicellular female gametophyte that bears two or more _______
archegonia (female sex organs)
Multicellular female gametophyte of gymnosperms is also retained within the megasporangium. T or F?
True
Unlike _______ and _______, in gymnosperms the male and female gametophytes do not have an independent free-living existence. They remain within the _______
bryophytes and pteridophytes,
sporangia retained on the sporophytes
In angiosperms, the pollen grains and ovules are developed in specialised structures called _______
flowers
In angiosperms, seeds are enclosed in _______
fruits
_______ are an exceptionally large group of plants occurring in a wide range of habitats.
(Gymnosperm, bryophytes, pteridophytes, angiosperms
Angiosperms
Angiosperms range in size from the smallest ________ to tall trees of ________ (over 100 metres)
Wolffia,
Eucalyptus
Angiosperms are divided into 2 classes: ________ and ________
Dicotyledons, monocotyledons
Dicots vs monocot characteristics
Dicot - 2 cotyledons, reticulate venation and tetramerous/pentamerous flowers
Monocot - single cotelydon, parallel venation, trimerous flowers
Male sex organ in flower is ________. It has a slender ________ and a ________ at the tip.
stamen, filament, anther
Female sex organ in a flower is the ________, with a swollen ________ at its base, a long slender ________ and ________ ont he top
pistil, ovary, style, stigma
Each ovule has a ________ that undergoes meiosis to form ________
megaspore mother cell, four haploid megaspores
Three of the megaspores degenerate and one divides to form the ________
embryo sac
Each embryo-sac has a three-celled ________ which consists of:
egg apparatus;
one egg cell,
two synergids,
three antipodal cells,
two polar nuclei
Polar nuclei eventually fuse to produce ________
diploid secondary nucleus
The ________ and ________ degenerate after fertilisation.
Synergids, antipodals
In plants, both haploid and diploid cells can divide by mitosis. T or F?
True
Haploid plant body produces gametes by ________ (mitosis / meiosis)
mitosis
When a haploid gametophyte is fertilized, zygote divides by ________ (mitosis / meiosis) to produce ________
mitosis, diploid sporophytic plant body
Haploid spores are produced by a diploid sporophytic plant body by ________ (mitosis / meiosis).
meiosis
Haploid spores divide by ________ (mitosis / meiosis) to form a haploid plant body.
mitosis
During the lifecycle of ANY sexually reproducing plant, there is an alternation of generations. T or F?
True
In alternation of generation, gamete produces ________ and spore produces ________
haploid gametophyte, diploid sporophyte
What are the 3 different patterns of life cycles of plants?
- Haplontic
- Diplontic
- Haplodiplontic
In haplontic life cycle, sporophyte generation is represented by ___________
single-celled zygote
There are no free-living sporophytes in haplontic plants. T or F?
True
Meiosis in zygote => Haploid spores => Mitosis => Gametophyte.
What life cycle is this?
Haplontic
Dominant, photosynthetic stage in haplontic plants is ___________ whereas in diplontic plants it is ___________
free-living haploid gametophyte,
diploid sporophyte
Examples of haplontic life cycle?
Most Algae e.g. Volvox, Spirogyra and some species of Chlamydomonas
Gametophytic phase is presented by single to few-celled haploid gametophyte and is not the dominant phase. This represents what kind of life cycle?
Diplontic
Examples of diplontic life cycles?
An alga Fucus,
All seed bearing plants i.e. gymnosperms and angiosperms
In haplo-diplontic life-cycle both phases are ___________ (unicellular / multicellular) but they differ in the ___________
multicellular, dominant
___________ and ___________ exhibit haplo-diplontic life cycle
Bryophytes, pteridophytes
Patterns of bryophytes vs pteridophytes
Bryophytes - dominant, independent, photosynthetic, thalloid/erect phase by haploid gametophyte; short-lived diploid sporophyte totally or partially dependent on gametophyte for anchorage and nutrition
Pteridophytes - dominant, independent, photosynthetic, vascular phase by diploid sporophyte; short-lived
haploid gametophyte - saprophytic/autotrophic and independent
Most algal genera are haplontic but some are haplo-diplontic. T or F?
Examples
True
Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia, kelps - haplodiplontic
Fucus - diplontic
