XI Chap 1 Living World Flashcards by Anamta Farook

All living organisms grow. T or F?

True

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_________ and _________ are the twin characteristics of growth

Increase in mass

Increase in number of individuals

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_________ is known as the Darwin of the 20th century

Ernst Mayr

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_________ single-handedly made the origin of species diversity the central question of evolutionary biology that it is today.

Ernst Mayr

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Ernst Mayr was awarded the 3 prizes widely regarded as the triple crown of biology:

Balzan Prize,
International Prize for Biology
Crafoord Prize

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A multicellular or unicellular organism grows by _________

cell division

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In plants and animals, growth by cell division is indefinite and continues throughout their life span. T or F?

False, only true for plants, animals grow only up to a certain age

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In majority of higher animals and plants, growth and reproduction are mutually exclusive events. T or F?

True

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Increase in body mass is not considered as growth. T or F?

False, it IS considered as growth

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In living organisms, as compared to non-living organism, growth occurs from the _________

inside

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_________ and _________ are defining features of living organisms

Cellular organisation of the body and consciousness

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Fungi multiply and spread easily due to the millions of _________ (sexual or asexual) spores that they produce.

asexual

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In lower organisms like yeast and hydra, we observe growth by _________

(options: fission, budding, gemmules)

budding

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What is true regeneration? In what organism do we observe it?

fragmented organism regenerates the lost part of its body and becomes a new organism
e.g. Planaria (flat worms)

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Fungi, the filamentous algae and protonema of mosses all easily multiply by fragmentation. T or F?

True

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When it comes to unicellular organisms like bacteria, unicellular algae or Amoeba, reproduction is synonymous with growth i.e. increase in _________

number of cells

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Three examples of organisms that do not reproduce

Mules,
sterile worker bees,
infertile human couples

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All living organisms are made of chemicals. T or F?

True

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All plants, animals, fungi and microbes exhibit metabolism. T or F?

True

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Define metabolism

Sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in our body

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Human being is the only organism that has self-consciousness. T or F?

True

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Properties of tissues are not present in the constituent cells but arise as a result of _________

interactions among the constituent cells

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How many species are known and described?

1.7-1.8 million

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What is biodiversity?

Number and types of organisms present on earth

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For plants, scientific names are provided in the __________, and for animals in __________

International Code FOR Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) | International Code OF Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)

For plants, scientific names are provided in the __________, and for animals in __________

International Code FOR Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) | International Code OF Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)

Each scientific name has 2 components. They are? | This naming system is called __________

Generic name Specific epithet Binomial Nomenclature

Binomial nomenclature system is given by __________

Carolus Linnaeus

Universal rules of nomenclature?

1. Biological names in Latin, italics 2. First word is genus, second is specific epithet 3. First word starts with capitalized letter, second is all small letters 4. Both words are printed in italics OR handwritten with separate underlines

Name of author appears after the __________ Complete the following as an example: Mangifera indica

specific epithet Mangifera indica Linn

__________ is the process by which anything is grouped into convenient categories based on some easily observable characters

Classification

The scientific term for categories / unit of classification is __________

taxa

The process of classification of all living organisms into different taxa is called __________

taxonomy

__________, __________, __________ and __________ are processes basic to taxonomy

Characterisation, Identification, Classification Nomenclature

The earliest classifications were based on the __________ of various organisms

uses

What is systematics?

Branch of study of different kinds of organisms, their diversities and the relationships between them

The title of Linnaeus' publication was __________

System Naturae

The word systematics is derived from the Latin word __________ which means?

systema, systematic arrangement of organisms

Systematics was later enlarged to include __________, __________, and __________

identification, nomenclature, classification

Systematics does not take into account evolutionary relationships between organisms. T or F?

False, it does

With the defined principles and standards, classification has become a single step process. T or F?

False, classification is not a single step process

Taxonomic groups/categories are distinct biological entities and not merely morphological aggregates. T or F?

True

All organisms have __________ as the lowest category.

Species

Define species

A group of individual organisms with fundamental similarities

Define genus

A group of related species which has more characters in common in comparison to species of other genera OR aggregates of closely related species

Define family

A group of related genera with less number of similarities as compared to genus and species

Among plant species, families are characterised on the basis of both ___________ and ___________ features

vegetative, reproductive

Generally, ___________ and other higher taxonomic categories are identified based on aggregates of characters

order

``` Specify whether these are family, genera or species: Panthera Solanum Tigris Melongena Felidae Petunia Felis Solanaceae Nigrum Tuberosum Pardus Datura ```

``` Panthera - genus Solanum - genus tigris - species (tiger) melongena - species (eggplant) Felidae - family Petunia - genus Felis - genus Solanaceae - family nigrum - species (black nightshade) tuberosum - species (potato) pardus - species (leopard) Datura - genus ```

Plant families like Convolvulaceae and Solanaceae are included in the order __________ based on the __________ characters

Polymoniales, floral

Animal order __________ includes families like Felidae and Canidae

Carnivora

Match the following to the correct order: ``` human gorilla monkey cat gibbon housefly dog tiger ``` [Insecta - Mammalia - Primata - Carnivora]

``` human - Mammalia gorilla - Primata monkey - Primata cat - Carnivora gibbon - Primata housefly - Insecta dog - Carnivora tiger - Carnivora ```

In case of plants, classes with a few similar characters are assigned to a higher category called __________

Division

As we go higher from species to kingdom, the number of common characteristics goes on __________ (increasing / decreasing)

decreasing

Lower the taxa, __________ (more / less) are the characteristics that the members within the taxon share.

Higher the category, __________ (greater / lesser) is the difficulty of determining the relationship to other taxa at the same level.

greater

Write out the complete taxonomical hierarchy of Wheat

aestivum > Triticum > Poaceae > Poales > Monocotyledonae > Angiospermae > Plantae

Write out the complete taxonomical hierarchy of Mango

indica > Mangifera > Anacardiaceae > Sapindales > Dicotyledonae > Angiospermae > Plantae

Write out the complete taxonomical hierarchy of Humans

sapiens > Homo > Hominidae > Primata > Mammalia > Chordata > Animalia

Write out the complete taxonomical hierarchy of Housefly

domestica > Musca > Muscidae > Diptera > Insecta > Anthropoda > Animalia

Taxonomic studies require correct _____________ and _____________ of organisms

classification, identification

Identification of organisms requires intensive _____________ and _____________ studies

laboratory, field

Collection of _____________ is the prime source of taxonomic studies.

actual specimens

What is a herbarium?

Store house of collected plant specimens that are dried, pressed and preserved on sheets

Sheets in a herbarium are arranged according to __________

a universally accepted system of classification

Herbarium sheets have what information?

date and place of collection, English, local and botanical names, family, collector's name

__________ serve as quick referral systems in taxonomical studies

Herbariums

What are botanical gardens?

Collections of living plants for references, grown for identification purposes

Each plant in a botanical garden is labelled with __________ and __________

botanical/scientific name, family

Three famous botanical gardens?

Kew (England) Indian Botanical Garden, Howrah (India) National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (India)

Biological museums are generally set up in __________

educational institutions

Museums have plant and animal specimens in dry as well as preservative solutions. T or F?

True

Insects are preserved in insect boxes by __________, __________ and __________

collecting, killing, pinning

Larger animals like birds and mammals are preserved by __________ or __________

stuffing, skeletons

Zoological parks have __________ animals kept in protected environments under human care.

wild

What is a key?

taxonomical aid, contrasting characters in a pair called couplet

Keys represent choice made between 2 opposite options which results in __________ of one and __________ and other

acceptance, rejection

Each statement in the key is called __________

a lead

Separate taxonomic keys are required for each __________

taxonomic categories

Keys are __________ in nature

analytical

__________ contains the actual account of habitat and distribution of plants of a given area

Flora

__________ are useful in providing information for identification of names of species found in an area

Manuals

__________ contain information on any one taxon

Monographs

Special techniques for collection and preservation of specimens are required in __________ and __________

herbaria, museums

Live specimens of plants/animals are found in __________ and __________

zoological parks, botanical gardens

__________ are tools that help in identification based on characteristics

Taxonomic keys