XI Chap 18 Body Fluids & Circulation Flashcards
Simple organisms like sponges and coelenterates circulate water from their surroundings through their __________
body cavities
Complex organisms use __________ to transport water and other substances
special fluids
__________ is the most commonly used body fluid by higher organisms including humans
Blood
What is the other body fluid (other than blood) that helps in transport of substances?
lymph
Blood is a special connective tissues consisting of a fluid matrix, plasma and formed elements. T or F?
True
Plasma is _____ coloured, viscous fluid constituting nearly _____ percent of the blood. The rest percent consists of _________
straw, 55%, formed elements
90-92% of plasma is ______
6-8% of it is ___________
water, proteins
Proteins constitute ______ % of blood
6-8
Composition of blood?
90-92% plasma
6-8% proteins
1% other solutes: mineral ions, nutrients, N2 waste, hormones
What are the major proteins in plasma and their functions?
Fibrinogen - clotting/coagulation
Globulins - defense mechanism
Albumins - osmotic balance
Prothrombin - clotting/coagulation
Plasma contains substantial amounts of certain minerals like Na+, Ca++, Mg++, HCO3- and Cl-
T or F?
False, small amounts (not substantial)
Lipids, glucose and amino acids are also present in the plasma as they’re always in transit in the body. T or F?
True
Factors for coagulation/clotting of blood are also present in plasma in a _________ form.
Active or inactive?
Inactive
Plasma without the clotting factors is called _________
serum
All plasma proteins are made by ____________ except _____________
liver, globulins
Globulins, a plasma protein, is made by the liver. T or F?
False, only plasma protein made by plasma cells / activated B cells
What are formed elements?
What percentage of the blood do they constitute?
Erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets
45%
Erythrocytes aka ______ are the most abundant of all cells in the blood. T or F?
RBCs,
True
A healthy adult man has on average:
________ RBCs per mm3 of blood
________ leucocytes per mm3 of blood
__________ platelets per mm3 of blood
5-5.5 million,
6000-8000,
1,50,000-3,50,000
_____ gms of haemoglobin in every 100 ml of blood
12-16 gms
RBCs are formed in the white bone marrow in adults. T or F?
False, red bone marrow
In most mammals, RBCs are
multinucleated/devoid of a nucleus?
biconcave/biconvex in shape?
devoid of nucleus, biconcave
Haemoglobin is a _____-coloured, _____ containing complex protein in RBCs
red, iron
RBCs have an average life span of ______ days after which they are destroyed in the ________
120, spleen
Erythropoeisis is ?
formation of RBC
First RBC in embryo is formed in __________
yolk sac
RBC is embryo sac is formed in ________
yolk sac (first)
liver
spleen
placenta
thymus
WBCs are aka ________. They are colourless due to the lack of _________
Leucocytes, haemoglobin
Leucocytes are:
devoid of nucleus / nucleated?
lesser / greater in number compared to RBCs?
nucleated, lesser
Leucocytes are generally short-lived. T or F?
True
What are the categories of leucocytes?
Granulocytes - further divided into neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
Agranulocytes - lymphocytes and monocytes
__________ are the most abundant cells of the total WBCs and __________ are the least. What percent do they make up respectively?
Neutrophils - 60-65%
Basophils - 0.5-1%
__________ and __________ are phagocytic WBCs which destroy foreign organisms
Neutrophils, monocytes
What are the different types of WBCs and their respective make-up in the blood?
Neutrophils - 60-65%
Lymphocytes - 20-25%
Monocytes - 6-8%
Eosinophils - 2-3%
Basophils - 0.5-1%
Basophils are involved in inflammatory reactions and secrete __________
histamine, serotonin, heparin
What are the role of eosinophils?
Resist infections + associated with allergic reactions
Lymphocytes are of 2 types - they are? What are they responsible for?
B and T - both for immune responses
Platelets are aka __________. They are cell fragments produced from __________
thrombocytes,
megakaryocytes (special cells in the bone marrow)
Platelets can release a variety of substances most of which are involved in __________
coagulation / clotting of blood
A reduction in number of platelets can lead to __________ disorders which will lead to __________
clotting, excessive loss of blood
There are many (more than 2) types of grouping of blood. T or F?
True
What are 2 types of blood groupings widely used globally?
ABO and Rh
ABO grouping is based on presence or absence of ____________
2 surface antigens, A and B
Just like A and B antigens in blood, plasma of different individuals contain four natural antibodies. T or F?
False, two natural antibodies
Antigens are __________ that can induce immune response whereas antibodies are __________ produced in response to antigens.
chemicals, proteins
What are the antigens and antibodies in A, B, AB and O blood groups?
A: antigens - A; antibodies - anti-B
B: antigens - B; antibodies - anti-A
AB: antigens - A, B; antibodies - nil
O: antigens - nil, antibodies - anti-A, anti-B
__________ is aka the universal donor whereas __________ is aka the universal recipients
O, AB
The Rh antigen is similar to one present in __________ is observed on the surface of RBCs of ________% of humans
Rhesus monkeys, 80%
Rh positive vs Rh negative individuals?
Rh positive - those who have the antigen
Rh negative - those who do not have the antigen
Why should Rh group also be matched before transfusions?
If Rh -ve person is exposed to Rh +ve blood, they will form specific antibodies against the Rh antigens
A special case of Rh incompatibility (mismatching) has been observed between the ______ blood of a pregnant mother with ______ blood of foetus
Rh -ve, Rh +ve
Explain the condition ‘erythroblastosis foetalis’
Rh-ve mother, Rh+ve foetus, two bloods are separated by placenta BUT during delivery of first child small amounts of Rh+ve blood may leak into mother => mother starts preparing antibodies => destroy foetal RBCs of subsequent pregnancies => fatal to foetus or cause severe anaemia or jaundice
How is erythroblastosis foetalis avoided?
Administering anti-Rh antibodies to mother immediately after delivery of first child
Blood exhibits coagulation or clotting in response to ____________
an injury or trauma
Clot or coagulam is formed mainly of network of ____________ called ____________ in which ____________ formed elements of blood are trapped
threads;
fibrins;
dead and damaged
Fibrins are formed by the conversion of ____________ in plasma by enzyme ____________
inactive fibrinogens
thrombin
Thrombins are formed from a ____________
(active/inactive?) substance in plasma called ____________
inactive, prothrombin
An enzyme complex ____________ is required for the formation of thrombin
thrombokinase
The enzyme complex thrombokinase is formed by a ____________ process (series of linked enzymatic reactions) involving a number of ____________ present in the plasma in an ____________ (active or inactive?) state.
cascade,
factors,
inactive
An injury or trauma stimulates the ____________ in the blood to release certain factors which activate the mechanism of ____________.
platelets, coagulation
Certain factors released by the ____________ at the site of injury can also initiate coagulation.
tissues
____________ ions play a very important role in clotting
Calcium ions
As the blood passes through the ____________ in tissues, some water along with ____________ move out into the spaces between the cells
capillaries,
small water soluble substances
What is tissue fluid? What is another name for it?
Fluid released out of capillaries into spaces between cells of tissues
Aka interstitial fluid OR lymph
Smaller proteins and most of the formed elements remain in the blood vessels and do not move out into tissue fluid. T or F?
False, LARGER proteins
Interstitial fluid has the same mineral distribution as plasma. T or F?
True
Exchange of nutrients, gases, etc. between blood and cells occurs through ________ fluid
interstitial / tissue / lymph
Lymphatic system is an elaborate network of ____________ which collects fluid and drains it back to the major veins.
vessels
Fluid in lymphatic system is called ____________
lymph
Lymph is a ____________ (color?) fluid containing special ____________ which are responsible for immune responses of the body
colourless, lymphocytes
Lymph is also an important carrier for nutrients, hormones, etc.
T or F?
True
Fats are absorbed through lymph in the ________ present in the intestinal villi
lacteals
Open or closed circulatory system?
Annelids
Arthropods
Molluscs
Chordates
Annelids - Closed
Arthropods - Open
Molluscs - Open
Chordates - Closed
In open circulatory system, blood pumped by heart passes through large vessels into ________, whereas in closed system it is always circulated through closed network of ________
sinuses (open spaces / body cavities),
blood vessels
Which is more advantageous - open or closed circulatory system? Why?
Closed, flow of fluid can be more precisely regulated
All vertebrates possess a muscular chambered heart. T or F?
True
How many chambers (atria and ventricles) in each:
Amphibians
Crocodiles
Fishes
Birds
Mammals
Reptiles (except crocodiles)
Amphibians - 3, 2 atria and 1 ventricle
Crocodiles - 4, 2 atria and 2 ventricles
Fishes - 2, 1 atrium and 1 ventricle
Birds - 4, 2 atria and 2 ventricles
Mammals - 4, 2 atria and 2 ventricles
Reptiles (except crocodiles) - 3, 2 atria and 1 ventricle
In fishes, the ___________ pumps out deoxygenated blood which is oxygenated by ___________
heart, gills
Single circulation vs. incomplete double circulation vs. double circulation
Single - Blood passes through heart only once in complete circulation
Incomplete double circulation - 2 separate atriums, but blood gets mixed up in single ventricle
Double circulation - separate ventricles, 2 separate circulatory pathways
___________ have single circulation
___________ have incomplete double circulation
___________ have double circulation
Fishes
Amphibians, reptiles
Birds, mammals
In amphibians and reptiles, the _______ atrium receives oxygenated blood from the _____________ and the ________ atrium receives deoxygenated blood from ___________
left, gills/lungs/skin
right, other body parts
In birds and mammals, oxygenated blood is received by _____ (left / right) atrium, deoxygenated blood by _____ (left / right) atrium and passed on to ventricles of _____ (same / opposite) sides
left, right, same
Human circulatory system is aka ____________
blood vascular system
Heart is a mesodermally derived organ is situated in the ____________ cavity between ____________ and slightly tilted to the ____________
thoracic, two lungs, left
Heart is the size of ____________
clenched fist
What is the pericardium?
Double walled membrane bag that protects the heart, enclosing the pericardial fluid
The relatively small upper chambers of the heart are called ____________ and the larger lower chambers are called ____________
atria, ventricles
Inter-atrial septum vs. inter-ventricular septum
Inter-atrial septum - thin, muscular wall, separates atria
Inter-ventricular septum - thick-walled, separates ventricle
The atrium and ventricle of the same side are separate by a ____________ (thin/thick) fibrous tissue called the ____________
thick,
atrio-ventricular septum
Each of the atrio-ventricular septa are provided with an opening through which the the two chambers of the heart are connected. T or F?
True
Tricuspid vs bicuspid valve?
Tricuspid - between right atrium and ventricle
Bicuspid - left atrium and ventricle
Bicuspid valve is aka ____________ valve
mitral
Right ventricle opens into the _________ whereas the left ventricle opens into the _________
pulmonary artery,
aorta
What are semilunar valves?
Openings of right and left ventricles into pulmonary artery and aorta;
prevent any backwards flow
The valves in the heart allow the flow of blood in 2 directions. T or F?
False, in one direction, from atria to ventricles and from ventricles to pulmonary artery or aorta
The entire heart is made of cardiac muscles. T or F?
True
The walls of atria are much thicker than the ventricle. T or F?
False, ventricles are thicker
What is nodal tissue?
Specialised cardiac musculature, distributed in the heart
Sino-atrial node vs. Atrio-ventricular node?
SAN - Nodal tissue in right upper corner of the right atrium
AVN - Nodal tissue in lower left corner of the right atrium
A bundle of nodal fibres called __________________ continues from the AVN which passes through the __________________ to emerge on top of the __________________ and immediately divides into a right and left bundle.
atrio-ventricular bundle (AV bundle)
atrio-ventricular septa
inter-ventricular septum
The branches of the AV bundle give rise to ________ (thick/minute/long) fibres throughout the ventricular musculature of the respective sides and are called __________
minute, purkinje fibres
The nodal musculature is autoexcitable i.e. it can generate action potentials without any external stimuli. T or F?
True
The number of action potentials that could be generated in a minute are the same throughout the different parts of the nodal system. T or F?
False, they vary at different parts (not the same)
____________ can generate the maximum number of action potentials in the nodal system (____________ per minute)
SAN, 70-75
____________ is responsible for initiating and maintaining the rhythmic contractile activity of the heart
Pacemaker / SAN
Our heart normally beats ____________ times in a minute (on average ____________ per minute)
70-75,
72
What is joint diastole?
All 4 chambers of heart are in relaxed start
When the tricuspid and bicuspid valves open, blood from ____________ and ____________ flows into the ____________ and ____________ ventricles respectively through the ____________ and ____________ atria.
pulmonary veins, vena cava
left, right
left, right
Semilunar, tricuspid and bicuspid valves are open at the beginning of the cardiac cycle. T or F?
False, semilunar valves are closed. Tri and bicuspid valves are open
When SAN generates an action potential, both the ____________ are stimulated and undergo a simultaneous ____________ (relaxation/contraction) called the ____________
atria, contraction, atrial systole
The atrial diastole increases the flow of blood into the ventricles by 30% . T or F?
False, atrial systole
SAN action potential is conducted to the ventricular side by the ____________ and ____________ from where ____________ transmits it through the entire ventricular musculature.
AVN, AV bundle, bundle of His
When ventricular muscles contract they undergo ____________. Coinciding with this the atria undergoes ____________ (contraction / relaxation) called ____________.
ventricular systole, relaxation, atrial diastole
Ventricular ____________ (systole / diastole) increases the ventricular pressure causing the closure of ____________ and ____________ valves due to the attempted backflow of flood into the ____________
systole, tricuspid and bicuspid valves, atria
A ventricular pressure increases further in systole, the semilunar valves are forced ____________ (open / close).
Open
Pulmonary artery is on the ____________ side whereas the aorta is on the ____________ side.
right / left
During ventricular diastole, the ventricles ____________ (relax / contract) and ventricular pressure ____________ (increases / decreases) causing the ____________ (opening / closure) of the semilunar valves which prevents the backflow of blood into the ____________.
relax, decreases, closure, ventricles
As ventricular pressure declines in ventricular diastole, the ____________ and ____________ are pushed open by the pressure in the ____________
tricuspid, bicuspid, atria
Blood is emptied into the atria by the ____________
veins
Cardiac cycle consists of systole and diastole of the atria and ventricles respectively. T or F?
False,
systole and diastole of BOTH atria and ventricles
How many cardiac cycles are performed per minute?
72 (same as heart beat)
Duration of a cardiac cycle is ____________
0.8 seconds
During a cardiac cycle, each ventricle pumps out approximately ____________mL of blood which is called ____________
70, stroke volume
____________ multiplied by ____________ gives the cardiac output
Stroke volume, heart rate
Define cardiac output.
volume of blood pumped out by EACH ventricle per minute
What is the average cardiac output of healthy individual?
5L
Body has the ability to alter cardiac output (stroke volume as well as heart beat). T or F?
True
Cardiac output of an athlete will be much lower than that of an ordinary man. T or F?
False, much HIGHER
What are the sounds produced during a cardiac cycle?
Lub - closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valves
Dub - closure of semilunar valves
What is an ECG?
graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart during a cardiac cycle
To obtain an ECG, a patient is connected to a machine with ___________ (how many?) electrical leads. Where are they connected?
3,
one to each wrist, and one to LEFT ankle
For a detailed evaluation of the heart’s function, multiple leads are attached to the ___________
chest region
What are the letters on the ECG?
Peaks; from letters PQRST
What is the P-wave on ECG?
Electrical excitation (or depolarisation) of atria => leads to the contraction of both the atria
What is the QRS complex ECG?
Depolarisation of the ventricles which initiates the ventricular contraction
Ventricular contractions starts shortly after _____ (letter on ECG) and marks the beginning of ________
Q, systole
What is the T-wave on the ECG?
Return of the ventricles from excited to normal state (repolarisation)
End of T-wave marks end of _________ (diastole / systole)
systole
By counting the number of _________ on ECG one can determine the heart beat rate of an individual
QRS complexes
ECGs from different individuals have roughly the same shape for a given lead configuration. T or F?
True
Blood flows strictly by a fixed route through the _________ and _________, collectively known as _________
arteries, veins, blood vessels
Each artery and vein consists of how many layers?
What are they?
3 layers
- tunica intima - squamous endothelium - inner lining
- tunica media - smooth muscle and elastic fibres - middle layer
- tunica externa - fibrous connective tissue with collagen fibres
Tunica media is comparatively thick in the veins as compared to the arteries. T or F?
False, comparatively thin
What is the pulmonary circulation pathway?
Deoxygenated blood pumped by right ventricle enters pulmonary artery => lungs => oxygenated blood carried by pulmonary veins => left atrium
What is the systemic circulation pathway?
Oxygenated blood pumped by left ventricle enters aorta => carried by a network of arteries, arterioles and capillaries to tissues => venules, veins and vena cava collect deoxygenated blood => right atrium
Systemic circulation provides ________, ________ and other essential substances to the tissues and takes ________ and other harmful substances away for elimination.
nutrients, O2, CO2
A unique vascular connection exists between the digestive tract and liver called the ________
hepatic portal system
Hepatic portal vein carries blood from intestine to the liver after it is delivered to systemic circulation. T or F?
False, BEFORE it is delivered to systemic circulation
A special coronary system of ________ is present in our body exclusively for the circulation of blood to and from the cardiac musculature
blood vessels
Vena cava means or is also know as great veins. T or F?
True
Why is the heart called myogenic?
Normal activities of the heart are regulated intrinsically / auto-regulated by specialised muscles called nodal tissues
A special neural centre in the ________ can moderate the cardiac function through autonomic nervous system (ANS).
medulla oblangata
Sympathetic nerves and parasympathetic neural signals are components of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). T or F?
True
________ neural signals can increase the rate of the heart beat, strength of ventricular contraction and thereby cardiac output.
Sympathetic
________ neural signals decrease the rate of the heart beat, speed of conduction of action potential and thereby cardiac output.
Parasympathetic
________ hormones can also increase cardiac output
Adrenal medullary
Hypertension is the term for low blood pressure. T or F?
False, HIGH BP
High BP is pressure higher than ________
120/80
If BP is 100/90, explain each number
100 mm Hg (mm of mercury pressure) is systolic (pumping) pressure
90 mm HG is diastolic, or resting pressure
If repeated BP checks of an individual is ________ then it shows hyper tension
140/90 or higher
High blood pressure leads to heart ________ and also affects vital organs like ________ and ________
disease, brain, kidney
Coronary Artery Disease is often referred to as ________
atherosclerosis
In atherosclerosis, the vessels that supply blood to the heart have deposits of ________, ________, ________ and ________ which makes the lumen of arteries narrower.
calcium, fat, cholesterol and fibrous tissues
Angina is aka angina ________
pectoris
What is angina?
Acute chest pain when not enough oxygen is reaching the heart muscle.
Angina can occur in men / women of any age but it is more common in young and middle-aged. T or F?
False, middle-aged and elderly
Angina occurs due to conditions that affect the flow of ________
blood
Heart failure is when the heart is not pumping blood effectively to meet the needs of the body. T or F?
True
Why is heart failure aka congestive heart failure?
Congestion of lungs is one of the main symptoms of the disease
Diff. between heart failure, heart attack and cardiac arrest
Heart failure - cannot pump enough blood to meet body requirements
Cardiac arrest - heart stops beating
Heart attack - heart muscle is suddenly damaged by inadequate blood supply
Lymph is similar to blood except for protein content and formed elements. T or F?
True
