XI Chap 22 Chemical Coordination Integration Flashcards
1
Q
Nerve fibres innervate all cells of the body as cellular functions need to be continuously regulated. T or F?
A
False, nerve fibres DO NOT innervate all cells, rest is true
2
Q
Endocrine glands lack __________ and hence are called __________
A
duct, ductless glands
3
Q
Secretions of the endocrine are called __________
A
hormones
4
Q
Classical definition of hormone?
A
Chemical produced by endocrine glands and released into the blood and transported to a distantly located target organ
5
Q
Current scientific definition of hormones?
A
Non-nutrient chemicals - intercellular messengers - trace amounts
6
Q
__________ possess very simple endocrine systems with few hormones
A
invertebrates
7
Q
__________ and __________ constitute the endocrine system
A
Endocrine glands,
hormone producing diffused tissues/cells
8
Q
Organised endocrine bodies? (8)
A
pituitary pineal thyroid adrenal pancreas parathyroid thymus gonads (testis in M, ovary in F)
9
Q
In addition to the organized endocrine bodies, __________, __________, __________ and __________ also produce hormones
A
gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, heart
10
Q
Hypothalamus is the basal part of the ____________, forebrain
A
diencephalon
11
Q
Hypothalamus contains several groups of neurosecretory cells called ____________ which produce ____________
A
nuclei, hormones
12
Q
Nuclei hormones regulate ____________
A
synthesis and secretion of pituitary hormones
13
Q
The hormones produced by hypothalamus are of 2 types: ____________ and ____________
A
releasing, inhibiting
14
Q
Releasing vs. inhibiting hormone?
A
Releasing - stimulating secretion of pituitary
Inhibiting - inhibit secretions of pituitary
15
Q
Gonadotrophin releasing hormon (GnRH) is a ____________ hormone that stimulates the ____________
A
hypothalamic,
pituitary synthesis and release of gonadotrophins
16
Q
____________ from the hypothalamus inhibits the release of growth hormone from the pituitary
A
Somatostatin
17
Q
Hypothalmic hormones originate in the ____________ pass through ____________ and are released from ____________
A
hypothalamic neurons,
axons,
axon nerve endings
18
Q
Hypothalamic hormones reach the pituitary gland through a ____________ system and regulate the functions of the ____________
A
portal circulatory, anterior pituitary
19
Q
___________ pituitary is under the direct neural regulation of hypothalamus
A
Posterior
20
Q
The pituitary gland is located in a body cavity called ____________ and is attached to the ____________ by a stalk
A
sella tursica, hypothalamus
21
Q
Pituitary gland is divided anatomically into:
A
adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis
22
Q
Adenohypophysis consists of ____________ and ____________
A
pars distalis
pars intermedia
23
Q
Pars distalis region of pituitary is commonly called ____________
A
anterior pituitary
24
Q
Anterior pituitary/pars distalis region of pituitary produces which hormones?
A
Growth hormone (GH) Prolactin (PRL) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
25
Pars intermedia produces which hormones:
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
26
In humans, the pars intermedia is almost merged with the pars distalis. T or F?
True
27
Pars intermedia is aka posterior pituitary. T or F?
False, pars intermedia is part of adenohypophysis. Neurohypophysis / pars nervosa is aka posterior pituitary
28
Neurohypophysis stores and releases two hormones called ____________ and ____________
oxytocin, vasopressin
29
Oxytocin and vasopressin are synthesised by the ____________ and are transported axonally to the ____________
hypothalamus, neurohypophysis
30
Neurohypophysis synthesizes oxytocin and vasopressin. T or F?
False, it only stores and releases, hypothalamus synthesizes
31
Over-secretion of ____________ stimulates abnormal growth of body leading to ____________ and low secretion results in stunted growth resulting in ____________
GH, gigantism, pituitary dwarfism
32
Excess secretion of growth hormone in adults especially in middle age can result in severe disfigurement called ____________
acromegaly
33
Acromegaly may lead to serious complications and premature death if unchecked. T or F?
True
34
Acromegaly often goes undetected for many years as it is hard to diagnose in early stages. T or F?
True
35
Prolactin regulates ____________ and ____________
growth of mammary glands,
| formation of milk
36
TSH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland. T or F?
True
37
ACTH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of steroid hormones called ____________ from the adrenal cortex
glucocorticoids
38
LH and FSH stimulate gonadal activity and hence are called ____________
gonadotrophins
39
In males, LH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of hormones called ____________ from testis
androgens
40
In males, ____________ and ____________ hormones regular spermatogenesis
FSH, androgens
41
In females, LH induces ____________ and maintains ____________
ovulation of fully mature follicles (graafian follicles);
| the corpus luteum
42
Corpus luteum is formed from the remnants of the ____________ after ovulation
graafian follicles
43
FSH stimulates growth and development of the ____________ in females
ovarian follicles
44
MSH acts on the ____________ and regulates ____________
melanocytes, pigmentation of the skin
45
Melanocytes are cells containing ____________
melanin
46
Oxytocin acts on ____________ and stimulates their ____________
smooth muscles of our body, contraction
47
In females, oxytocin stimulates a vigorous contraction of uterus at the time of __________ and ____________
child birth
| milk ejection from mammary gland
48
Vasopressin acts mainly at the ____________ and stimulates resorption of water and electrolytes by the ____________
kidney, distal tubules
49
Vasopressin reduces water loss (through ___________)
urine (diuresis)
50
Vasopressin is aka the ___________ hormone
anti-diuretic hormone
51
An impairment affecting synthesis or release of ADH results in ___________ and is known as ___________
diminished ability of kidney to conserve water
=> water loss
=> dehydration
Diabetes Insipidus
52
Pineal gland is located on the ___________ side of the forebrain
dorsal
53
Pineal secretes a hormone called ___________
melatonin
54
Melatonin plays a very important role in the regulation of ___________
regulation of a 24-hour (diurnal) rhythm of our body
55
__________ helps in maintaining the normal rhythms of sleep-wake cycle and body temperature.
Melatonin
56
_________ also influences metabolism, pigmentation, the menstrual cycle as well as our defense capability
Melatonin
57
Thyroid gland is composed of ____ (how many?) lobes which are located on either side of the __________
2, trachea
58
Both the thyroid lobes are interconnected with a __________ tissue called __________
thin flap of connective tissue, isthmus
59
Thyroid gland is composed of __________ and __________
follicles, stromal tissues
60
Each thyroid follicle is composed of __________ cells, enclosing a __________
follicular, cavity
61
The thyroid follicular cells synthesise 2 hormones:
tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine (T4)
| triiodothyronine (T3)
62
__________ is essential for the normal rate of hormone synthesis in the thyroid
Iodine
63
Deficiency of iodine in our diet results in __________
hypothyroidism and goitre (enlargement of the thyroid gland)
64
Hypothyroidism during pregnancy causes defective development and maturation of the growing baby leading to:
```
stunted growth (cretinism),
mental retardation,
low intelligence quotient,
abnormal skin,
deaf-mutism
```
65
In adult women, hypothyroidism may cause menstrual cycle to become irregular. T or F?
True
66
Due to the __________ or due to __________, the rate of synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones is increased.
cancer of the thyroid gland,
| development of nodules of the thyroid glands
67
Abnormal high levels of thyroid hormones leads to a condition called __________ which adversely affects the body physiology.
hyperthyroidism
68
Exopthalmic goitre is a form __________ aka __________
hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease
69
Characteristics of exopthalmic goitre:
Enlargement of thyroid gland,
protrusion of eyeballs,
increased BMR,
weight loss
70
Thyroid hormones play and important role in regulation of the BMR. T or F?
True
71
Thyroid hormones also support process of RBC formation. T or F?
True
72
Thyroid hormones control metabolism of __________, __________ and __________
carbs, proteins, fats
73
Maintenance of water and electrolyte balance is also influenced by thyroid hormones. T or F?
True
74
Thyroid gland also secretes a protein hormone called __________ which regulates the blood calcium levels
thyrocalcitonin (TCT)
75
In humans, _______ (how many?) parathyroid glands are present on the ______ (front/back) side of the thyroid gland, one pair each in the __________ of the thyroid gland
4, back, two lobes
76
Parathyroid glands secrete a peptide hormone called __________
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
77
The secretion of PTH is regulated by the circulating levels of __________
calcium ions
78
Parathyroid hormone __________ (increases / decreases) the Ca2+ levels in the blood
increases
79
PTH acts on bones and stimulates the process of __________
bone resorption (dissolution / demineralisation)
80
PTH also stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+ by the __________ and increases Ca2+ absorption from __________
renal tubules, digested food
81
It is thus clear that PTH is a __________ hormone i.e. increases the blood Ca2+ levels
hypercalcemic
82
_____ and _____ plays a significant role in calcium balance in the body
TCT and PTH
83
The thymus gland is a lobular structure located between __________ behind __________ on the __________ side of the aorta
lungs, sternum, ventral
84
__________ plays a major role in the development of the immune system
Thymus
85
Thymus secretes the peptide hormones called __________
thymosins
86
Thymosins play a major role in the differentiation of __________
T-lymphocytes
87
Thymosins also promote production of __________ to provide humoral immunity
antibodies
88
Thymus is __________ in old individuals resulting in decreased production of thymosins
degenerated
89
Immune systems of old persons become weak due to the decreased production of thymosins. T or F?
True
90
Our body has _____ pair(s) of adrenal glands. Where are they located?
one pair,
| one at the anterior part of each kidney
91
Adrenal gland is composed of 2 types of tissues:
```
adrenal medulla (centrally located)
adrenal cortex (outside)
```
92
Addison's disease?
Underproduction of hormones by adrenal cortex => alters carb metabolism => acute weakness and fatigue
93
Adrenal medulla secretes two hormones called. __________ and __________
adrenaline / epinephrine
| noradrenaline/norepinephrine
94
What are catecholamines?
Hormones secreted by adrenal medulla
95
__________ and __________ are rapidly secreted in response to stress of any kind. They are aka __________ hormones.
Adrenaline, noradrenaline,
| emergency/ fight or flight
96
Adrenaline / noradrenaline effects?
```
Increase alertness,
pupilary dilation,
piloerection (raising of hairs),
sweating,
increased heart beat,
increased strength of heart contraction,
increased rate of respiration
```
97
Catecolamines also stimulate the breakdown of __________ resulting in an increased concentration of __________ in blood
glycogen, glucose
98
Catecholamines also stimulate the breakdown of lipids and proteins. T or F?
True
99
Adrenal cortex can be divided into 3 layers:
```
zona reticularis (inner)
zona fasciculata (middle)
zona glomerulosa (outer)
```
100
Adrenal cortex secretes many hormones, commonly called as __________
corticoids
101
Corticoids involved in carb metabolism are called __________
glucocorticoids
102
In our body, __________ is the main glucocorticoid
cortisol
103
Corticoids which regulate the balance of water and electrolytes in our body are called __________
mineralocorticoids
104
__________ is the main mineralocorticoid in our body
Aldosterone
105
Glucocorticoids stimulate __________, __________ __________ and ___________
gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, proteolysis, erythropoiesis
106
Glucocorticoids inhibit cellular uptake and utilisation of __________
amino acids
107
__________ is involved in maintaining the cardio-vascular system as well as the kidney functions
Cortisol
108
Glucocorticoid, particularly cortisol, produce __________ reactions and suppresses the immune response
anti-inflammatory
109
Aldosterone stimulates RBC production. T or F?
False, cortisol
110
Aldosterone acts mainly at the __________ and stimulates the reabsorption of __________ and excretion of __________
renal tubules,
Na+ and water,
K+ and phosphate ions
111
Aldosterone helps in maintenance of electrolytes, body fluid volume, osmotic pressure and blood pressure. T or F?
True
112
Pancreas is a __________ gland
composite - exocrine and endocrine
113
Endocrine pancreas consists of __________
Islets of Langerhans
114
There are how many Islets of Langerhans in a normal human pancreas?
1-2 million
115
Islets of Langerhans represent _____% of pancreatic tissue
1-2%
116
The two main types of cells in the Islet of Langerhans are called __________ and __________
alpha-cells and beta-cells
117
Alpha cells secrete hormone called. __________ while beta cells secrete __________
glucagon, insulin
118
Glucagone is a __________ hormone and plays an important role in maintaining __________
peptide, normal blood glucose levels
119
Glucagon acts mainly on the __________ cells and stimulates __________ resulting in __________
hepatocytes (liver cells),
glycogenolysis,
hyperglycemia (increased blood sugar)
120
Glucagon stimulates the process of __________ which also contributes to hyperglycemia
gluconeogenesis
121
Glucagon __________ (increases / decreases) the cellular glucose uptake and utilisation.
reduces
122
__________ is a hyperglycemic hormone
Glucagon
123
Insulin is a __________ hormone which plays a major role in the regulation of __________
peptide, glucose homeostasis
124
Insulin acts mainly on __________ and __________ and enhances cellular uptake and utilization of __________
hepatocytes, adipocytes, glucose
125
There is a rapid movement of glucose from __________ to __________ as a result of insulin, resulting in __________
blood, hepatocytes and adipocytes
| hypoglycemia
126
Insulin also stimulates the conversation of __________ to __________ (aka __________) in the target cells
glucose, glycogen, glycogenesis
127
Glucose homeostasis in blood is maintained jointly by __________ and __________
insulin and glucagon
128
Prolonged hyperglycemia leads to a complex disorder called __________
diabetes mellitus
129
Diabetes mellitus is associated with loss of glucose through __________ and formation of __________
urine, ketone bodies (harmful compounds)
130
Diabetic patients are successfully treated with __________
insulin therapy
131
A pair of testis is present in the ___________ sac (outside abdomen) of male individuals.
scrotal
132
Testis performs dual functions as a ___________ and ___________
primary sex organ, endocrine gland
133
Testis is composed of ___________ tubules and ___________ tissue
seminiferous,
| stromal/interstitial
134
Leydig/interstitial cells which are present in the intertubular spaces produce a group of hormones called ___________ mainly ___________
androgens, testosterone
135
Androgens regulate the development, maturation and functions of the ___________
male sex organs
136
___________ stimulate muscular growth, growth of facial and axillary hair, aggressiveness, low pitch of voice, etc.
Androgens
137
Androgens play a major stimulatory role in the process of ___________
spermatogenesis
138
Androgens act on the ___________ neural system and influence the ___________
central, libido (male sexual behavior)
139
Androgens produce ___________ effects on protein and carb metabolism
anabolic (synthetic)
140
___________ is the primary female sex organ which produces ___________ (how many) ovum during each menstrual cycle
Ovary, one
141
Ovary also produces 2 groups of steroid hormones: ___________ and ___________
estrogen, progesterone
142
Ovary is composed of ___________ follicles and ___________ tissues
ovarian, stromal
143
Estrogen is synthesised and secreted mainly by ___________
growing ovarian follicles
144
After ovulation, the ruptured follicle is converted to a structure called ___________
corpus luteum
145
Corpus luteum secretes mainly ___________
progesterone
146
___________ produce wide ranging actions: stimulation of growth and activities of female sex organs, development of growing ovarian follicles, high pitch voice, mammary gland development, etc.
Estrogens
147
___________ regulate female sexual behaviour
Estrogens
148
___________ (hormone) supports pregnancy
Progesterone
149
Progesterone also acts on the ___________ glands and stimulates the formulation of ___________ and ___________
mammary, alveoli, milk secretion
150
Atrial wall of our heart secretes a very important peptide hormone called ___________
atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)
151
ANF decreases ___________
blood pressure
152
When blood pressure is increased, ANF is secreted which causes dilation of ___________ which ___________ (increases/decreases) blood pressure
blood vessels, decreases
153
Juxtaglomerular cells of kidney produce a peptide hormone called ___________ which stimulates ___________
erythropoietin,
| erythropoiesis (formation of RBC)
154
Endocrine cells present in different parts of the gastro-intestinal tract secrete four major peptide hormones:
gastrin,
secretin,
cholecystokinin (CCK)
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
155
Gastrin acts on ___________ and stimulates the secretion of ___________
gastric glands,
| hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen
156
Secretin acts on the ___________ and stimulates secretion of ___________
exocrine pancreas,
| water, bicarbonate ions
157
CCK acts ___________ and stimulates the secretion of ___________
pancreas, gall bladder;
| pancreatic enzymes, bile juice
158
GIP inhibits ___________ and ___________
gastric secretion, motility
159
What growth factors?
Hormones secreted by other non-endocrine tissues
| essential for normal growth of tissues and their repairing/regeneration
160
Hormones produce their effects on target tissues by ___________
binding to specific proteins called hormone receptors located in the target tissues only
161
Hormones receptors present on the cell membrane of the target cells are called ___________
membrane-bound receptors
162
Hormones receptors present inside the target cells are called ___________
intracellular receptors
163
Intracellular receptors are mostly ___________ receptors
nuclear i.e. present in the nucleus
164
Binding a hormone to its receptor leads to the formation of ___________
a hormone-receptor complex
165
Most receptors are specific. T or F?
False, ALL are specific to one hormone only
166
Hormone-Receptor complex formation leads to certain ___________ changes in the target
biochemical
167
Target tissue metabolism and hence physiological functions are regulated by ___________
hormones
168
On the basis of their chemical nature, hormones can be divided into how many groups? What are they?
1. peptide, polypeptide, protein hormones
2. steroids
3. iodothyronines
4. amino-acid derivatives
169
```
Match the hormone to the group (based on the their chemical nature):
thyroid hormones
cortisol
insulin
epinephrine
estradiol
progesterone
glucagon
pituitary hormones,
testosterone
hypothalamic hormones
```
thyroid hormones - iodothyronines
cortisol - steroids
insulin - peptide/polypeptide/protein hormones
epinephrine - amino-acid derivatives
estradiol - steroids
progesterone - steroids
glucagon - peptide/polypeptide/protein hormones
pituitary hormones - peptide/polypeptide/protein hormones
testosterone - steroids
hypothalamic hormones - peptide/polypeptide/protein hormones
170
Hormones which interact with membrane-bound receptors normally enter the target cell post second message. T or F?
False, they do not enter, generate second messengers
171
Cyclic AMP, IP2, Ca++ are examples of ?
second messengers
172
Second messengers in turn regulate ___________
cellular metabolism
173
Hormones which interact with intracellular receptors mostly regulate ___________ or ___________ by the interaction of ___________
gene expression, chromosom function,
| hormone-receptor complex with the genome
174
Steroid hormones and iodothyronines usually interact with ___________ (membrane-bound / intracellular) receptors
intracellular
175
___________ produces six trophic hormones
Pars distalis
176
___________ secretes only one hormone, while ___________ secretes two hormones
Pars intermedia,
| Pars nervosa
177
___________ hormones regulate the growth and development of somatic tissues and activities of peripheral endocrine glands
Pituitary
178
___________ regulates calcium levels in our blood by decreasing it
Thyrocalcitonin
179
Glucocorticoids stimulate cardio-vascular system, blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate and inhibit inflammatory reactions. T or F?
True
180
Insulin ___________ and/or insulin ___________ result in a disease called diabetes mellitus
deficiency, resistance
