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Biology (NCERT) - Class XI > XI Chap 6 Plant Anatomy > Flashcards

XI Chap 6 Plant Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Study of internal structure of plants is called ___________

A

anatomy

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2
Q

Within angiosperms, monocots and dicots are seen to be anatomically different. T or F?

A

True

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3
Q

Define tissue

A

group of cells,
common origin,
performing a common function

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4
Q

Two main groups of plant tissues?

This difference is on the basis of ___________

A

Meristematic
Permanent

On the basis of whether cells are capable of dividing or not

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5
Q

Growth in plants is largely restricted to ___________ regions of active cell division called ___________

A

specialised, meristems

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6
Q

Meristos in ___________ (Latin/Greek) literally means ___________

A

Greek, divided

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7
Q

Meristems which occur at the tips of ___________ and ___________ and produce ___________ tissues are called apical meristems.

A

roots, shoots, primary

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8
Q

Shoot apical meristem occupies the ___________ region of the stem axis

A

distant most

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9
Q

During formation of leaves and elongation of stems, some cells ‘left behind’ from shoot apical meristem constitute the ___________

A

axillary bud

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10
Q

Axillary buds are present in the ___________ of leaves.

A

axils

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11
Q

Axillary buds are capable of forming branches or flowers. T or F?

A

True

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12
Q

What is the intercalary meristem?

A

meristem which occurs between mature tissues

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13
Q

___________ meristem occurs in grasses and regenerates parts removed by the grazing herbivores

A

Intercalary

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14
Q

Both ___________ meristems and ___________ meristems are primary meristems.

Why?

A

apical, intercalary

because they appear early in life of plant and contribute to formation of primary plant body

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15
Q

Meristem that occurs in mature regions of roots and shoots are called ___________ or ___________ meristem

A

secondary, lateral

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16
Q

Primary meristems appear later than secondary meristems. T or F?

A

False, other way around

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17
Q

Secondary and lateral meristems are cylindrical meristems. T or F?

A

True

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18
Q

Examples of lateral meristems?

A

Fascicular vascular cambium,
interfascicular cambium,
cork-cambium

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19
Q

Lateral meristems are responsible for producing ___________ tissues

A

secondary

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20
Q

Following divisions of cells in BOTH primary and secondary meristems, the newly formed cells become structurally and functionally specialised and lose the ability to divide. T or F?

A

True

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21
Q

___________ or ___________ cells lose the ability to divide and constitute permanent tissues.

A

Permanent, mature

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22
Q

During the formation of the primary plant body, specific regions of the apical meristem produce ___________, ___________ and ___________ tissues

A

dermal, ground, vascular

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23
Q

Cells of permanent tissues do not generally divide further. T or F?

A

True

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24
Q

Permanent tissues having all cells similar in structure and function are called ___________

A

simple tissues

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25
Q

Permanent tissues having many different types of cells are called ___________

A

complex tissues

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26
Q

Various simple tissues in plants are: (3)

A

parenchyma,
collenchyma,
sclerenchyma

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27
Q

___________ forms the major component within organs

A

Parenchyma

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28
Q

Cells of parenchyma are generally ___________

A

isodiametric

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29
Q

Parenchyma may be spherical, oval, round, polygonal or elongated in shape. T or F?

A

True

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30
Q

Parenchyma walls are ___________ (thin/thick) and made of ___________

A

thin, cellulose

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31
Q

Parenchyma may be closely packed or have small intercellular spaces. T or F?

A

True

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32
Q

Parenchyma functions: (3)

A

photosynthesis,
storage,
secretion

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33
Q

Collenchyma occurs in layers below the ___________ in most of the ___________ plants

A

epidermis, dicot

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34
Q

Collenchyma is found either as a homogeneous layer or in patches. T or F?

A

True

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35
Q

Collenchyma consists of cells which are ___________ (thin/thick)

Explain

A

Thick at the corners, due to deposition of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin

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36
Q

Parenchymatous cells may be oval, spherical or polygonal in shape and often contain chloroplasts. T or F?

A

False, Collenchymatous cells

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37
Q

Like parenchyma, intercellular spaces may be present in collenchyma. T or F?

A

False, in collenchyma intercellular spaces absent

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38
Q

Function of collenchyma?

A

Mechanical support to growing parts of the plant

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39
Q

___________ consists of long, narrow cells with thick and lignified cell walls having few or numerous pits

A

Sclerenchyma

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40
Q

___________ cells are usually dead or without protoplasts

A

Sclerenchyma

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41
Q

Sclerenchyma may be fibres or sclereids on the basis of variation in ___________, ___________ and ___________

A

structure, origin and development

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42
Q

Fibres are ___________ (thin/thick-walled), ___________ (short/elongated) and ___________ (blunt/pointed)

A

thick-walled, elongated, pointed

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43
Q

Fibre sclerenchyma generally occur in groups in various parts of plants. T or F?

A

True

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44
Q

Sclereids are spherical, oval or cylindrical in shape, highly ___________ (thin/thickened) dead cells with ___________ (narrow/large) cavities called ___________

A

thickened, narrow, lumen

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45
Q

Sclereids are commonly found in? (4)

A

fruit walls of nuts,
pulp of guava, pear, sapota
legumes,
leaves of tea

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46
Q

___________ provides mechanical support to organs

A

Sclerenchyma

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47
Q

Complex tissues are made of multiple cells of the same type that work together as a unit. T or F?

A

False, multiple cells of different types, rest is correct

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48
Q

What are the 2 complex tissues in plants?

A

Xylem, phloem

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49
Q

Xylem functions as a ___________ tissue for water and minerals from roots to stems/leaves.

A

conducting

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50
Q

Xylem provides ___________ strength to plant parts.

A

mechanical

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51
Q

Xylem is composed of how many elements? They are?

A

4,

tracheids, vessels, xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma

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52
Q

___________ lack vessels in their xylem

angiosperms, gymnosperms

A

Gymnosperms

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53
Q

___________ are elongated / tube-like cells with thick and lignified walls and tapering ends.

A

Tracheids

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54
Q

Tracheids are ___________ (alive/dead) and ___________ (with/without) protoplasm

A

dead, without

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55
Q

Inner layers of cell walls of tracheids have ___________ which vary in form.

A

thickenings

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56
Q

In angiosperms, ___________ and ___________ are the main water transporting elements.

A

Tracheids, vessels

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57
Q

___________ is a long cylindrical tube-like structure made up of many cells, each with lignified walls and large central cavity.

A

Vessels

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58
Q

Vessel cells are called ___________

A

vessel members

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59
Q

Vessel cells are ___________ (with/without) protoplasm

A

without

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60
Q

Vessel members are interconnected through ___________

A

perforations in their common walls

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61
Q

Presence of vessels is a characteristic feature of ___________

angiosperms, gymnosperms

A

angiosperms

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62
Q

Part of xylem that ___________ have highly thickened walls and obliterated central lumens

A

Xylem fibres

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63
Q

Xylem fibres are always aseptate. T or F?

A

False, they may be septate or aseptate

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64
Q

Part of the xylem that is living and thin-walled and their cell walls are made up of cellulose

A

Xylem parenchyma

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65
Q

Xylem parenchyma store food materials in the form of ___________ or ___________ and other substances like ___________

A

starch, fat, tannins

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66
Q

Radial conduction of water takes place by the ___________ cells

A

ray parenchymatous

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67
Q

Primary xylem is of two types: ___________ and ___________

A

protoxylem, metaxylem

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68
Q

The first formed primary xylem elements are called protoxylem and later formed secondary xylem elements are called metaxylem. T or F?

A

False, metaxylem is later formed but also PRIMARY XYLEM element

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69
Q

Endarch vs. exarch?

A

Endarch - stems, protoxylem lies towards the centre/pith and metaxylem towards the periphery

Exarch - roots, protoxylem lies towards the periphery and metaxylem towards the centre

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70
Q

Phloem transports ___________ usually from ___________ to other parts of the plants

A

food, leaves

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71
Q

In angiosperms, phloem is composed of ___________, ___________, ___________ and ___________

A

sieve tube elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres

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72
Q

In gymnosperms, phloem is composed of ___________ and ___________, lacking ___________ and ___________

A

albuminous cells and sieve cells,

sieve tubes and companion cells

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73
Q

Sieve tube elements are long, tube-like structures, arranged ___________ and associated with ___________

A

longitudinally, companion cells

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74
Q

End walls of sieve tube elements are ___________ in a sieve-like manner to form the ___________

A

perforated, sieve plats

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75
Q

A mature sieve element possesses a ___________ and ___________ but lacks a ___________

A

peripheral cytoplasm,
large vacuole,
nucleus

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76
Q

Functions of sieve tubes are controlled by the ___________

A

nucleus of companion cells

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77
Q

Companion cels are ___________ cells which are closely associated with sieve tube elements

Paren / Collen / scleren?

A

specialised parenchymatous

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78
Q

Sieve tube elements and companion cells are connected by ___________ present between their common ___________ walls

A

pit fields, longitudinal

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79
Q

Companion cells help in maintaining the ___________ in the sieve tube cells

A

pressure gradient

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80
Q

Phloem parenchyma is made up of elongated, tapering cylindrical cells which have ___________ and ___________

A

dense cytoplasm, nucleus

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81
Q

Cell wall of phloem parenchyma is composed of ___________ and has pits through which ___________ connections exist between the cells

A

cellulose, plasmodesmatal

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82
Q

The phloem parenchyma stores ___________ and substances like. ___________, ___________ and ___________

A

food material,
resins,
latex,
mucilage

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83
Q

Phloem parenchyma is absent in most of the dicots. T or F?

A

False, absent in most of monocots

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84
Q

Phloem fibres aka ___________ fibres are made up of ___________ cells

A

bast, sclerenchymatous

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85
Q

Phloem fibres are generally absent in the ___________ phloem but are found in the ___________ phloem

(primary, secondary)

A

primary, secondary

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86
Q

Phloem fibres are much elongated, unbranched and pointed, needle-like ___________

A

apices

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87
Q

Cell wall of phloem fibres is ___________ (thin/thick)

A

thick

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88
Q

At maturity, phloem fibres lose their ___________ and become dead

A

protoplasm

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89
Q

Phloem fibres of ___________, ___________ and ___________ are used commercially

A

jute, flax, hemp

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90
Q

First formed primary phloem consists of ___________ and is referred to as ___________ and the later formed phloem has ___________ and is referred to as ___________

A

narrow sieve tubes, protophloem

bigger sieve tubes, metaphloem

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91
Q

What are the different types of tissues based on location?

A
  1. Epidermal tissue system
  2. Ground/fundamental tissue system
  3. Vascular/conducting tissue system
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92
Q

___________ tissue system forms the outer-most covering of the whole plant body

A

epidermal tissue system

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93
Q

Epidermal tissue system comprises ___________ cells, ___________ and the epidermal appendages - ___________ and ___________

A

epidermal, stomata, trichomes, hairs

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94
Q

The ___________ is the outermost layer of the plant body

A

epidermis

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95
Q

___________ is made up of elongated, compactly arranged cells which form a continuous layer

A

epidermis

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96
Q

Epidermis is usually multi-layered. T or F?

A

False, single-layered

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97
Q

Epidermal cells are ___________ cells with a small amount of ___________ lining the cell wall and a large ___________

A

parenchymatous, cytoplasm, vacuole

98
Q

Outside of epidermis is often covered with a ___________ layer called the ___________

A

waxy thick layer, cuticle

99
Q

Cuticle of epidermis prevents ___________

A

loss of water

100
Q

Cuticle is present in the entire plant body, including the roots. T or F?

A

False, absent in roots

101
Q

___________ are structures present in the epidermis of leaves

A

Stomata

102
Q

Stomata regulate the process of ___________ and ___________

A

transpiration, gaseous exchange

103
Q

Each stoma is composed of two bean-shaped cells known as ___________ cells which enclose stomatal pore

A

guard

104
Q

In grasses, the guard cells are ___________ shaped

A

dumb-bell

105
Q

The outer walls of the guard cells are ___________ (towards / away) from the stomatal pore and are ___________ (thin/thick)

A

away, thin

106
Q

The inner walls of the guard cells are ___________ (towards / away) from the stomatal pore and are ___________ (thin/thick)

A

towards, highly thickened

107
Q

Guard cells possess ___________ and regulate the opening and closing of ___________

A

chloroplasts, stomata

108
Q

Sometimes a few ___________ cells in the vicinity of the guard cells become specialized in their shape and size and are known as ___________ cells

A

epidermal, subsidiary

109
Q

___________, ___________ and ___________ together are called stomatal apparatus

A

Stomatal aperture, guard cells, subsidiary cells

110
Q

Cell of epidermis bear a number of ___________

A

hairs

111
Q

Root hairs are ___________ elongations of the epidermal cells

A

unicellular

112
Q

On the stem, epidermal hairs are called ___________

A

trichomes

113
Q

Trichomes are:
___________ (unicellular / multicellular), ___________ (branched / unbranched),
___________ (soft / stiff)

A

multicellular,
either branched or unbranched,
either soft or stiff

114
Q

Trichomes may be secretory and help in preventing water loss due to transpiration. T or F?

A

True

115
Q

All tissues except ___________ and ___________ constitute the ground tissue

A

episermis, vascular bundles

116
Q

Ground Tissue system consists of simple tissues such as ___________, ___________ and___________

A

parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma

117
Q

Paranchymatous cells are usually present in the ___________, ___________, ___________ and ___________ in primary stems and roots

A

cortex, pericycle, pith and medullary rays

118
Q

In leaves, ground tissue consists of ___________ (thin/thick-walled) chloroplast containing cells and is called ___________

A

thin-walled, mesophyll

119
Q

Vascular system consists of ___________ and ___________

A

phloem, xylem

120
Q

Xylem and phloem together constitute ___________

A

vascular bundles

121
Q

In dicot stems, ___________ is present between phloem an xylem

A

cambium

122
Q

Dicot stem vascular bundles are also called ___________ bundles.

Why?

A

open vascular bundles,

because of presence of cambium => possess ability to form secondary xylem and phloem tissues

123
Q

Monocot vascular bundles are referred to as ___________ (open/closed).

Why?

A

closed

Do not have cambium => do not form secondary tissues

124
Q

Radial vs. conjoint vascular bundles? Examples?

A

Radial - xylem and phloem arranged in alternate manner along different radii
e.g. roots

Conjoint - xylem and phloem are jointly situated along same radius
e.g. stems, leaves

125
Q

Conjoint vascular bundles can be open i.e. with ___________ or closed i.e. without ___________

A

cambium, cambium

126
Q

Conjoint vascular bundles usually have ___________ located only on the outer side of the ___________

xylem/phloem

A

phloem, xylem

127
Q

Sunflower root is an example of ___________ root (monocot / dicot)

A

dicot

128
Q

Outermost layer of dicot root is ___________

A

epiblema

129
Q

Cells of epiblema protrude in the form of ___________ (unicellular/multicellular) root hairs

A

unicellular

130
Q

Cortex of dicot root consists of several layers of ___________ cells ___________ (with/without) intercellular spaces.

A

thin-walled parenchyma,

with

131
Q

Innermost layer of dicot root cortex is called ___________

A

endodermis

132
Q

Endodermis comprises a single-layer of _______-shaped cells ___________ (with/without) intercellular spaces

A

barrel, without

133
Q

___________ as well as ___________ walls of endodermal cells of dicot root have deposits of suberin.

A

Tangential, radial

134
Q

Suberin is:
___________ (water permeable/impermeable)
___________ (waxy / rough)
stored in the dicot root endodermal cell walls as ___________

A

water impermeable,
waxy,
casparian strips

135
Q

Next to endodermis lies a few layers of ___________ (thin/thick-walled) parenchyomatous cells referred to as ___________

A

thick, pericycle

136
Q

Initiation of lateral roots and vascular cambium during the secondary growth takes place in ___________

A

pericycle

137
Q

The ___________ of dicot root is small or inconspicuous

A

pith

138
Q

The parenchymatous cells which lie between the xylem and phloem are called ___________

A

conjunctive tissue

139
Q

There are usually ___________ (how many?) zylem and phloem patches in dicot root?

A

2-4

140
Q

Later in dicot root, a ___________ develops between xylem and phloem

A

cambium ring

141
Q

All tissues on the innerside of the endodermis such as pericycle, vascular bundles, and pith constitute the ___________

A

stele

142
Q

The anatomy of the monocot root is similar to the dicot root in many aspects. T or F?

A

True

143
Q

Monocot root, like dicot root, has epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundles and pith. T or F?

A

True

144
Q

What’s unique to monocot root when compared to dicot root?

A
  1. more than 6 (polyarch) xylem bundles
  2. pith is large and well-developed
  3. no secondary growth
145
Q

Transverse section of a typical young dicot stems shows that ___________ is the outermost protective layer

A

epidermis

146
Q

Dicot stem epidermis is covered with a thin layer of cuticle, may bear trichomes and few stomata. T or F?

A

True

147
Q

Cells in dicot stem arranged in multiple layers between ___________ and ___________ constitute the cortex

A

epidermis, pericycle

148
Q

What are the 3 sub-zones of the dicot stem cortex?

A
  1. hypodermis
  2. cortical layers
  3. endodermis
149
Q

Hypodermis is the ___________ (inner/outer) zone of the cortex and consists of a few layers of ___________ cells, which provide ___________ to the young stem

A

outer, collenchymatous, mechanical strength

150
Q

Cortical layers below ___________ consists of rounded thin-walled ___________ cells ___________ (with/without) intercellular spaces

A

hypodermis, parenchymatous, with conspicuous

151
Q

Innermost layer of the dicot stem cortex is called the ___________

A

endodermis

152
Q

Cells of dicot stem endodermis are rich in ___________ and the layer is also referred to as the ___________

A

starch grains, starch sheath

153
Q

___________ is present on the inner side of the endodermis in dicot stem

A

Pericycle

154
Q

In dicot stem, pericycle is present above the ___________ in the form of semi-lunar patches of ___________

A

phloem, sclerenchyma

155
Q

In between the vascular bundles of dicot stem, there are a few layers of radially placed parenchymatous cells which constitute ___________

A

medullary rays

156
Q

A large number of vascular bundles are arranged in a ___________ - a characteristic of dicot stem

A

ring

157
Q

Each vascular bundle in dicot stem is ___________ (radial / conjoint)
___________ (open / closed)
and with ___________ (endarch / exarch) protoxylem

A

conjoint, open, endarch

158
Q

A large number of rounded, parenchymatous cells with large intercellular spaces which occupy the central portion of the stem constitute the ___________

A

pith

159
Q

The monocot stem has ___________ hypodermis

A

sclerenchymatous

160
Q

The monocot stem has a large number of ___________ vascular bundles, each surrounded by a ___________

A

scattered, sclerenchymatous bundle sheath

161
Q

Monocot stem has a large, conspicuous parenchymatous ___________

A

ground tissue

162
Q

Vascular bundles in monocot stem are ___________ (radial / conjoint) and ___________ (open / closed)

A

conjoint and closed

163
Q

In monocot stems, centrally located vascular bundles are generally smaller than the peripheral ones. T or F?

A

False, other way around

164
Q

Phloem parenchyma is ___________ (present / absent) in monocot stem

A

absent

165
Q

______-containing cavities are present within the vascular bundles of monocot stem

A

water

166
Q

Vertical section of dorsiventral leaf shows three parts:

A

epidermis
mesophyll
vascular system

167
Q

Epidermis of dicot leaf covers both the upper surface aka ___________ and the lower surface aka ___________

A

adaxial epidermis,

abaxial epidermis

168
Q

Epidermis of dicot leaf has a conspicuous cuticle. T or F?

A

True

169
Q

___________ epidermis generally bears more stomata than ___________ epidermis

(abaxial / adaxial)

A

abaxial, adaxial

170
Q

Adaxial epidermis may even lack stomata. T or F?

A

True

171
Q

Tissue between the upper and lower epidermis of dicot leaf is called ___________

A

mesophyll

172
Q

Dicot leaf is aka ___________ leaf whereas monocot leaf is aka ___________

A

dorsiventral, isobilateral

173
Q

Mesophyll is made of up ___________ cells

A

parenchyma

174
Q

What are the two types of cells in mesophyll?

A
  1. palisade parenchyma

2. spongy parenchyma

175
Q

The ___________ (abaxially/adaxially) placed palisade parenchyma is made up of elongated cells, arranged vertically and parallel to each other

A

adaxially

176
Q

The oval or round and loose arranged ___________ is situated below the palisade cells

A

spongy parenchyma

177
Q

Spongy parenchyma extends to the ___________

A

lower epidermis

178
Q

There are numerous large spaces and air cavities between the spongy mesophyll cells. T or F?

A

True

179
Q

Vascular system can be seen in the ___________ and ___________ of the dorsiventral leaf

A

veins, midrib

180
Q

Size of vascular bundles in dorsiventral leaf is dependent on the size of the ___________

A

veins

181
Q

The reticulate venation of dicot leaves ensure veins of similar thickness. T or F?

A

False, varying thickness

182
Q

Vascular bundles of dorsiventral leaf are surrounded by layer of ___________ (thin/thick-walled) ___________ cells

A

thick-walled, bundle sheath cells

183
Q

Anatomy of isobilateral leaf is similar to that of the dorsiventral leaf in many ways. T or F?

A

True

184
Q

In an isobilateral leaf, stomata are present on both the surfaces of the epidermis. T or F?

A

True

185
Q

Mesophyll in monocot leaf is not differentiated into palisade and spongy. T or F?

A

True

186
Q

In grasses (monocot) certain adaxial epidermal cells along the veins modify themselves into large, empty, colourless cells called ___________

A

bulliform cells

187
Q

When bulliform cells have absorbed water and are ___________, the leaf surface is ___________

A

turgid, exposed

188
Q

When bulliform cells are ___________ due to water stress, they make the leaves ___________ to minimize water loss

A

flaccid, curl inwards

189
Q

Parallel venation in monocot leaves is reflected in the near similar sizes of vascular bundles except in ___________

A

main veins

190
Q

Growth of roots and stems in length with the help of apical meristem is called ___________

A

primary growth

191
Q

Apart from primary growth, most dicot plants exhibit an increase in ___________ called secondary growth

A

girth

192
Q

Tissues involved in secondary growth are:

A

two lateral meristems,
vascular cambium,
cork cambium

193
Q

Meristematic layer that is responsible for cutting off vascular tissues is called ___________

A

vascular cambium

194
Q

In the young stem vascular cambium is present in ___________ as a single layer between the ___________ and ___________

A

patches, xylem, phloem

195
Q

Intrafascicular vs. Interfascicular cambium

A

InTRAfascicular: in dicot stems, cambium between primary xylem and primary phloem

InTERfascicular: in dicot stems, cells of medullary rays adjoining inTRAfascicular cambium becomes meristematic and forms inTERfascicular cambium

196
Q

When cambial ring becomes active, it cuts off new cells both towards inner and outer sides. T or F?

A

True

197
Q

Cells cut off towards pith mature into ___________.

Cells cut off towards periphery mature into ___________

A

secondary xylem,

secondary phloem

198
Q

Cambium is generally more active on the ___________ (inner / outer) side

A

inner

199
Q

The amount of secondary xylem produced is ___________ (less / more) than the secondary phloem

A

more

200
Q

Secondary xylem forms a ___________ mass

A

compact

201
Q

Primary and secondary ___________ gradually get crushed due to the continued formation of the secondary ___________

A

phloems, xylem

202
Q

Primary xylem remains more or less intact during activity of cambial ring in/around the centre. T or F?

A

True

203
Q

At some places the cambium forms a narrow band of ___________ which passes through the secondary xylem and phloem in the ___________ directions. These are called ___________

A

parenchyma, radial, secondary medullary rays

204
Q

In the spring season, cambium is ___________ (less active / very active) and produces a ___________ (few / large) number of xylary elements that have ___________ (narrow / wide) vessels

A

very active, large, wide

205
Q

Wood formed during active cambium season is called ___________ or ___________

A

spring wood / early wood

206
Q

In the winter season, cambium is ___________ (less active / very active) and produces a ___________ (few / large) number of xylary elements that have ___________ (narrow / wide) vessels

A

less active, few, narrow vessels

207
Q

Wood formed in winter is called __________

A

autumn wood / late wood

208
Q

Spring wood is ___________ (lighter / darker) in colour and has a ___________ (lower / higher) density

A

lighter, lower

209
Q

Autumn wood is ___________ (lighter / darker) in colour and has a ___________ (lower / higher) density

A

darker, higher

210
Q

Two kinds of woods appear as alternate concentric rings constituting a _________ ring

A

annual

211
Q

Annual rings seen in a cut stem give an estimate of _________ of the tree

A

age

212
Q

In old trees, the greater part of _________ (primary / secondary) xylem is dark brown due to the deposition of _________

A

secondary,

organic compounds like tannins, resins, oils, gums, aromatic substances and essential oils

213
Q

Deposited substances in wood make it hard, durable and resistant to attacks of insects. T or F?

A

True

214
Q

What is heartwood?

A

region comprising dead elements with highly lignified walls

215
Q

Heartwood _________ (conducts / does not conduct) water and gives _________ support to the stem

A

doest not conduct, mechanical

216
Q

What is sapwood?

A

Peripheral region of secondary xylem,
lighter in color,
involved in conduction of water / minerals

217
Q

As the stem continues to increase in girth, the _________ and _________ layers get broken and need to be replaced to provide new protective cell layers

A

outer cortical, epidermis

218
Q

What is cork cambium or phellogen?

A

another meristematic tissue,
usually in cortext region
to provide new protective cell layers for the stem

219
Q

Phellogen is how many layers thick?

A

couple

220
Q 
Phellogen is made of 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (narrow / wide) 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (thin-walled / thick-walled)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (shape?) 
cells
A

narrow, thin-walled and nearly rectangular cells

221
Q

Phellogen cuts off cells on both sides. T or F?

A

True

222
Q

With phellogen, outer cells differentiate into _________ or _________ while the inner cells differentiate into _________ or _________

A

cork, phellem

secondary cortex, phelloderm

223
Q

Cork is impervious to water due to _________ in the cell wall

A

suberin deposition

224
Q

Cells of secondary cortex as _________ous

A

parenchymatous

225
Q

_________, _________ and _________ are collectively known as periderm

A

Phellogen,
phellem,
phelloderm

226
Q

Due to activity of _________, pressure builds up on remaining layers peripheral to phellogen and these layers die / slough off.

A

Cork cambium

227
Q

Bark is a non-technical term that refers to _________

A

all tissues exterior to vascular cambium (including secondary phloem)

228
Q

Bark refers to a number of tissue types: _________ and _________

A

periderm, secondary phloem

229
Q

Bark that is formed early in the season is called _________. End of season is called _________

A

early/soft bark,

late/hard bark

230
Q

At certain regions, the phellogen cuts off closely arranged _________ cells on the outer side instead of _________ cells

A

parenchymatous, cork

231
Q

When parenchymatous cells rupture the epidermis, they form a lens-shaped opening called _________

A

lenticel

232
Q

Lenticels permit the exchange of gases between the _________ and _________

A

outer atmosphere, internal tissue of stem

233
Q

Lenticels occur in most _________

A

woody trees

234
Q

In the dicot root, vascular cambium is complete _________ in origin

(primary / secondary)

A

secondary

235
Q

In dicot root, cambium originates from the tissue located just below the _________, a portion of _________, above the _________ forming a complete and continuous wavy ring.

A

phloem bundles, pericycle tissue, protoxylem

236
Q

Secondary growth also occurs in stems and roots of _________

A

gymnosperms

237
Q

Secondary growth also occurs in monocotyledon roots. T or F?

A

False, does not occur in monocots

238
Q

On the basis of presence of _________, location of _________ and _________, vascular bundles are of different types.

A

cambium,

xylem, phloem

239
Q

Monocot and dicot plants differ in _________, _________ and _________ of vascular bundles

A

number, type, location

240
Q

Wood is actually secondary _________

A

xylem

Biology (NCERT) - Class XI (23 decks)

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