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Biology (NCERT) - Class XI > XI Chap 14 Respiration Plants > Flashcards

XI Chap 14 Respiration Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

The process of breathing is very much connected to the process of _____________

A

release of energy from food

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2
Q

Only _______ and _______ can prepare their own food

A

green plants, cyanobacteria

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3
Q

Only cells containing __________ located in __________ layers photosynthesize

A

chloroplasts, superficial layers

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4
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Mechanism of breakdown of food materials
within the cell
to release energy
and trapping of this energy for synthesis of ATP

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5
Q

In eukaryotes, photosynthesis takes place in __________, whereas breakdown of complex molecules to yield energy takes place in __________ and __________.

A

chloroplasts

cytoplasm, mitochondria

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6
Q

What is respiration?

A

Breaking of C-C bonds of complex compounds through oxidation within cells, release of considerable amount of energy

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7
Q

What are respiratory substrates?

A

Compounds that are oxidised during respiration

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8
Q

What are the possible respiratory substrates? Which are most common?

A

Carbohydrates (most common)
Proteins
Fats
Organic acids

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9
Q

During oxidation in a cell, all the energy contained in respiratory substrates is released free into the cell in a single step. T or F?

A

False, released is a series of slow step-wise reactions and trapped as chemical energy (ATP)

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10
Q

Energy released by oxidation in respiration can be used directly in dire circumstances whereby plant is unable to photosynthesize. T or F?

A

False, cannot be used directly

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11
Q

_______ acts as energy currency of the cell

A

ATP

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12
Q

Plants have no specialised organs for gaseous exchange but they have _____ and _______

A

stomata and lenticels

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13
Q

How can plants get along without respiratory organs?

A
  1. each part plant takes care of its own gas exchange needs
  2. plants do not have great demands for gas exchange
  3. distance that gases must diffuse even in large, bulky plants is not great
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14
Q

Each living cell in a plant is located quite close to the surface of the plant. T or F?

A

True

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15
Q

Why is O2 not a problem when cells photosynthesize?

A

Because O2 is released in within the cells

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16
Q

What are lenticels?

A

Openings in thick, woody parts of plant

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17
Q

Cells on interior of a stem or trunk are dead and only provide mechanical support. T or F?

A

True

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18
Q

Loose packing of _________ cells in leaves, stems and roots provide an interconnected network of _________

A

parenchyma, air spaces

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19
Q

What equation shows the complete combustion of glucose in plants?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ———> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

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20
Q

Most of the energy yielded during combustion of glucose is given out as heat. T or F?

A

True

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21
Q

Plant cell catabolises the glucose molecule such that not all liberated energy goes out as heat at once (several small steps). T or F?

A

True

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22
Q

The first cells on this planet lived in an atmosphere rich with oxygen. T or F?

A

False, that lacked oxygen

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23
Q

Facultative vs. obligate anaerobes?

A

Facultative - can choose to live in anaerobic conditions

Obligate - have to live in anaerobic conditions

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24
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

partially oxidise glucose without help of oxygen to pyruvic acid, all living organisms are capable of this

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25
Q

glycos means ?

lysis means ?

A

sugar, splitting

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26
Q

Scheme of glycolysis was given by ________ and is often referred to as the _______ pathway

A

Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and J. Parnas

EMP pathway

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27
Q

In anaerobic organisms, glycolysis is the only process in respiration. T or F?

A

True

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28
Q

Glycolysis occurs in the ______ of the cell

A

Cytoplasm

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29
Q

Glucose undergoes _________ oxidation to form ____ molecules of pyruvic acid in glycolysis.

A

partial, 2 molecules

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30
Q

In plants glucose is derived from _______, the end product of photosynthesis or from storage ___________

A

sucrose, carbohydrates

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31
Q

During glycolysis,

Sucrose is converted into ______ and _______ by the enzyme ________

A

glucose, fructose, invertase

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32
Q

Glucose and fructose are polysaccharides. T or F?

A

False

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33
Q

In glycolysis, Glucose and fructose are __________ to give rise to glucose-6-phosphate by the enzyme ___________

A

phosphorylated, hexokinase

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34
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate _________ to form fructose-6-phosphate

A

isomerises

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35
Q

In glycolysis a chain of ____ (how many?) reactions take place under the control of ______ (same or different) enzyme(s).

A

10, different

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36
Q

During glycolysis,

Fructose-6-phosphate is converted to ___________

A

Fructose1,6-biphosphate

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37
Q

During glycolysis,

Fructose1,6-biphosphate is split into ______ and _________

A

dihydroxyacetone phosphate (triose phosphate) and 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL)

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38
Q

During glycolysis,

PGAL is oxidised with inorganic phosphate to get converted into _________

A

1,3 biphosphoglyceric acid (BPGA)

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39
Q

During glycolysis,

BPGA is converted to ____________

A

3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA)

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40
Q

During glycolysis,

PGA is converted into _________

A

2-phosphoglycerate

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41
Q

During glycolysis,

2-phosphoglycerate is converted into ________

A

phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

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42
Q

During glycolysis,

PEP is converted to _________

A

pyruvic acid

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43
Q

Which are the energy utilising steps of glycolysis?

A

Glucose to glucose 6-phosphate

fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1, 6-biphosphate

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44
Q

What are the energy yielding steps of glycolysis?

A

BPGA -> PGA
PEP to pyruvic acid (final step)

energy is trapped in the form of ATPs

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45
Q

Where is NADH + H+ formed during glycolysis?

A

When PGAL -> BPGA

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46
Q

During glycolysis, two ________ are removed in the form of 2 hydrogen atoms from PGAL and transferred to a molecule of _______

A

redox-equivalents, NAD+

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47
Q

Metabolic fate of pyruvate depends on availability of oxygen, organism and cellular need. T or F?

A

True

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48
Q

What are the 3 major ways different cells handle pyruvic acid?

A
  1. lactic acid fermentation
  2. alcoholic fermentation
  3. aerobic respiration
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49
Q

Fermentation takes place under anaerobic conditions in ________

A

many prokaryotes, unicellular eukaryotes and germinating seeds

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50
Q

For complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 + H2O, organisms adopt the ________ cycle aka __________

A

Kreb’s, aerobic respiration

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51
Q

The enzymes _______ and _________ catalyse conversion of pyruvic acid to CO2 and ethanol in yeast.

A

pyruvic acid decarboxylase,

alcohol dehydrogenase

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52
Q

Some bacteria produce ________ from pyruvic acid.

A

Lactic acid

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53
Q

In animal muscles when oxygen is inadequate for cellular respiration during exercise, pyruvic acid is reduced to __________ by enzyme ___________

A

lactic acid, lactate dehydrogenase

54
Q

In formation of lactic acid or ethanol from pyruvic acid, the reducing agent is ________ which is _________ to NAD+

A

NADH + H+

reoxidised

55
Q

In both lactic acid and alcohol fermentation, significant energy is released. T or F?

A

False, less than 7% of energy in glucose, and not all trapped as ATP

56
Q

The process of producing lactic acid or alcohol from glucose is hazardous. T or F?

A

True

57
Q

Yeasts poison themselves to death when the concentration of alcohol reaches about _____%

A

13%

58
Q

__________ is the process that leads to complete oxidation of organic substances.

A

Aerobic respiration

59
Q

In eukaryotes, aerobic respiration takes place within the ____________

A

mitochondria

60
Q

Aerobic respiration releases _____, _____ and ________

A

CO2, water, and large amounts of energy

61
Q

________ type of respiration is more common in higher organisms

A

Aerobic

62
Q

For aerobic respiration to take place, the final product of glycolysis, ________, is transported from the _________ to the _________

A

pyruvate, cytoplasm, mitochondria

63
Q

What are the crucial events in aerobic respiration?

A
  1. Link reaction + Kreb’s cycle: complete oxidation of pyruvate by stepwise removal of all hydrogen atoms, leaving 3 molecules of CO2
  2. Electron transport system + Oxidative phosphorylation: Passing on of electrons removed as part of hydrogen atoms to molecular O2 with simultaneous synthesis of ATP
64
Q

Complete oxidation of pyruvate including stepwise removal of all hydrogen atoms takes place in the ______ of the mitochondria.

A

matrix

65
Q

Passing on of electrons to O2 and synthesis of ATP takes place in the ________ of the mitochondria

A

inner membrane

66
Q

Pyruvate is formed by the glycolytic catabolism of carbohydrates in the cytosol. T or F?

A

True

67
Q

After pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix it undergoes ____________ catalysed by _____________

A

oxidative decarboxylation, pyruvic dehydrogenase

68
Q

Oxidation of pyruvate requires participation of several coenzymes such as ?

A

NAD+ and Coenzyme A

mg2+?

69
Q

Chemical reaction for link reaction of aerobic respiration?

A

Pyruvic acid + CoA + NAD+
—-Mg2+, Pyruvate dehydrogenase—->
Acetyle CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+

70
Q

During linked reaction of aerobic respiration ___ molecules of NADH are produced from the metabolism of 1 molecule of glucose (i.e. _____ molecules of pyruvic acid)

A

2, 2

71
Q

What happens to acetyl CoA after aerobic respiration?

A

enters kreb’s cycle

72
Q

Kreb’s cycle is named after _________ and is aka _________ (2)

A

Hans Krebs,

tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) OR citric acid cycle

73
Q

TCA cycle starts with condensation of _______ with ______ and _______ to yield _______

A

acetyl group, oxaloacetic acid, water, citric acid

74
Q

The condensation of acetyl group in TCA is catalysed by the enzyme _______ and _______ is released

A

citrate synthase, CoA

75
Q

In TCA cycle,

Citrate is isomerised to __________

A

isocitrate

76
Q

In TCA cycle,

formation of isocitrate is followed by ________ leading to the formation of __________ and then _______

A

2 successive steps of decarboxylation, alpha-ketoglutaric acid,
succinyl CoA

77
Q

In TCA cycle,

succinyl-CoA is oxidised to ______ allowing the cycle to continue

A

OAA

78
Q

In TCA cycle,

conversion of ______ to __________ involves a molecule of GTP being released.

A

succinyl CoA, succinic acid

79
Q

When succinyl-CoA is converted to succinic acid, it is aka ____________

A

substrate level phosphorylation

80
Q

In TCA cycle,

in a coupled reaction, GTP is converted to _____ with simultaneous synthesis of _______

A

GDP, ATP from ADP

81
Q

There are _______ (how many?) point(s) in the Kreb’s cycle where NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+

A

3

82
Q

There are _______ (how many?) point(s) in the Kreb’s cycle where FAD+ is reduced to FADH2

A

1

83
Q

Continued oxidation of _________ in the Kreb’s cycle requires the continuous replenishment of _______

A 
acetyl CoA,
oxaloacetic acid (OAA)
84
Q

_________ is the first member of the Kreb’s cycle

A

OAA

85
Q

Continuation of TCA cycle requires replenishment of not just OAA but also NADH + H+ and FADH2. T or F?

A

False, requires replenishment of NAD+ and FAD+

86
Q

Summary equation of Kreb’s cycle?

A

Pyruvic acid + 4NAD+ FAD+ 2H2O + ADP + Pi ——Mitochondrial matrix—–> 3CO2 + 4NADH + 4H+ + FADH2 + ATP

87
Q

Glucose breaks down to release how many molecules of ATP in TCA cycle (directly)?

A

2 molecules of ATP (since 1 glucose => 2 pyruvate and 1 pyruvate => 1 molecule of ATP)

88
Q

Glucose breaks down to release how many molecules of CO2 in TCA cycle?
NADH + H+?
FADH2?

A

6, 8, 2

89
Q

ETS and Oxidative phophorylation serve to release and utilize energy stored in _____ and _____

A

NADH + H+

FADH2

90
Q

___________________ are oxidised through the electron transport system and the electrons are passed on to _________ resulting in the formation of ______

A

NADH+H+ AND FADH2,
O2,
H2O

91
Q

What is electron transport system?

A

Metabolic pathway through which electron passes from one carrier to another

92
Q

ETS is present in ___________

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

93
Q

Electrons from NADH produced in the mitochondrial matrix during citric acid cycle are __________ by __________ and electrons are then transferred to __________ located within the _________

A

oxidised, NADH dehydrogenase (complex I),

ubiquinone, inner membrane

94
Q

Ubiquinone also receives reducing equivalents via _________ generated during oxidation of ______ in the citric acid cycle

A

FADH2 (complex II), succinate

95
Q

The reduced ubiquinone (aka _________) is then _________ with the transfer of electrons to ________ via _____________

A

ubiquinol, oxidised, cytochrome c (compkex IV) via cytochrome bc1 complex (complex III)

96
Q

Cytochrome c is a small _____ attached to the ________ surface of the inner membrane and acts as a mobile carrier for transfer of electrons between complex ______ and complex ____

A

protein, outer, complex III and IV

97
Q

Complex IV refers to ______________ containing cytochromes ____ and _____ and two copper centres

A

cytochrome c oxidase complex, a, a3

98
Q

When electrons pass from one carrier to another from complex I to IV, they are coupled to _________ for production of ATP from ______ and ______

A 
ATP synthase (complex V), 
ADP and inorganic phosphate
99
Q

Number of ATP molecules synthesized in ETS depends on _________

A

nature of the electron donor

100
Q

Oxidation of 1 molecule of NADH gives rise to ______ molecules of ATP,
1 molecule of FADH2 produces _____ molecules of ATP

A

3, 2

101
Q

Role of oxygen in aerobic process is limited to ______ stage

A

terminal

102
Q

Why is presence of oxygen in aerobic respiration vital?

A

Removes hydrogen from the system i.e. acts as the final hydrogen acceptor

103
Q

In photophosphorylation, _____ is used for production of proton gradient

A

light energy

104
Q

In respiration, _____ is used for production of proton gradient

A

energy of oxidation-reduction

105
Q

Why is aerobic respiration aka oxidative phosphorylation?

A

since energy of redox (not light) results in creation of proton gradient

106
Q

ATP synthase consists of 2 components:

A

F1 (headpiece) and F0 (channel)

107
Q

F1 headpiece of ATP synthase is a _________ complex and contains the site for _________

A

peripheral membrane protein complex,

synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

108
Q

F0 is a ________ complex that forms the channel through which _________ cross the inner membrane

A

integral membrane protein complex,

protons

109
Q

For each ATP produced, ______ H+ ions pass through F0 from ________ to _______

A

4, intermembrane space, matrix

110
Q

We know the exact actual net gain of ATP for every glucose molecule oxidised. It is 38 ATP molecules. T or F?

A

False, number of ATP is correct but calculations are a theoretical exercise

111
Q

What are the assumptions underlying the respiratory balance sheet?

A
  1. Sequential, orderly pathway functioning - one substrate forms the next - glycolysis, TCA cycle and ETS pathway follow in that order
  2. NADH synthesized in glycolysis is transferred into mitochondria and undergoes oxidative phosphorylation
  3. None of the intermediates in pathway are utilized to synthesize any other compound
  4. Only glucose is being respired, no other alternative substrates entering pathway at any stage
112
Q

The assumptions underlying our calculation of number of ATP synthesized per molecule of glucose are not really valid in a living system. T or F?

A

True, pathways work simultaneously, substrates enter and withdraw, etc.

113
Q

How many ATP molecules are gained during aerobic respiration of 1 glucose molecule?

A

38

114
Q

Fermentation vs. aerobic respiration?

A

Fermentation - partial breakdown of glucose, produces pyruvic acid, net gain of only 2 ATP, NADH oxidized to NAD+ very slowly

Aerobic - complete breakdown of glucose, produces CO2 and H2O, many ATP (~38), vigorous oxidation of NADH

115
Q

____________ is the favored substrate for respiration

A

Glucose

116
Q
  1. All carbohydrates are first converted into glucose before respiration.
  2. No other substrates can be respired.

T or F?

A

1 - True

2 - False, glucose is preferred but others can be respired

117
Q

If fats are respired, they would need to be broken down into _______ and _______ first.

A

fatty acids and glycerol

118
Q

Fatty acids are first degraded to ______ to enter the pathway.

A

acetyl CoA

119
Q

Glycerol is first degraded to ______ to enter the pathway.

A

PGAL

120
Q

If respired, proteins would be degraded by _____ and the individual amino acids depending on ______________ would enter the pathway at _______ stage within Kreb’s cycle

A

proteases, their structure, some

121
Q

Proteins would enter the respiratory pathway as _____ or ______

A

pyruvate or acetyl CoA

122
Q

Respiration has traditionally been considered a ________ pathway

(anabolic, catabolic, amphibolic)

A

catabolic (traditionally!!!)

123
Q

Breaking down processes within the living organisms is _________ and synthesis is _________

A

catabolism, anabolism

124
Q

Respiratory pathway is a _______ pathway

A

amphibolic (both anabolism and catabolism)

125
Q

What is respiratory quotient? aka?

A

ratio of volume of CO2 evolved to volume of O2 consumed

aka respiratory ratio

126
Q

Respiratory quotient depends on ________

A

type of respiratory substrate

127
Q

When carbohydrates are substrate, RQ is ?

A

1

128
Q

When fats are substrate, RQ is ?

A

less than 1

e.g. 0.7 (tripalmitin - fatty acid)

129
Q

When proteins are substrate, RQ is ?

A

~ 0.9

130
Q

Pure proteins or fats are never used as respiratory substrates. T or F?

A

True

131
Q

The fate of pyruvate depends on _______ and ______

A

availability of oxygen, organism

Biology (NCERT) - Class XI (23 decks)

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