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Biology (NCERT) - Class XI > XI Chap 22 Chemical Coordination Integration > Flashcards

XI Chap 22 Chemical Coordination Integration Flashcards

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1
Q

Nerve fibres innervate all cells of the body as cellular functions need to be continuously regulated. T or F?

A

False, nerve fibres DO NOT innervate all cells, rest is true

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2
Q

Endocrine glands lack __________ and hence are called __________

A

duct, ductless glands

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3
Q

Secretions of the endocrine are called __________

A

hormones

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4
Q

Classical definition of hormone?

A

Chemical produced by endocrine glands and released into the blood and transported to a distantly located target organ

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5
Q

Current scientific definition of hormones?

A

Non-nutrient chemicals - intercellular messengers - trace amounts

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6
Q

__________ possess very simple endocrine systems with few hormones

A

invertebrates

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7
Q

__________ and __________ constitute the endocrine system

A

Endocrine glands,

hormone producing diffused tissues/cells

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8
Q

Organised endocrine bodies? (8)

A 
pituitary
pineal
thyroid
adrenal
pancreas
parathyroid
thymus 
gonads (testis in M, ovary in F)
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9
Q

In addition to the organized endocrine bodies, __________, __________, __________ and __________ also produce hormones

A

gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, heart

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10
Q

Hypothalamus is the basal part of the ____________, forebrain

A

diencephalon

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11
Q

Hypothalamus contains several groups of neurosecretory cells called ____________ which produce ____________

A

nuclei, hormones

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12
Q

Nuclei hormones regulate ____________

A

synthesis and secretion of pituitary hormones

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13
Q

The hormones produced by hypothalamus are of 2 types: ____________ and ____________

A

releasing, inhibiting

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14
Q

Releasing vs. inhibiting hormone?

A

Releasing - stimulating secretion of pituitary

Inhibiting - inhibit secretions of pituitary

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15
Q

Gonadotrophin releasing hormon (GnRH) is a ____________ hormone that stimulates the ____________

A

hypothalamic,

pituitary synthesis and release of gonadotrophins

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16
Q

____________ from the hypothalamus inhibits the release of growth hormone from the pituitary

A

Somatostatin

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17
Q

Hypothalmic hormones originate in the ____________ pass through ____________ and are released from ____________

A

hypothalamic neurons,
axons,
axon nerve endings

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18
Q

Hypothalamic hormones reach the pituitary gland through a ____________ system and regulate the functions of the ____________

A

portal circulatory, anterior pituitary

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19
Q

___________ pituitary is under the direct neural regulation of hypothalamus

A

Posterior

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20
Q

The pituitary gland is located in a body cavity called ____________ and is attached to the ____________ by a stalk

A

sella tursica, hypothalamus

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21
Q

Pituitary gland is divided anatomically into:

A

adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis

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22
Q

Adenohypophysis consists of ____________ and ____________

A

pars distalis

pars intermedia

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23
Q

Pars distalis region of pituitary is commonly called ____________

A

anterior pituitary

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24
Q

Anterior pituitary/pars distalis region of pituitary produces which hormones?

A 
Growth hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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25
Q

Pars intermedia produces which hormones:

A

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

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26
Q

In humans, the pars intermedia is almost merged with the pars distalis. T or F?

A

True

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27
Q

Pars intermedia is aka posterior pituitary. T or F?

A

False, pars intermedia is part of adenohypophysis. Neurohypophysis / pars nervosa is aka posterior pituitary

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28
Q

Neurohypophysis stores and releases two hormones called ____________ and ____________

A

oxytocin, vasopressin

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29
Q

Oxytocin and vasopressin are synthesised by the ____________ and are transported axonally to the ____________

A

hypothalamus, neurohypophysis

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30
Q

Neurohypophysis synthesizes oxytocin and vasopressin. T or F?

A

False, it only stores and releases, hypothalamus synthesizes

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31
Q

Over-secretion of ____________ stimulates abnormal growth of body leading to ____________ and low secretion results in stunted growth resulting in ____________

A

GH, gigantism, pituitary dwarfism

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32
Q

Excess secretion of growth hormone in adults especially in middle age can result in severe disfigurement called ____________

A

acromegaly

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33
Q

Acromegaly may lead to serious complications and premature death if unchecked. T or F?

A

True

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34
Q

Acromegaly often goes undetected for many years as it is hard to diagnose in early stages. T or F?

A

True

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35
Q

Prolactin regulates ____________ and ____________

A

growth of mammary glands,

formation of milk

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36
Q

TSH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland. T or F?

A

True

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37
Q

ACTH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of steroid hormones called ____________ from the adrenal cortex

A

glucocorticoids

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38
Q

LH and FSH stimulate gonadal activity and hence are called ____________

A

gonadotrophins

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39
Q

In males, LH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of hormones called ____________ from testis

A

androgens

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40
Q

In males, ____________ and ____________ hormones regular spermatogenesis

A

FSH, androgens

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41
Q

In females, LH induces ____________ and maintains ____________

A

ovulation of fully mature follicles (graafian follicles);

the corpus luteum

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42
Q

Corpus luteum is formed from the remnants of the ____________ after ovulation

A

graafian follicles

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43
Q

FSH stimulates growth and development of the ____________ in females

A

ovarian follicles

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44
Q

MSH acts on the ____________ and regulates ____________

A

melanocytes, pigmentation of the skin

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45
Q

Melanocytes are cells containing ____________

A

melanin

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46
Q

Oxytocin acts on ____________ and stimulates their ____________

A

smooth muscles of our body, contraction

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47
Q

In females, oxytocin stimulates a vigorous contraction of uterus at the time of __________ and ____________

A

child birth

milk ejection from mammary gland

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48
Q

Vasopressin acts mainly at the ____________ and stimulates resorption of water and electrolytes by the ____________

A

kidney, distal tubules

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49
Q

Vasopressin reduces water loss (through ___________)

A

urine (diuresis)

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50
Q

Vasopressin is aka the ___________ hormone

A

anti-diuretic hormone

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51
Q

An impairment affecting synthesis or release of ADH results in ___________ and is known as ___________

A

diminished ability of kidney to conserve water
=> water loss
=> dehydration

Diabetes Insipidus

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52
Q

Pineal gland is located on the ___________ side of the forebrain

A

dorsal

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53
Q

Pineal secretes a hormone called ___________

A

melatonin

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54
Q

Melatonin plays a very important role in the regulation of ___________

A

regulation of a 24-hour (diurnal) rhythm of our body

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55
Q

__________ helps in maintaining the normal rhythms of sleep-wake cycle and body temperature.

A

Melatonin

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56
Q

_________ also influences metabolism, pigmentation, the menstrual cycle as well as our defense capability

A

Melatonin

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57
Q

Thyroid gland is composed of ____ (how many?) lobes which are located on either side of the __________

A

2, trachea

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58
Q

Both the thyroid lobes are interconnected with a __________ tissue called __________

A

thin flap of connective tissue, isthmus

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59
Q

Thyroid gland is composed of __________ and __________

A

follicles, stromal tissues

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60
Q

Each thyroid follicle is composed of __________ cells, enclosing a __________

A

follicular, cavity

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61
Q

The thyroid follicular cells synthesise 2 hormones:

A

tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine (T4)

triiodothyronine (T3)

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62
Q

__________ is essential for the normal rate of hormone synthesis in the thyroid

A

Iodine

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63
Q

Deficiency of iodine in our diet results in __________

A

hypothyroidism and goitre (enlargement of the thyroid gland)

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64
Q

Hypothyroidism during pregnancy causes defective development and maturation of the growing baby leading to:

A 
stunted growth (cretinism), 
mental retardation, 
low intelligence quotient, 
abnormal skin, 
deaf-mutism
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65
Q

In adult women, hypothyroidism may cause menstrual cycle to become irregular. T or F?

A

True

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66
Q

Due to the __________ or due to __________, the rate of synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones is increased.

A

cancer of the thyroid gland,

development of nodules of the thyroid glands

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67
Q

Abnormal high levels of thyroid hormones leads to a condition called __________ which adversely affects the body physiology.

A

hyperthyroidism

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68
Q

Exopthalmic goitre is a form __________ aka __________

A

hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease

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69
Q

Characteristics of exopthalmic goitre:

A

Enlargement of thyroid gland,
protrusion of eyeballs,
increased BMR,
weight loss

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70
Q

Thyroid hormones play and important role in regulation of the BMR. T or F?

A

True

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71
Q

Thyroid hormones also support process of RBC formation. T or F?

A

True

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72
Q

Thyroid hormones control metabolism of __________, __________ and __________

A

carbs, proteins, fats

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73
Q

Maintenance of water and electrolyte balance is also influenced by thyroid hormones. T or F?

A

True

74
Q

Thyroid gland also secretes a protein hormone called __________ which regulates the blood calcium levels

A

thyrocalcitonin (TCT)

75
Q

In humans, _______ (how many?) parathyroid glands are present on the ______ (front/back) side of the thyroid gland, one pair each in the __________ of the thyroid gland

A

4, back, two lobes

76
Q

Parathyroid glands secrete a peptide hormone called __________

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

77
Q

The secretion of PTH is regulated by the circulating levels of __________

A

calcium ions

78
Q

Parathyroid hormone __________ (increases / decreases) the Ca2+ levels in the blood

A

increases

79
Q

PTH acts on bones and stimulates the process of __________

A

bone resorption (dissolution / demineralisation)

80
Q

PTH also stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+ by the __________ and increases Ca2+ absorption from __________

A

renal tubules, digested food

81
Q

It is thus clear that PTH is a __________ hormone i.e. increases the blood Ca2+ levels

A

hypercalcemic

82
Q

_____ and _____ plays a significant role in calcium balance in the body

A

TCT and PTH

83
Q

The thymus gland is a lobular structure located between __________ behind __________ on the __________ side of the aorta

A

lungs, sternum, ventral

84
Q

__________ plays a major role in the development of the immune system

A

Thymus

85
Q

Thymus secretes the peptide hormones called __________

A

thymosins

86
Q

Thymosins play a major role in the differentiation of __________

A

T-lymphocytes

87
Q

Thymosins also promote production of __________ to provide humoral immunity

A

antibodies

88
Q

Thymus is __________ in old individuals resulting in decreased production of thymosins

A

degenerated

89
Q

Immune systems of old persons become weak due to the decreased production of thymosins. T or F?

A

True

90
Q

Our body has _____ pair(s) of adrenal glands. Where are they located?

A

one pair,

one at the anterior part of each kidney

91
Q

Adrenal gland is composed of 2 types of tissues:

A 
adrenal medulla (centrally located)
adrenal cortex (outside)
92
Q

Addison’s disease?

A

Underproduction of hormones by adrenal cortex => alters carb metabolism => acute weakness and fatigue

93
Q

Adrenal medulla secretes two hormones called. __________ and __________

A

adrenaline / epinephrine

noradrenaline/norepinephrine

94
Q

What are catecholamines?

A

Hormones secreted by adrenal medulla

95
Q

__________ and __________ are rapidly secreted in response to stress of any kind. They are aka __________ hormones.

A

Adrenaline, noradrenaline,

emergency/ fight or flight

96
Q

Adrenaline / noradrenaline effects?

A 
Increase alertness, 
pupilary dilation, 
piloerection (raising of hairs), 
sweating, 
increased heart beat, 
increased strength of heart contraction, 
increased rate of respiration
97
Q

Catecolamines also stimulate the breakdown of __________ resulting in an increased concentration of __________ in blood

A

glycogen, glucose

98
Q

Catecholamines also stimulate the breakdown of lipids and proteins. T or F?

A

True

99
Q

Adrenal cortex can be divided into 3 layers:

A 
zona reticularis (inner) 
zona fasciculata (middle) 
zona glomerulosa (outer)
100
Q

Adrenal cortex secretes many hormones, commonly called as __________

A

corticoids

101
Q

Corticoids involved in carb metabolism are called __________

A

glucocorticoids

102
Q

In our body, __________ is the main glucocorticoid

A

cortisol

103
Q

Corticoids which regulate the balance of water and electrolytes in our body are called __________

A

mineralocorticoids

104
Q

__________ is the main mineralocorticoid in our body

A

Aldosterone

105
Q

Glucocorticoids stimulate __________, __________ __________ and ___________

A

gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, proteolysis, erythropoiesis

106
Q

Glucocorticoids inhibit cellular uptake and utilisation of __________

A

amino acids

107
Q

__________ is involved in maintaining the cardio-vascular system as well as the kidney functions

A

Cortisol

108
Q

Glucocorticoid, particularly cortisol, produce __________ reactions and suppresses the immune response

A

anti-inflammatory

109
Q

Aldosterone stimulates RBC production. T or F?

A

False, cortisol

110
Q

Aldosterone acts mainly at the __________ and stimulates the reabsorption of __________ and excretion of __________

A

renal tubules,
Na+ and water,
K+ and phosphate ions

111
Q

Aldosterone helps in maintenance of electrolytes, body fluid volume, osmotic pressure and blood pressure. T or F?

A

True

112
Q

Pancreas is a __________ gland

A

composite - exocrine and endocrine

113
Q

Endocrine pancreas consists of __________

A

Islets of Langerhans

114
Q

There are how many Islets of Langerhans in a normal human pancreas?

A

1-2 million

115
Q

Islets of Langerhans represent _____% of pancreatic tissue

A

1-2%

116
Q

The two main types of cells in the Islet of Langerhans are called __________ and __________

A

alpha-cells and beta-cells

117
Q

Alpha cells secrete hormone called. __________ while beta cells secrete __________

A

glucagon, insulin

118
Q

Glucagone is a __________ hormone and plays an important role in maintaining __________

A

peptide, normal blood glucose levels

119
Q

Glucagon acts mainly on the __________ cells and stimulates __________ resulting in __________

A

hepatocytes (liver cells),
glycogenolysis,
hyperglycemia (increased blood sugar)

120
Q

Glucagon stimulates the process of __________ which also contributes to hyperglycemia

A

gluconeogenesis

121
Q

Glucagon __________ (increases / decreases) the cellular glucose uptake and utilisation.

A

reduces

122
Q

__________ is a hyperglycemic hormone

A

Glucagon

123
Q

Insulin is a __________ hormone which plays a major role in the regulation of __________

A

peptide, glucose homeostasis

124
Q

Insulin acts mainly on __________ and __________ and enhances cellular uptake and utilization of __________

A

hepatocytes, adipocytes, glucose

125
Q

There is a rapid movement of glucose from __________ to __________ as a result of insulin, resulting in __________

A

blood, hepatocytes and adipocytes

hypoglycemia

126
Q

Insulin also stimulates the conversation of __________ to __________ (aka __________) in the target cells

A

glucose, glycogen, glycogenesis

127
Q

Glucose homeostasis in blood is maintained jointly by __________ and __________

A

insulin and glucagon

128
Q

Prolonged hyperglycemia leads to a complex disorder called __________

A

diabetes mellitus

129
Q

Diabetes mellitus is associated with loss of glucose through __________ and formation of __________

A

urine, ketone bodies (harmful compounds)

130
Q

Diabetic patients are successfully treated with __________

A

insulin therapy

131
Q

A pair of testis is present in the ___________ sac (outside abdomen) of male individuals.

A

scrotal

132
Q

Testis performs dual functions as a ___________ and ___________

A

primary sex organ, endocrine gland

133
Q

Testis is composed of ___________ tubules and ___________ tissue

A

seminiferous,

stromal/interstitial

134
Q

Leydig/interstitial cells which are present in the intertubular spaces produce a group of hormones called ___________ mainly ___________

A

androgens, testosterone

135
Q

Androgens regulate the development, maturation and functions of the ___________

A

male sex organs

136
Q

___________ stimulate muscular growth, growth of facial and axillary hair, aggressiveness, low pitch of voice, etc.

A

Androgens

137
Q

Androgens play a major stimulatory role in the process of ___________

A

spermatogenesis

138
Q

Androgens act on the ___________ neural system and influence the ___________

A

central, libido (male sexual behavior)

139
Q

Androgens produce ___________ effects on protein and carb metabolism

A

anabolic (synthetic)

140
Q

___________ is the primary female sex organ which produces ___________ (how many) ovum during each menstrual cycle

A

Ovary, one

141
Q

Ovary also produces 2 groups of steroid hormones: ___________ and ___________

A

estrogen, progesterone

142
Q

Ovary is composed of ___________ follicles and ___________ tissues

A

ovarian, stromal

143
Q

Estrogen is synthesised and secreted mainly by ___________

A

growing ovarian follicles

144
Q

After ovulation, the ruptured follicle is converted to a structure called ___________

A

corpus luteum

145
Q

Corpus luteum secretes mainly ___________

A

progesterone

146
Q

___________ produce wide ranging actions: stimulation of growth and activities of female sex organs, development of growing ovarian follicles, high pitch voice, mammary gland development, etc.

A

Estrogens

147
Q

___________ regulate female sexual behaviour

A

Estrogens

148
Q

___________ (hormone) supports pregnancy

A

Progesterone

149
Q

Progesterone also acts on the ___________ glands and stimulates the formulation of ___________ and ___________

A

mammary, alveoli, milk secretion

150
Q

Atrial wall of our heart secretes a very important peptide hormone called ___________

A

atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

151
Q

ANF decreases ___________

A

blood pressure

152
Q

When blood pressure is increased, ANF is secreted which causes dilation of ___________ which ___________ (increases/decreases) blood pressure

A

blood vessels, decreases

153
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells of kidney produce a peptide hormone called ___________ which stimulates ___________

A

erythropoietin,

erythropoiesis (formation of RBC)

154
Q

Endocrine cells present in different parts of the gastro-intestinal tract secrete four major peptide hormones:

A

gastrin,
secretin,
cholecystokinin (CCK)
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

155
Q

Gastrin acts on ___________ and stimulates the secretion of ___________

A

gastric glands,

hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen

156
Q

Secretin acts on the ___________ and stimulates secretion of ___________

A

exocrine pancreas,

water, bicarbonate ions

157
Q

CCK acts ___________ and stimulates the secretion of ___________

A

pancreas, gall bladder;

pancreatic enzymes, bile juice

158
Q

GIP inhibits ___________ and ___________

A

gastric secretion, motility

159
Q

What growth factors?

A

Hormones secreted by other non-endocrine tissues

essential for normal growth of tissues and their repairing/regeneration

160
Q

Hormones produce their effects on target tissues by ___________

A

binding to specific proteins called hormone receptors located in the target tissues only

161
Q

Hormones receptors present on the cell membrane of the target cells are called ___________

A

membrane-bound receptors

162
Q

Hormones receptors present inside the target cells are called ___________

A

intracellular receptors

163
Q

Intracellular receptors are mostly ___________ receptors

A

nuclear i.e. present in the nucleus

164
Q

Binding a hormone to its receptor leads to the formation of ___________

A

a hormone-receptor complex

165
Q

Most receptors are specific. T or F?

A

False, ALL are specific to one hormone only

166
Q

Hormone-Receptor complex formation leads to certain ___________ changes in the target

A

biochemical

167
Q

Target tissue metabolism and hence physiological functions are regulated by ___________

A

hormones

168
Q

On the basis of their chemical nature, hormones can be divided into how many groups? What are they?

A
  1. peptide, polypeptide, protein hormones
  2. steroids
  3. iodothyronines
  4. amino-acid derivatives
169
Q 
Match the hormone to the group (based on the their chemical nature):
thyroid hormones
cortisol
insulin
epinephrine 
estradiol
progesterone
glucagon
pituitary hormones, 
testosterone
hypothalamic hormones
A

thyroid hormones - iodothyronines
cortisol - steroids
insulin - peptide/polypeptide/protein hormones
epinephrine - amino-acid derivatives
estradiol - steroids
progesterone - steroids
glucagon - peptide/polypeptide/protein hormones
pituitary hormones - peptide/polypeptide/protein hormones
testosterone - steroids
hypothalamic hormones - peptide/polypeptide/protein hormones

170
Q

Hormones which interact with membrane-bound receptors normally enter the target cell post second message. T or F?

A

False, they do not enter, generate second messengers

171
Q

Cyclic AMP, IP2, Ca++ are examples of ?

A

second messengers

172
Q

Second messengers in turn regulate ___________

A

cellular metabolism

173
Q

Hormones which interact with intracellular receptors mostly regulate ___________ or ___________ by the interaction of ___________

A

gene expression, chromosom function,

hormone-receptor complex with the genome

174
Q

Steroid hormones and iodothyronines usually interact with ___________ (membrane-bound / intracellular) receptors

A

intracellular

175
Q

___________ produces six trophic hormones

A

Pars distalis

176
Q

___________ secretes only one hormone, while ___________ secretes two hormones

A

Pars intermedia,

Pars nervosa

177
Q

___________ hormones regulate the growth and development of somatic tissues and activities of peripheral endocrine glands

A

Pituitary

178
Q

___________ regulates calcium levels in our blood by decreasing it

A

Thyrocalcitonin

179
Q

Glucocorticoids stimulate cardio-vascular system, blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate and inhibit inflammatory reactions. T or F?

A

True

180
Q

Insulin ___________ and/or insulin ___________ result in a disease called diabetes mellitus

A

deficiency, resistance

Biology (NCERT) - Class XI (23 decks)

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