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Biology (NCERT) - Class XI > XI Chap 12 Mineral Nutrition > Flashcards

XI Chap 12 Mineral Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

In _______, a prominent German botanist named ________ demonstrated for the first time that plants could be grown to maturity in a defined nutrient solution, complete absence of soil.

A

1860, Julius von Sachs

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2
Q

The technique of growing plants in nutrient solution is known as _____________

A

hydroponics

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3
Q

When studying mineral nutrients for plants, why is purified water and mineral nutrient salts essential?

A

Rule out other influencing factors

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4
Q

Hydroponics is not yet successfully employed towards COMMERCIAL production of vegetables. T or F?

A

False, has been e.g. tomato, seedless cucumber and lettuce

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5
Q

Nutrient solutions must be adequately _______ to obtain the optimum growth

A

aerated

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6
Q

All minerals present in soil can enter plants through roots. T or F?

A

False, most can

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7
Q

More than ___ elements out of ____ discovered so far are found in plants

A

60, 105

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8
Q

Some plant species accumulate selenium, gold and even radioactive strontium. T or F?

A

True

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9
Q

There are techniques that are able to detect the minerals even at very low concentrations (10 ^ -11 g / mL). T or F?

A

False, 10 ^ -8g/mL

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10
Q

Plants grown in a tube or trough are placed at a __________

A

slide incline

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11
Q

In hydroponic plant production, a ______ circulates nutrient solution from a reservoir to ________ of the tube

A

pump, elevated end

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12
Q

In hydroponic plant production, nutrient solution flows down the tube and returns to reservoir due to ________

A

gravity

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13
Q

What are the criteria for essentiality of an element?

A
  1. Must be absolutely necessary for growth and reproduction
  2. In absence, life cycle cannot be completed / seeds cannot be set
  3. Not replaceable by any other element
  4. Must be DIRECTLY involved in metabolism
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14
Q

Essential elements are divided into 2 categories based on their quantitative requirements. They are?

A

Macronutrients (large amounts) and micronutrients (trace amounts)

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15
Q

Macronutrients include? (9)

A 
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulphur
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
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16
Q

Macronutrients are in excess of ______ whereas micronutrients are less than than amount

A

10 mmole / Kg of DRY matter

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17
Q

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in plants are mainly obtained from

A

carbon dioxide and water

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18
Q

Macronutrients other than C, H and O are obtained from ________

A

soil

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19
Q

Micronutrients include? (8)

A 
Fe, iron
Mn, manganese
Cu, copper
Mo, molybdenum
Zn, zinc
B, boron
Cl, chlorine
Ni, nickel
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20
Q

How many essential elements are there?

A

21

17 + sodium, silicon, cobalt and selenium (higher plants)

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21
Q

What additional elements are required by higher plants as essential nutrients?

A

Silicon, Selenium, Sodium, Cobalt

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22
Q

Essential elements can be grouped in __ categories based on their functions. What are they?

A

4;

  1. Components of Biomolecules (structural elements)
  2. Components of energy-related chemical compounds e.g. ATP
  3. Activators/inhibitors of enzymes
  4. Alter the osmotic potential of cell (solutes)
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23
Q

What are the essential nutrients that function as structural elements for plant cells?

A

C, H, O and N

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24
Q

What are the essential nutrients that function as component of energy-related chemical compounds?

A

Mg - chlorophyll

P - ATP

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25
Q

What are the essential nutrients that function as enzymatic activators/inhibitors?

A

Mg2+ - activator for RuBisCo and phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase
Zn2+ - activator for alcohol dehydrogenase
Mo - nitrogenase (nitrogen metabolism)

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26
Q

What are the essential nutrients that alter osmotic potential of plant cells?

A

Potassium - opening/closing of stomata

Other solutes

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27
Q

What are the forms and functions of Nitrogen?

A

mainly NO3- (nitrate) or NO2- or NH4+

functions: constituent of proteins, nucleic acids and amino acids, vitamins and hormones, chlorophyll

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28
Q

_________ is the essential nutrient required in greatest amount

A

Nitrogen

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29
Q

Nitrogen is required particularly in __________ tissues and ______________ cells

A

meristematic tissues, metabolically active cells

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30
Q

What are the forms and functions of Phosphorus?

A

Phosphate ions: H2PO4- or HPO4 2-

constituent of cell membranes, certain proteins, all nucleic acids and nucleotides, all phosphorylation reactions

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31
Q

What are the forms and functions of Potassium?

A

Potassium ion (K+)

Maintain an anion-cation balance in cells, protein synthesis, opening and closing of stomata, activation of enzymes and maintenance of cell turgidity

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32
Q

Potassium is required in more abundant quantities in _______ tissues, ___, ____ and ______.

A

meristematic tissues, buds, leaves, and root tips

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33
Q

What are the forms and functions of Calcium?

A

Calcium ions (Ca2+)

During cell division - synthesis of cell wall, formation of mitotic spindle; normal functioning of cell membranes; enzyme activation; regulation of metabolic activities

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34
Q

_________ nutrient accumulates in older leaves

A

Calcium

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35
Q

During cell division, calcium is particularly used as __________ in the __________

A

calcium pectate, middle lamella

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36
Q

What are the forms and functions of Magnesium?

A

Divalent Mg2+

activates respiration enzymes, photosynthesis, DNA/RNA synthesis, ring structure of chlorophyll, maintain ribosome structure

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37
Q

What are the forms and functions of Sulphur?

A

Sulphate (SO4 2-)

constituent of 2 amino acids - cysteine and methionine;
constituent of several coenzymes (Coenzyme A);
vitamins (thiamine, biotin), and;
ferredoxin (protein)

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38
Q

What are the forms and functions of Iron?

A

Ferric ions (Fe3+)

constituent of proteins involved in electron transfer (e.g. ferredoxin, cytochromes); activates catalase enzyme; formation of chlorophyll

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39
Q

______ is the macronutrient required in largest amounts, ______ is the micronutrient required in largest amounts

A

N, Fe

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40
Q

Iron is reversible oxidised from Fe3+ to Fe2+ during electron transfer. T or F?

A

False, Fe2+ to Fe3+

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41
Q

What are the forms and functions of Manganese?

A

Manganous ions (Mn2+)

Splitting of water during photosynthesis(!!); activates enzymes involved in photosynthesis, respiration and nitrogen metabolism

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42
Q

What are the forms and functions of Zinc?

A

Zn2+ ions

activates various enzymes (esp. carboxylases), synthesis of auxin

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43
Q

What are the forms and functions of Copper?

A

Cupric ions (Cu2+)

overall metabolism in plants; enzymes involved in redox reactions

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44
Q

Copper is irreversibly oxidised from Cu+ to Cu2+. T or F?

A

False, reversibly

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45
Q

What are the forms and functions of Boron?

A

BO3 3- or B4O7 2-

uptake and utilisation of Ca2+, membrane functioning, pollen germination, cell elongation, cell differentiation and carbohydrate translocation

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46
Q

What are the forms and functions of Molybdenum?

A

Molybdate ions (MoO2 2+)

component of several enzymes (nitrogenase and nitrate reductase - nitrogen metabolism)

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47
Q

What are the forms and functions of Chlorine?

A

Chlorine anion (Cl-)

determining the solute concentration, anion-cation balance in cells, water-splitting reaction in photosynthesis

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48
Q

Water-splitting reaction in photosynthesis leads to _______ evolution

A

oxygen

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49
Q

Apart from Chlorine and Potassium, what is the third ion required to determine solute concentration and anion-cation balance in cells?

A

Na+

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50
Q

Nutrients required in meristematic tissues? (3)

A

Ca, N, K

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51
Q

Nutrients required in proteins/protein synthesis? (4)

A

P, Fe (electron transfer), N, K

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52
Q

Nutrients required in photosynthesis? (3)

A

Mg, Mn, Cl

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53
Q

What is critical concentration?

A

Concentration of essential element below which plant growth is retarded

54
Q

Element is said to be ________ when below critical concentration

A

deficient

55
Q

Morphological changes indicative of certain element deficiencies are called ________

A

deficiency symptoms

56
Q

Deficiency symptoms are reversible but if deprivation of element continues, then may lead to _______

A

death

57
Q

For elements actively mobilized and exported to young tissues, deficiency symptoms appear first in _____

A

older tissues

58
Q

Deficiency symptoms of N, K and Mg are first visible in_______ leaves

A

senescent

59
Q

Deficiency symptoms tend to appear first in young tissues whenever elements are _______

A

relatively immobile

60
Q

Sulphur and calcium are both relatively immobile structural elements. T or F?

A

True

61
Q

Kind of deficiency symptoms shown in plants are:

A 
chlorosis
necrosis
stunted growth
premature fall of leaves and buds
inhibition of cell division
62
Q

Chlorosis is?

A

loss of chlorophyll => yellowing leaves
caused by deficiency of:
S, Mo, K, N, Mg
Fe, Mn, Zn

63
Q

Necrosis is?

A

death of tissue, particularly leaf tissue

due to deficiency of Ca, Cu, K, Mg

64
Q

Lack or low level of __________ causes inhibition of cell division

A

S, Mo, K, N

65
Q

_______ delay flowering if their concentration in plants is low

A

S, Mo, N

66
Q

Deficiency of any element can cause multiple symptoms. T or F?

A

True

67
Q

Deficiency of each element leads to unique deficiency symptoms. Same symptom cannot be caused by two different element deficiencies. T or F?

A

False, same symptoms may be caused by multiple elements

68
Q

Moderate increase of micronutrients causes _______

A

toxicity

69
Q

Why is there a narrow optimum range of concentration for elements?

A

decrease => deficiency

increase => toxicity

70
Q

_________ symptoms are difficult to identify.

toxicity or deficiency

A

Toxicity

71
Q

________ is the prominent symptom of manganese toxicity.

A

Brown spots surrounded by chlorotic veins

72
Q

Mn competes with ___ and ____ for uptake and with ____ for binding with enzymes.

A

Fe and Mg,

Mg

73
Q

________ inhibits calcium translocation in shoot apex

A

Mn

74
Q

Excess of Mn may induce deficiencies of …?

A

Mg, Fe, Ca

75
Q

Much of the studies on mechanism of absorption have been carried out in ______ cells, tissues or organs.

A

isolated

76
Q

Two phases of process of absorption?

A
  1. Rapid uptake - free / outer space of cells (apoplast) - passive
  2. Slow uptake - inner space - symplast - active
77
Q

Passive movement of ions into apoplast occurs through _____, transmembrane proteins that function as selective pores

A

ion-channels

78
Q

Movement of ions is usually called _____

A

flux

79
Q

Influx / efflux?

A

Influx - into the cell

efflux - out of cell

80
Q

Nutrients become available to roots in soil due to ________ and _______ of rocks

A

weathering, breakdown

81
Q

Functions of soil:

A
  • supply minerals
  • harbours nitrogen-fixing bacteria
  • harbours other microbes
  • holds water
  • supplies air
  • matrix that stabilises plant
82
Q

Fertilisers only contain macronutrients. T or F?

A

False, both macro and micro come in ferilisers

83
Q

Plants compete with ______ for the limited nitrogen in soil.

A

Microbes

84
Q

Nitrogen exists as ___ nitrogen atoms joined by a very strong ________ bond

A

2, triple covalent

85
Q

What is nitrogen-fixation?

A

Conversation of N2 to ammonia

86
Q

In nature, _____ and ______ provide enough energy to convert nitrogen to nitrogen oxides

A

lightning and UV radiation

87
Q

What are the 3 nitrogen oxides?

A

NO, NO2, N2O

88
Q

Man-made sources of atmospheric nitrogen oxides are:

A

forest fires
automobile exhausts
industrial combustions
power-generating stations

89
Q

What is ammonification?

A

Decomposition of organic N of dead plants/animals into ammonia

90
Q

Some of the ammonia from ammonification _____ but most of it is converted into ______ by soil bacteria

A

volatilises and re-enters atmosphere;

nitrate

91
Q

2NH3 + 3O2 —> 2NO2- + 2H+ 2H2O
2NO2 + O2 —> 2 NO3-

What do these equations represent?

A

nitrification

ammonia –> nitrite in first step
further oxidised to nitrate

92
Q

Ammonia is first oxidised to nitrite by _________ (bacteria) and further oxidised to nitrate by ______ (bacteria)

A

Nitrosomonas and/or Nitrococcus

Nitrobacter

93
Q

Nitrifying bacteria are _________trophs

A

chemoautotrophs

94
Q

Nitrate absorbed by plants is _____ in leaves to form ammonia that finally forms the ______ group of amino acids.

A

reduced, amine group

95
Q

Nitrate in the soil is also reduced to nitrogen by process of ______ carried out by bacteria _______

A

denitrification,

Pseudomonas and Thiobacillus

96
Q

Very few living organisms can utilise nitrogen in the form N2 available abundantly in air. T or F?

A

True

97
Q

Only _______ are capable of fixing nitrogen

A

certain prokaryotic species

98
Q

What is biological nitrogen fixation?

A

Reduction of nitrogen to ammonia by living organisms

99
Q

Enzyme ________ capable of nitrogen reduction is present exclusively in _______

A

nitrogenase, prokaryotes

100
Q

Nitrogen fixing microbes could be free-living or symbiotic. T or F?

A

T

101
Q

Match the following:

Beijerinckia
Rhizobium
Anabaena 
Azotobacter
Rhodospirillum
Nostoc
Frankia

free-living OR anaerobic free-living OR cyanobacteria free-living OR symbiotic

A 
Beijerinckia - free-living 
Rhizobium - symbiotic
Anabaena - cyanobacteria free-living
Azotobacter - free-living
Rhodospirillum - anaerobic free-living
Nostoc - cyanobacteria free-living
Frankia - symbiotic
102
Q

Most prominent symbiotic biological nitrogen-fixing association is? And most common form of association is?

A

Legume-bacteria (Rhizobium)

Nodules

103
Q

Rhizobium has symbiotic relationship with which plants (7)?

A 
alfalfa, 
sweet clover, 
sweet pea, 
lentils, 
garden pea, 
broad bean, 
clover beans
104
Q

Frankia produces nitrogen-fixing nodules on roots of __________ e.g. ____

A

non-leguminous plants e.g. Alnus

105
Q

Rhizobium and Frankia are free-living in soil as well as can be symbionts. T or F?

A

True

106
Q

What makes symbiont nodules pink?

A

Presence of leg-haemoglobin

107
Q

How does nodule formation occur?

A
  1. Rhizobia multiply and colonise root surroundings, get attached to epidermal and root hair cells
  2. Root hairs curl, bacteria invade root hair
  3. Infection thread carrying bacteria into cortex, where they initiate nodule formation
  4. Bacteria release from thread into cells, modified into rod-shaped bacteroids => inner cortical and pericycle cells to divide => differentiation of specialized nitrogen fixing cells
  5. mature nodule formed with direct vascular connection with host
108
Q

Nodule contains all necessary biochemical components such as enzymes _____ and _____

A

nitrogenase, leghaemoglobin

109
Q

Enzyme nitrogenase is a ____ protein that catalyses the conversation of _______ to _____

A

Mo-Fe,

nitrogen to ammonia

110
Q

_____ is the first stable product of nitrogen fixing

A

Ammonia

111
Q

The enzyme nitrogenase is highly sensitive to _________ and requires _______ conditions

A

oxygen, anaerobic

112
Q

Leg-haemoglobin is a ______ scavenger that protects nitrogenase

A

oxygen

113
Q

Nitrogenase is operational in nodule forming bacteria in free-living conditions and as symbionts. T or F?

A

False, only in symbionts

114
Q

Nitrogen fixation is reduction reaction that requires very high amount of ATP. T or F?

A

True

115
Q

___ ATP are required for each NH3 produced

A

8

116
Q

_____ ATP are required for each N2 atom that is reduced

A

16

117
Q

Energy required for nitrogen fixation is obtained from _________ process of host.

A

Respiration

118
Q

At physiological pH, ammonia is ________ to form _________

A

protonated, NH4+ ions

119
Q

Most plants can assimilate both nitrates as well as ammonium ions. T or F?

A

True

120
Q

Ammonium ions are quite toxic to plants, cannot accumulate in them and are hence used to synthesise _________

A

amino acids

121
Q

Two ways to use ammonium ions to synthesise amino acids?

A
  1. Reductive amination - ammonia reacts with alpha-ketoglutaric acid to form glutamic acid
  2. Transamination - transfer of amino group from one amino acid to keto group of a keto acid.
122
Q

_______ is the main amino acid from which transfer of NH2, the amino group takes place.

A

Glutamic acid

123
Q

Enzyme ______ catalyzes all reactions in transamination

A

transaminase

124
Q

The two most important amides in plants are ____ and ______. What function do they play?

A

asparagine, glutamine;

structural parts of proteins

125
Q

Asparagine is the amide formed from _______; glutamine from _______ by addition of ________

A

aspartic acid;
glutamic acid;
another amino group

126
Q

The hydroxyl part of glutamic or aspartic acid is replaced by ___________ in formation of amides.

A

Another NH2- radicle

127
Q

Why are amides transported to other parts of plants via xylem?

A

Since they contain more nitrogen than amino acids

128
Q

Along with transpiration stream, nodules of some plants like soyabean export the fixed nitrogen as _______ which have a particularly high nitrogen to ____ ratio.

A

ureides, carbon

129
Q

Not all minerals absorbed are required by plants. T or F?

A

True

130
Q

Nitrogen fixation requires a strong oxidising agent and energy in the form of ATP. T or F?

A

False, strong reducing agent

Biology (NCERT) - Class XI (23 decks)

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