XI Chap 1 Living World Flashcards
All living organisms grow. T or F?
True
_________ and _________ are the twin characteristics of growth
Increase in mass
Increase in number of individuals
_________ is known as the Darwin of the 20th century
Ernst Mayr
_________ single-handedly made the origin of species diversity the central question of evolutionary biology that it is today.
Ernst Mayr
Ernst Mayr was awarded the 3 prizes widely regarded as the triple crown of biology:
Balzan Prize,
International Prize for Biology
Crafoord Prize
A multicellular or unicellular organism grows by _________
cell division
In plants and animals, growth by cell division is indefinite and continues throughout their life span. T or F?
False, only true for plants, animals grow only up to a certain age
In majority of higher animals and plants, growth and reproduction are mutually exclusive events. T or F?
True
Increase in body mass is not considered as growth. T or F?
False, it IS considered as growth
In living organisms, as compared to non-living organism, growth occurs from the _________
inside
_________ and _________ are defining features of living organisms
Cellular organisation of the body and consciousness
Fungi multiply and spread easily due to the millions of _________ (sexual or asexual) spores that they produce.
asexual
In lower organisms like yeast and hydra, we observe growth by _________
(options: fission, budding, gemmules)
budding
What is true regeneration? In what organism do we observe it?
fragmented organism regenerates the lost part of its body and becomes a new organism
e.g. Planaria (flat worms)
Fungi, the filamentous algae and protonema of mosses all easily multiply by fragmentation. T or F?
True
When it comes to unicellular organisms like bacteria, unicellular algae or Amoeba, reproduction is synonymous with growth i.e. increase in _________
number of cells
Three examples of organisms that do not reproduce
Mules,
sterile worker bees,
infertile human couples
All living organisms are made of chemicals. T or F?
True
All plants, animals, fungi and microbes exhibit metabolism. T or F?
True
Define metabolism
Sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in our body
Human being is the only organism that has self-consciousness. T or F?
True
Properties of tissues are not present in the constituent cells but arise as a result of _________
interactions among the constituent cells
How many species are known and described?
1.7-1.8 million
What is biodiversity?
Number and types of organisms present on earth
For plants, scientific names are provided in the __________, and for animals in __________
International Code FOR Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)
International Code OF Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)
For plants, scientific names are provided in the __________, and for animals in __________
International Code FOR Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)
International Code OF Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)
Each scientific name has 2 components. They are?
This naming system is called __________
Generic name
Specific epithet
Binomial Nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature system is given by __________
Carolus Linnaeus
Universal rules of nomenclature?
- Biological names in Latin, italics
- First word is genus, second is specific epithet
- First word starts with capitalized letter, second is all small letters
- Both words are printed in italics OR handwritten with separate underlines
Name of author appears after the __________
Complete the following as an example: Mangifera indica
specific epithet
Mangifera indica Linn
__________ is the process by which anything is grouped into convenient categories based on some easily observable characters
Classification
The scientific term for categories / unit of classification is __________
taxa
The process of classification of all living organisms into different taxa is called __________
taxonomy
__________, __________, __________ and __________ are processes basic to taxonomy
Characterisation,
Identification,
Classification
Nomenclature
The earliest classifications were based on the __________ of various organisms
uses
What is systematics?
Branch of study of different kinds of organisms, their diversities and the relationships between them
The title of Linnaeus’ publication was __________
System Naturae
The word systematics is derived from the Latin word __________ which means?
systema, systematic arrangement of organisms
Systematics was later enlarged to include __________, __________, and __________
identification, nomenclature, classification
Systematics does not take into account evolutionary relationships between organisms. T or F?
False, it does
With the defined principles and standards, classification has become a single step process. T or F?
False, classification is not a single step process
Taxonomic groups/categories are distinct biological entities and not merely morphological aggregates. T or F?
True
All organisms have __________ as the lowest category.
Species
Define species
A group of individual organisms with fundamental similarities
Define genus
A group of related species which has more characters in common in comparison to species of other genera
OR
aggregates of closely related species
Define family
A group of related genera with less number of similarities as compared to genus and species
Among plant species, families are characterised on the basis of both ___________ and ___________ features
vegetative, reproductive
Generally, ___________ and other higher taxonomic categories are identified based on aggregates of characters
order
Specify whether these are family, genera or species: Panthera Solanum Tigris Melongena Felidae Petunia Felis Solanaceae Nigrum Tuberosum Pardus Datura
Panthera - genus Solanum - genus tigris - species (tiger) melongena - species (eggplant) Felidae - family Petunia - genus Felis - genus Solanaceae - family nigrum - species (black nightshade) tuberosum - species (potato) pardus - species (leopard) Datura - genus
Plant families like Convolvulaceae and Solanaceae are included in the order __________ based on the __________ characters
Polymoniales, floral
Animal order __________ includes families like Felidae and Canidae
Carnivora
Match the following to the correct order:
human gorilla monkey cat gibbon housefly dog tiger
[Insecta - Mammalia - Primata - Carnivora]
human - Mammalia gorilla - Primata monkey - Primata cat - Carnivora gibbon - Primata housefly - Insecta dog - Carnivora tiger - Carnivora
In case of plants, classes with a few similar characters are assigned to a higher category called __________
Division
As we go higher from species to kingdom, the number of common characteristics goes on __________ (increasing / decreasing)
decreasing
Lower the taxa, __________ (more / less) are the characteristics that the members within the taxon share.
more
Higher the category, __________ (greater / lesser) is the difficulty of determining the relationship to other taxa at the same level.
greater
Write out the complete taxonomical hierarchy of Wheat
aestivum > Triticum > Poaceae > Poales > Monocotyledonae > Angiospermae > Plantae
Write out the complete taxonomical hierarchy of Mango
indica > Mangifera > Anacardiaceae > Sapindales > Dicotyledonae > Angiospermae > Plantae
Write out the complete taxonomical hierarchy of Humans
sapiens > Homo > Hominidae > Primata > Mammalia > Chordata > Animalia
Write out the complete taxonomical hierarchy of Housefly
domestica > Musca > Muscidae > Diptera > Insecta > Anthropoda > Animalia
Taxonomic studies require correct _____________ and _____________ of organisms
classification, identification
Identification of organisms requires intensive _____________ and _____________ studies
laboratory, field
Collection of _____________ is the prime source of taxonomic studies.
actual specimens
What is a herbarium?
Store house of collected plant specimens that are dried, pressed and preserved on sheets
Sheets in a herbarium are arranged according to __________
a universally accepted system of classification
Herbarium sheets have what information?
date and place of collection,
English, local and botanical names,
family,
collector’s name
__________ serve as quick referral systems in taxonomical studies
Herbariums
What are botanical gardens?
Collections of living plants for references, grown for identification purposes
Each plant in a botanical garden is labelled with __________ and __________
botanical/scientific name, family
Three famous botanical gardens?
Kew (England)
Indian Botanical Garden, Howrah (India)
National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (India)
Biological museums are generally set up in __________
educational institutions
Museums have plant and animal specimens in dry as well as preservative solutions. T or F?
True
Insects are preserved in insect boxes by __________, __________ and __________
collecting, killing, pinning
Larger animals like birds and mammals are preserved by __________ or __________
stuffing, skeletons
Zoological parks have __________ animals kept in protected environments under human care.
wild
What is a key?
taxonomical aid, contrasting characters in a pair called couplet
Keys represent choice made between 2 opposite options which results in __________ of one and __________ and other
acceptance, rejection
Each statement in the key is called __________
a lead
Separate taxonomic keys are required for each __________
taxonomic categories
Keys are __________ in nature
analytical
__________ contains the actual account of habitat and distribution of plants of a given area
Flora
__________ are useful in providing information for identification of names of species found in an area
Manuals
__________ contain information on any one taxon
Monographs
Special techniques for collection and preservation of specimens are required in __________ and __________
herbaria, museums
Live specimens of plants/animals are found in __________ and __________
zoological parks, botanical gardens
__________ are tools that help in identification based on characteristics
Taxonomic keys
