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Biology (NCERT) - Class XI > XI Chap 18 Body Fluids & Circulation > Flashcards

XI Chap 18 Body Fluids & Circulation Flashcards

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1
Q

Simple organisms like sponges and coelenterates circulate water from their surroundings through their __________

A

body cavities

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2
Q

Complex organisms use __________ to transport water and other substances

A

special fluids

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3
Q

__________ is the most commonly used body fluid by higher organisms including humans

A

Blood

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4
Q

What is the other body fluid (other than blood) that helps in transport of substances?

A

lymph

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5
Q

Blood is a special connective tissues consisting of a fluid matrix, plasma and formed elements. T or F?

A

True

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6
Q

Plasma is _____ coloured, viscous fluid constituting nearly _____ percent of the blood. The rest percent consists of _________

A

straw, 55%, formed elements

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7
Q

90-92% of plasma is ______
6-8% of it is ___________

A

water, proteins

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8
Q

Proteins constitute ______ % of blood

A

6-8

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9
Q

Composition of blood?

A

90-92% plasma
6-8% proteins
1% other solutes: mineral ions, nutrients, N2 waste, hormones

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10
Q

What are the major proteins in plasma and their functions?

A

Fibrinogen - clotting/coagulation
Globulins - defense mechanism
Albumins - osmotic balance
Prothrombin - clotting/coagulation

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11
Q

Plasma contains substantial amounts of certain minerals like Na+, Ca++, Mg++, HCO3- and Cl-

T or F?

A

False, small amounts (not substantial)

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12
Q

Lipids, glucose and amino acids are also present in the plasma as they’re always in transit in the body. T or F?

A

True

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13
Q

Factors for coagulation/clotting of blood are also present in plasma in a _________ form.

Active or inactive?

A

Inactive

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14
Q

Plasma without the clotting factors is called _________

A

serum

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15
Q

All plasma proteins are made by ____________ except _____________

A

liver, globulins

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16
Q

Globulins, a plasma protein, is made by the liver. T or F?

A

False, only plasma protein made by plasma cells / activated B cells

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17
Q

What are formed elements?
What percentage of the blood do they constitute?

A

Erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets
45%

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18
Q

Erythrocytes aka ______ are the most abundant of all cells in the blood. T or F?

A

RBCs,
True

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19
Q

A healthy adult man has on average:
________ RBCs per mm3 of blood
________ leucocytes per mm3 of blood
__________ platelets per mm3 of blood

A

5-5.5 million,
6000-8000,
1,50,000-3,50,000

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20
Q

_____ gms of haemoglobin in every 100 ml of blood

A

12-16 gms

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21
Q

RBCs are formed in the white bone marrow in adults. T or F?

A

False, red bone marrow

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22
Q

In most mammals, RBCs are
multinucleated/devoid of a nucleus?
biconcave/biconvex in shape?

A

devoid of nucleus, biconcave

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23
Q

Haemoglobin is a _____-coloured, _____ containing complex protein in RBCs

A

red, iron

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24
Q

RBCs have an average life span of ______ days after which they are destroyed in the ________

A

120, spleen

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25
Q

Erythropoeisis is ?

A

formation of RBC

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26
Q

First RBC in embryo is formed in __________

A

yolk sac

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27
Q

RBC is embryo sac is formed in ________

A

yolk sac (first)
liver
spleen
placenta
thymus

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28
Q

WBCs are aka ________. They are colourless due to the lack of _________

A

Leucocytes, haemoglobin

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29
Q

Leucocytes are:
devoid of nucleus / nucleated?
lesser / greater in number compared to RBCs?

A

nucleated, lesser

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30
Q

Leucocytes are generally short-lived. T or F?

A

True

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31
Q

What are the categories of leucocytes?

A

Granulocytes - further divided into neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
Agranulocytes - lymphocytes and monocytes

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32
Q

__________ are the most abundant cells of the total WBCs and __________ are the least. What percent do they make up respectively?

A

Neutrophils - 60-65%
Basophils - 0.5-1%

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33
Q

__________ and __________ are phagocytic WBCs which destroy foreign organisms

A

Neutrophils, monocytes

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34
Q

What are the different types of WBCs and their respective make-up in the blood?

A

Neutrophils - 60-65%
Lymphocytes - 20-25%
Monocytes - 6-8%
Eosinophils - 2-3%
Basophils - 0.5-1%

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35
Q

Basophils are involved in inflammatory reactions and secrete __________

A

histamine, serotonin, heparin

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36
Q

What are the role of eosinophils?

A

Resist infections + associated with allergic reactions

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37
Q

Lymphocytes are of 2 types - they are? What are they responsible for?

A

B and T - both for immune responses

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38
Q

Platelets are aka __________. They are cell fragments produced from __________

A

thrombocytes,
megakaryocytes (special cells in the bone marrow)

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39
Q

Platelets can release a variety of substances most of which are involved in __________

A

coagulation / clotting of blood

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40
Q

A reduction in number of platelets can lead to __________ disorders which will lead to __________

A

clotting, excessive loss of blood

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41
Q

There are many (more than 2) types of grouping of blood. T or F?

A

True

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42
Q

What are 2 types of blood groupings widely used globally?

A

ABO and Rh

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43
Q

ABO grouping is based on presence or absence of ____________

A

2 surface antigens, A and B

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44
Q

Just like A and B antigens in blood, plasma of different individuals contain four natural antibodies. T or F?

A

False, two natural antibodies

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45
Q

Antigens are __________ that can induce immune response whereas antibodies are __________ produced in response to antigens.

A

chemicals, proteins

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46
Q

What are the antigens and antibodies in A, B, AB and O blood groups?

A

A: antigens - A; antibodies - anti-B
B: antigens - B; antibodies - anti-A
AB: antigens - A, B; antibodies - nil
O: antigens - nil, antibodies - anti-A, anti-B

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47
Q

__________ is aka the universal donor whereas __________ is aka the universal recipients

A

O, AB

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48
Q

The Rh antigen is similar to one present in __________ is observed on the surface of RBCs of ________% of humans

A

Rhesus monkeys, 80%

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49
Q

Rh positive vs Rh negative individuals?

A

Rh positive - those who have the antigen
Rh negative - those who do not have the antigen

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50
Q

Why should Rh group also be matched before transfusions?

A

If Rh -ve person is exposed to Rh +ve blood, they will form specific antibodies against the Rh antigens

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51
Q

A special case of Rh incompatibility (mismatching) has been observed between the ______ blood of a pregnant mother with ______ blood of foetus

A

Rh -ve, Rh +ve

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52
Q

Explain the condition ‘erythroblastosis foetalis’

A

Rh-ve mother, Rh+ve foetus, two bloods are separated by placenta BUT during delivery of first child small amounts of Rh+ve blood may leak into mother => mother starts preparing antibodies => destroy foetal RBCs of subsequent pregnancies => fatal to foetus or cause severe anaemia or jaundice

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53
Q

How is erythroblastosis foetalis avoided?

A

Administering anti-Rh antibodies to mother immediately after delivery of first child

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54
Q

Blood exhibits coagulation or clotting in response to ____________

A

an injury or trauma

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55
Q

Clot or coagulam is formed mainly of network of ____________ called ____________ in which ____________ formed elements of blood are trapped

A

threads;
fibrins;
dead and damaged

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56
Q

Fibrins are formed by the conversion of ____________ in plasma by enzyme ____________

A

inactive fibrinogens
thrombin

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57
Q

Thrombins are formed from a ____________
(active/inactive?) substance in plasma called ____________

A

inactive, prothrombin

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58
Q

An enzyme complex ____________ is required for the formation of thrombin

A

thrombokinase

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59
Q

The enzyme complex thrombokinase is formed by a ____________ process (series of linked enzymatic reactions) involving a number of ____________ present in the plasma in an ____________ (active or inactive?) state.

A

cascade,
factors,
inactive

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60
Q

An injury or trauma stimulates the ____________ in the blood to release certain factors which activate the mechanism of ____________.

A

platelets, coagulation

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61
Q

Certain factors released by the ____________ at the site of injury can also initiate coagulation.

A

tissues

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62
Q

____________ ions play a very important role in clotting

A

Calcium ions

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63
Q

As the blood passes through the ____________ in tissues, some water along with ____________ move out into the spaces between the cells

A

capillaries,
small water soluble substances

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64
Q

What is tissue fluid? What is another name for it?

A

Fluid released out of capillaries into spaces between cells of tissues
Aka interstitial fluid OR lymph

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65
Q

Smaller proteins and most of the formed elements remain in the blood vessels and do not move out into tissue fluid. T or F?

A

False, LARGER proteins

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66
Q

Interstitial fluid has the same mineral distribution as plasma. T or F?

A

True

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67
Q

Exchange of nutrients, gases, etc. between blood and cells occurs through ________ fluid

A

interstitial / tissue / lymph

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68
Q

Lymphatic system is an elaborate network of ____________ which collects fluid and drains it back to the major veins.

A

vessels

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69
Q

Fluid in lymphatic system is called ____________

A

lymph

70
Q

Lymph is a ____________ (color?) fluid containing special ____________ which are responsible for immune responses of the body

A

colourless, lymphocytes

71
Q

Lymph is also an important carrier for nutrients, hormones, etc.

T or F?

A

True

72
Q

Fats are absorbed through lymph in the ________ present in the intestinal villi

A

lacteals

73
Q

Open or closed circulatory system?

Annelids
Arthropods
Molluscs
Chordates

A

Annelids - Closed
Arthropods - Open
Molluscs - Open
Chordates - Closed

74
Q

In open circulatory system, blood pumped by heart passes through large vessels into ________, whereas in closed system it is always circulated through closed network of ________

A

sinuses (open spaces / body cavities),
blood vessels

75
Q

Which is more advantageous - open or closed circulatory system? Why?

A

Closed, flow of fluid can be more precisely regulated

76
Q

All vertebrates possess a muscular chambered heart. T or F?

A

True

77
Q

How many chambers (atria and ventricles) in each:
Amphibians
Crocodiles
Fishes
Birds
Mammals
Reptiles (except crocodiles)

A

Amphibians - 3, 2 atria and 1 ventricle
Crocodiles - 4, 2 atria and 2 ventricles
Fishes - 2, 1 atrium and 1 ventricle
Birds - 4, 2 atria and 2 ventricles
Mammals - 4, 2 atria and 2 ventricles
Reptiles (except crocodiles) - 3, 2 atria and 1 ventricle

78
Q

In fishes, the ___________ pumps out deoxygenated blood which is oxygenated by ___________

A

heart, gills

79
Q

Single circulation vs. incomplete double circulation vs. double circulation

A

Single - Blood passes through heart only once in complete circulation
Incomplete double circulation - 2 separate atriums, but blood gets mixed up in single ventricle
Double circulation - separate ventricles, 2 separate circulatory pathways

80
Q

___________ have single circulation
___________ have incomplete double circulation
___________ have double circulation

A

Fishes
Amphibians, reptiles
Birds, mammals

81
Q

In amphibians and reptiles, the _______ atrium receives oxygenated blood from the _____________ and the ________ atrium receives deoxygenated blood from ___________

A

left, gills/lungs/skin
right, other body parts

82
Q

In birds and mammals, oxygenated blood is received by _____ (left / right) atrium, deoxygenated blood by _____ (left / right) atrium and passed on to ventricles of _____ (same / opposite) sides

A

left, right, same

83
Q

Human circulatory system is aka ____________

A

blood vascular system

84
Q

Heart is a mesodermally derived organ is situated in the ____________ cavity between ____________ and slightly tilted to the ____________

A

thoracic, two lungs, left

85
Q

Heart is the size of ____________

A

clenched fist

86
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Double walled membrane bag that protects the heart, enclosing the pericardial fluid

87
Q

The relatively small upper chambers of the heart are called ____________ and the larger lower chambers are called ____________

A

atria, ventricles

88
Q

Inter-atrial septum vs. inter-ventricular septum

A

Inter-atrial septum - thin, muscular wall, separates atria
Inter-ventricular septum - thick-walled, separates ventricle

89
Q

The atrium and ventricle of the same side are separate by a ____________ (thin/thick) fibrous tissue called the ____________

A

thick,
atrio-ventricular septum

90
Q

Each of the atrio-ventricular septa are provided with an opening through which the the two chambers of the heart are connected. T or F?

A

True

91
Q

Tricuspid vs bicuspid valve?

A

Tricuspid - between right atrium and ventricle
Bicuspid - left atrium and ventricle

92
Q

Bicuspid valve is aka ____________ valve

A

mitral

93
Q

Right ventricle opens into the _________ whereas the left ventricle opens into the _________

A

pulmonary artery,
aorta

94
Q

What are semilunar valves?

A

Openings of right and left ventricles into pulmonary artery and aorta;
prevent any backwards flow

95
Q

The valves in the heart allow the flow of blood in 2 directions. T or F?

A

False, in one direction, from atria to ventricles and from ventricles to pulmonary artery or aorta

96
Q

The entire heart is made of cardiac muscles. T or F?

A

True

97
Q

The walls of atria are much thicker than the ventricle. T or F?

A

False, ventricles are thicker

98
Q

What is nodal tissue?

A

Specialised cardiac musculature, distributed in the heart

99
Q

Sino-atrial node vs. Atrio-ventricular node?

A

SAN - Nodal tissue in right upper corner of the right atrium

AVN - Nodal tissue in lower left corner of the right atrium

100
Q

A bundle of nodal fibres called __________________ continues from the AVN which passes through the __________________ to emerge on top of the __________________ and immediately divides into a right and left bundle.

A

atrio-ventricular bundle (AV bundle)
atrio-ventricular septa
inter-ventricular septum

101
Q

The branches of the AV bundle give rise to ________ (thick/minute/long) fibres throughout the ventricular musculature of the respective sides and are called __________

A

minute, purkinje fibres

102
Q

The nodal musculature is autoexcitable i.e. it can generate action potentials without any external stimuli. T or F?

A

True

103
Q

The number of action potentials that could be generated in a minute are the same throughout the different parts of the nodal system. T or F?

A

False, they vary at different parts (not the same)

104
Q

____________ can generate the maximum number of action potentials in the nodal system (____________ per minute)

A

SAN, 70-75

105
Q

____________ is responsible for initiating and maintaining the rhythmic contractile activity of the heart

A

Pacemaker / SAN

106
Q

Our heart normally beats ____________ times in a minute (on average ____________ per minute)

A

70-75,
72

107
Q

What is joint diastole?

A

All 4 chambers of heart are in relaxed start

108
Q

When the tricuspid and bicuspid valves open, blood from ____________ and ____________ flows into the ____________ and ____________ ventricles respectively through the ____________ and ____________ atria.

A

pulmonary veins, vena cava
left, right
left, right

109
Q

Semilunar, tricuspid and bicuspid valves are open at the beginning of the cardiac cycle. T or F?

A

False, semilunar valves are closed. Tri and bicuspid valves are open

110
Q

When SAN generates an action potential, both the ____________ are stimulated and undergo a simultaneous ____________ (relaxation/contraction) called the ____________

A

atria, contraction, atrial systole

111
Q

The atrial diastole increases the flow of blood into the ventricles by 30% . T or F?

A

False, atrial systole

112
Q

SAN action potential is conducted to the ventricular side by the ____________ and ____________ from where ____________ transmits it through the entire ventricular musculature.

A

AVN, AV bundle, bundle of His

113
Q

When ventricular muscles contract they undergo ____________. Coinciding with this the atria undergoes ____________ (contraction / relaxation) called ____________.

A

ventricular systole, relaxation, atrial diastole

114
Q

Ventricular ____________ (systole / diastole) increases the ventricular pressure causing the closure of ____________ and ____________ valves due to the attempted backflow of flood into the ____________

A

systole, tricuspid and bicuspid valves, atria

115
Q

A ventricular pressure increases further in systole, the semilunar valves are forced ____________ (open / close).

A

Open

116
Q

Pulmonary artery is on the ____________ side whereas the aorta is on the ____________ side.

A

right / left

117
Q

During ventricular diastole, the ventricles ____________ (relax / contract) and ventricular pressure ____________ (increases / decreases) causing the ____________ (opening / closure) of the semilunar valves which prevents the backflow of blood into the ____________.

A

relax, decreases, closure, ventricles

118
Q

As ventricular pressure declines in ventricular diastole, the ____________ and ____________ are pushed open by the pressure in the ____________

A

tricuspid, bicuspid, atria

119
Q

Blood is emptied into the atria by the ____________

A

veins

120
Q

Cardiac cycle consists of systole and diastole of the atria and ventricles respectively. T or F?

A

False,
systole and diastole of BOTH atria and ventricles

121
Q

How many cardiac cycles are performed per minute?

A

72 (same as heart beat)

122
Q

Duration of a cardiac cycle is ____________

A

0.8 seconds

123
Q

During a cardiac cycle, each ventricle pumps out approximately ____________mL of blood which is called ____________

A

70, stroke volume

124
Q

____________ multiplied by ____________ gives the cardiac output

A

Stroke volume, heart rate

125
Q

Define cardiac output.

A

volume of blood pumped out by EACH ventricle per minute

126
Q

What is the average cardiac output of healthy individual?

A

5L

127
Q

Body has the ability to alter cardiac output (stroke volume as well as heart beat). T or F?

A

True

128
Q

Cardiac output of an athlete will be much lower than that of an ordinary man. T or F?

A

False, much HIGHER

129
Q

What are the sounds produced during a cardiac cycle?

A

Lub - closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valves
Dub - closure of semilunar valves

130
Q

What is an ECG?

A

graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart during a cardiac cycle

131
Q

To obtain an ECG, a patient is connected to a machine with ___________ (how many?) electrical leads. Where are they connected?

A

3,
one to each wrist, and one to LEFT ankle

132
Q

For a detailed evaluation of the heart’s function, multiple leads are attached to the ___________

A

chest region

133
Q

What are the letters on the ECG?

A

Peaks; from letters PQRST

134
Q

What is the P-wave on ECG?

A

Electrical excitation (or depolarisation) of atria => leads to the contraction of both the atria

135
Q

What is the QRS complex ECG?

A

Depolarisation of the ventricles which initiates the ventricular contraction

136
Q

Ventricular contractions starts shortly after _____ (letter on ECG) and marks the beginning of ________

A

Q, systole

137
Q

What is the T-wave on the ECG?

A

Return of the ventricles from excited to normal state (repolarisation)

138
Q

End of T-wave marks end of _________ (diastole / systole)

A

systole

139
Q

By counting the number of _________ on ECG one can determine the heart beat rate of an individual

A

QRS complexes

140
Q

ECGs from different individuals have roughly the same shape for a given lead configuration. T or F?

A

True

141
Q

Blood flows strictly by a fixed route through the _________ and _________, collectively known as _________

A

arteries, veins, blood vessels

142
Q

Each artery and vein consists of how many layers?
What are they?

A

3 layers

  1. tunica intima - squamous endothelium - inner lining
  2. tunica media - smooth muscle and elastic fibres - middle layer
  3. tunica externa - fibrous connective tissue with collagen fibres
143
Q

Tunica media is comparatively thick in the veins as compared to the arteries. T or F?

A

False, comparatively thin

144
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation pathway?

A

Deoxygenated blood pumped by right ventricle enters pulmonary artery => lungs => oxygenated blood carried by pulmonary veins => left atrium

145
Q

What is the systemic circulation pathway?

A

Oxygenated blood pumped by left ventricle enters aorta => carried by a network of arteries, arterioles and capillaries to tissues => venules, veins and vena cava collect deoxygenated blood => right atrium

146
Q

Systemic circulation provides ________, ________ and other essential substances to the tissues and takes ________ and other harmful substances away for elimination.

A

nutrients, O2, CO2

147
Q

A unique vascular connection exists between the digestive tract and liver called the ________

A

hepatic portal system

148
Q

Hepatic portal vein carries blood from intestine to the liver after it is delivered to systemic circulation. T or F?

A

False, BEFORE it is delivered to systemic circulation

149
Q

A special coronary system of ________ is present in our body exclusively for the circulation of blood to and from the cardiac musculature

A

blood vessels

150
Q

Vena cava means or is also know as great veins. T or F?

A

True

151
Q

Why is the heart called myogenic?

A

Normal activities of the heart are regulated intrinsically / auto-regulated by specialised muscles called nodal tissues

152
Q

A special neural centre in the ________ can moderate the cardiac function through autonomic nervous system (ANS).

A

medulla oblangata

153
Q

Sympathetic nerves and parasympathetic neural signals are components of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). T or F?

A

True

154
Q

________ neural signals can increase the rate of the heart beat, strength of ventricular contraction and thereby cardiac output.

A

Sympathetic

155
Q

________ neural signals decrease the rate of the heart beat, speed of conduction of action potential and thereby cardiac output.

A

Parasympathetic

156
Q

________ hormones can also increase cardiac output

A

Adrenal medullary

157
Q

Hypertension is the term for low blood pressure. T or F?

A

False, HIGH BP

158
Q

High BP is pressure higher than ________

A

120/80

159
Q

If BP is 100/90, explain each number

A

100 mm Hg (mm of mercury pressure) is systolic (pumping) pressure

90 mm HG is diastolic, or resting pressure

160
Q

If repeated BP checks of an individual is ________ then it shows hyper tension

A

140/90 or higher

161
Q

High blood pressure leads to heart ________ and also affects vital organs like ________ and ________

A

disease, brain, kidney

162
Q

Coronary Artery Disease is often referred to as ________

A

atherosclerosis

163
Q

In atherosclerosis, the vessels that supply blood to the heart have deposits of ________, ________, ________ and ________ which makes the lumen of arteries narrower.

A

calcium, fat, cholesterol and fibrous tissues

164
Q

Angina is aka angina ________

A

pectoris

165
Q

What is angina?

A

Acute chest pain when not enough oxygen is reaching the heart muscle.

166
Q

Angina can occur in men / women of any age but it is more common in young and middle-aged. T or F?

A

False, middle-aged and elderly

167
Q

Angina occurs due to conditions that affect the flow of ________

A

blood

168
Q

Heart failure is when the heart is not pumping blood effectively to meet the needs of the body. T or F?

A

True

169
Q

Why is heart failure aka congestive heart failure?

A

Congestion of lungs is one of the main symptoms of the disease

170
Q

Diff. between heart failure, heart attack and cardiac arrest

A

Heart failure - cannot pump enough blood to meet body requirements
Cardiac arrest - heart stops beating
Heart attack - heart muscle is suddenly damaged by inadequate blood supply

171
Q

Lymph is similar to blood except for protein content and formed elements. T or F?

A

True

Biology (NCERT) - Class XI (23 decks)

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