XI Chap 16 Digestion and Absorption Flashcards
1
Q
Alfonso Corti, Italian anatomist, was born in ______
A
1822
2
Q
Alfonso Corti’s began his scientific career studying cardiovascular systems of _______
A
reptiles
3
Q
_________ published a paper on the mammalian auditory system and had an organ named after him
A
Alfonso Corti
4
Q
Major components of our food are __________
A
carbohydrates, proteins and fats
5
Q
__________ and __________ (food) are required in small quantities
A
Vitamins and minerals
6
Q
__________ plays an important role in metabolic processes and prevents dehydration of the body
A
Water
7
Q
What is digestion?
A
Conversion of complex food substances to simple absorbable forms
8
Q
Digestion is carried out based on _______ and __________ methods
biochemical - pressurized - hormonal - mechanical - metaphysical
A
biochemical, mechanical
9
Q
Classify into intracellular and extracellular digestion:
Protozoa Coelenterata Free-living platyhelminthes Platyhelminthes to Chordata Porifera
A
Protozoa - intracellular
Coelenterata - intracellular and extracellular
Free-living platyhelminthes - intracellular
Platyhelminthes to Chordata - extra-cellular
Porifera - intracellular
10
Q
Teeth is an example of _____________ type of digestion while digestive enzymes are an example of _____________
A
mechanical,
biochemical
11
Q
All digestive enzymes are hydrolases. T or F?
A
True
12
Q
Macromolecules are not absorbable by blood. T or F?
A
True
13
Q
Micronutrients provide protection whereas macronutrients provide energy. T or F?
A
False, reverse
14
Q
Alimentary canal is how long? _____________
A
6-9 meters
15
Q
State the germ layer from which foregut, midgut and hindgut of human alimentary canal have originated
A
Foregut & Hindgut - ectodermal
Midgut - endodermal
16
Q
Alimentary canal begins with __________ and opens posteriorly through ________
A
mouth, anus
17
Q
Mouth of alimentary canal leads to _________
A
buccal/oral cavity
18
Q
Oral cavity has _____ and _______
A
teeth and (muscular) tongue
19
Q
Each tooth in the oral cavity is embedded in a socket of _________. This type of attachment is called ________
A
jaw bone, thecodont
20
Q
Majority of mammals, except human beings, form two sets of teeth during their life. T or F?
A
False, including human beings
21
Q
A set of ________ teeth are replaced by a set of ________ teeth aka _____ type of dentition.
A
milk/deciduous,
permanent/adult,
diphyodont
22
Q
An adult human has ___ (how many?) permanent teeth of 4 different types, namely:
A
32, incisors, canine, pre-molars, molars
23
Q
Arrangement of teeth in each jaw is in the order ________ and represented by the formula _________
A
I, C, PM, M
2123 / 2123
24
Q
Hard chewing surface of the teeth made up of ______ helps in the _______ of food
A
enamel, mastication
25
What is the primary dentition formula?
2102 / 2102
26
Formula of monophycodont human teeth?
0021 / 0021
27
_____________ and _____________ teeth are monophycodont
Pre-molars and last molar
28
How many I, C, PM and M do adults have?
2 I
1 C
2 premolars
3 molars
29
How many I, C, PM and M do children have?
2 I
1 C
NO premolars
2 molars
30
Crown is made up of _____________ whereas root is made up of _____________
crown - enamel and dentine
| root - dentine only
31
Match teeth to their functions
1. Biting and holding
2. Grinding
3. Cutting
4. Shearing
5. Chewing
6. Tearing
7. Mastication / crushing
1. Biting and holding - I
2. Grinding - PM and M
3. Cutting - I
4. Shearing - C
5. Chewing - M
6. Tearing - C
7. Mastication / crushing - M
32
____________ is the part of the tooth that is visible
Crown
33
Enamel is made by ____________ cells, composed of ____________ and its origin is _______derm
ameloblast,
Ca3(PO4)2 and CaCO3,
ectoderm
34
Dentine is made by ____________ cells and made up of ____________ and its origin is _______derm
odontoblast,
calcified connective tissue,
mesoderm
35
____________ in tooth has everything a cell requires (lymph vessels, vein, artery, nerve, etc.)
Pulp cavity
36
____________ is the part of the tooth embedded in the socket
Root
37
Pulp cavity of tooth has ameloblasts that make dentine throughout life. T or F?
False, odondoblasts
38
_________ teeth are triangular in shape whereas _________ are rectangular
Pre-molar, molar
39
__________ teeth are chisel-like whereas _________ teeth are sharp and pointed
Incisors, canines
40
Number of roots in incisor, canine, premolar and molar in upper jaw
Incisor - 1
Canine - 1
Premolar - 2
Molar - 3
41
Number of roots in incisor, canine, premolar and molar in lower jaw
Incisor - 1
Canine - 1
Premolar - 1
Molar - 2
42
_________ organisms have homodont teeth (3)
Fishes
Amphibians
Reptiles
43
The tongue is a freely movable _______ organ of _____dermal origin attached to the _________ of the oral cavity by a _________
muscular,
mesodermal
floor,
frenulum
44
__________ is the roof of the buccal cavity and has transverse ridges called _______ ______________
Palate,
| palatine rugae
45
Anterior end of the tongue is attached to _________ whereas posterior end is attached to _________
nothing / free,
| hyoid bone
46
_____________ surface of the tongue has papillae whereas _____________ surface is attached to the floor
dorsal, ventral
47
Frenulum is a ligament. T or F?
True
48
_______ (upper/lower) surface of the tongue has small projections called _________
Upper, papillae
49
Tongue is divided into two parts _____________ and _____________. What are their relative sizes?
oral (one-third)
| pharangeal (two-thirds)
50
In the pharangeal part of the tongue lies the lymphoid organ called _____________
lingual tonsil
51
What are the 4 types of the papillae? Which of these contain taste buds?
Fungiform & Circumvallate - taste buds present
Filliform
Foliate
52
All papillae bear taste buds. T or F?
False, some
53
Which papillae are absent in humans?
Foliate
54
There are in total 3 salivary glands in the human body. T or F?
False, 3 pairs
55
What are the 3 salivary glands and their positions?
1. Parotid - in cheeks, below and anterior to ear
2. Submaxillary/submandibular - lower jaw
3. Sublingual - below tongue
56
_____________ are aka cheek teeth
molars
57
Largest vs smallest gland?
Largest - parotid,
| Smallest - sublingual
58
Percentage release of saliva across the 3 salivary glands?
Submaxillary - 70% most!
Sublingual - 5% least!
Parotid - 20-25%
59
Ducts of 3 salivary glands?
Parotid - Stenson's
Submaxillary - Wharton
Sublingual - Rivinus
60
_____________ gland is affected during mumps
parotid -> swollen
61
Saliva has pH of ___________
6.8
62
Humans produce ____L of saliva per day
1.5
63
Salive is ____% water and _____% ___________
99.5
0.5
solute
64
What are the solutes in saliva?
```
Na and K chlorides, bicarbs and phosphates
Urea + uric acid
Mucus
Salivary amylase / ptyalin
Lingual lipase
Lysozyme - antibacterial
Thiocyanate (anti-microbial)
IgA
```
65
_____ ion in saliva is a co-factor for amylase
Cl
66
Space between cheek and teeth is called ___________
vestibule
67
Roof of the buccal cavity is called ________
palate
68
Oral cavity leads to mouth. T or F?
False, leads to pharynx.
| MOUTH leads to oral cavity ;)
69
Palate is made up of 2 bones: _________ and _________
maxillae
| palatine
70
Accessory digestive organs of humans? (6)
```
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas
```
71
Pharynx serves as the common passage for food and air. T or F?
True
72
______ and _________ (aka __________) open into the pharynx.
Oesophagus, trachea/wind pipe
73
A ________ flap called ______ prevents the entry of food into the opening of the wind pipe during swallowing
cartilaginous, epiglottis
74
Opening of the windpipe is aka _________
glottis
75
Opening of the oesophagus is called ___________
gullet
76
Epiglottis is part of this ___________ sitting atop the trachea
larynx
77
_____________ is an extension of the soft palate and and closes off the nasal cavity during swallowing
Uvula
78
Oesophagus is:
thick/thin?
short/long?
passing through ______, _______ and ______
thin, long tube
| passing through neck, thorax and diaphragm
79
Stomach is a X-shaped bag.
J
80
A muscular spincter aka __________ regulates the opening of oesophagus into stomach
gastro-oesohageal sphincter
81
Stomach is located on _________ (upper right / upper left) portion of the abdominal cavity, has ____ (how many?) parts
upper left, 4
82
What are the 4 major parts of the stomach?
1. Cardiac
2. Fundic
3. Body
4. Pyloric
83
Oesophagus opens into ______ portion of the stomach
Cardiac
84
______ is the main central region of the stomach and also the largest
Body
85
Pyloric portion of stomach opens into ____________
first part of the small intestine
86
___________ region of the stomach is connected to the diaphragm
Fundus
87
Small intestine is distinguishable into how many regions? What are they?
3
| duodenum, jejunum and ileum
88
Rank the parts of the small intestine from shortest to longest
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
89
Opening of the stomach into the __-shaped duodenum is guarded by the ___________
C-shaped, pyloric sphincter
90
The long coiled portion of the intestine is called the __________, whereas the highly coiled portion is ________
jejunum, ileum
91
Ileum opens into the _______
large intestine
92
Large intestine consist of _________, _________ and _________
caecum, colon and rectum
93
Caecum is a small _____ sac which hosts some _____________
blind, symbiotic micro-organisms
94
What is the vermiform appendix?
narrow finger-like tubular projection,
vestigial organ,
arises from caecum
95
Caecum opens into the _______
colon
96
Parts and order of the colon?
Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
97
Wall of alimentary canal from ____________ to _________ possesses 4 layers. They are?
oesophagus, rectum
1. serosa
2. muscularis
3. sub-mucosa
4. mucosa
98
Match the following:
1. goblet cells
2. loose connective tissue
3. thin mesothelium
4. smooth muscles
mucosa, serosa, muscularis, sub-mucosa
1. mucosa
2. sub-mucosa
3. serosa
4. muscularis
99
________ is the outermost layer of the alimentary wall, and ______ is the innermost.
Serosa, mucosa
100
Thin mesothelium is the epithelium of visceral organs. T or F?
True
101
Serosa has some connective tissues. T or F?
True
102
Serosa is made up of ___________ on inner side and ___________ on outer side in ____________ of the alimentary canal
inner: simple squamous epithelium = mesothelium
outer: loose CT (areolar)
stomach, duodenum, jejunum and ileum
103
Serosa is made up of mesothelium and areolar CT in the oesophagus. T or F?
False, true for stomach and small intestine
104
Serosa of the oesophagus is called ___________ and is made up of ___________
tunica adventitia, areolar CT only
105
Muscularis is arranged into _________
an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer
106
An oblique may be present in some regions of the _________ e.g. ___________
muscularis, stomach
107
In the alimentary canal, ___________ has the thickest muscularis
stomach
108
The sub-mucosal layer is formed of ___________ (type of) tissues containing _____, _____ and _________
loose CT,
| nerves, blood and lymph vessels
109
Blood vessels in the ________ layer perform the function of ___________ except in this part of the alimentary canal ___________
sub-mucosa, absorbing digested food, oesophagus
110
____________ part of the mucosa comes into contact with food
Mucosal epithelium
111
Why does lipase not play a major role in digestion in the stomach?
Requires fats to be emulsified => done by bile in the small intestine
112
In the __________, glands are also present in sub-mucosa
Duodenum
113
Mucosa forms irregular folds called ______ and small finger-like foldings called ______
rugae, villi
114
Mucosa can be divided into 3 layers, they are? (from outermost to innermost)
1. Muscularis mucosa
2. Lamina propria
3. Mucosal epithelium
115
Muscularis mucosa is made up of ____________
smooth muscle
116
Lamina propria is made up of ____________
areolar CT
117
Mucosal epithelium is made up of ____________
simple columnar epithelium in stomach, small and large intestines
stratified squamous epithelium in buccal cavity, pharynx and oesophagus
118
Rugae are in the mucosa of the ______ whereas villi are in the mucosa of lining the _______
stomach, small intestine
119
Gastric glands are present in the mucosa muscularis of the stomach. T or F?
False, mucosal epithelium
120
What are the 4 types of cells present in the rugae of the stomach? (From top to bottom)
1. Mucus Neck / Goblet cells
2. Parietal / oxyntic cells
3. Chief / peptic / zymogen cells
4. EC cells - G cells
121
Cells lining the vili produce ______________ giving a _______ appearance
microvilli, brush border
122
Mucus Neck cells release _-_mm layer of mucus that serves 2 functions, they are?
1-3 mm
1. lubrication
2. protection from HCl and proteolytic enzymes
123
____________ cells of the rugae have microvili
Parietal/oxyntic
124
Oxyntic cells release ____________ which helps to absorb vitamin ____________, the latter aka ____________
Castle Intrinsic factor
B12
extrinsic factor
125
____________ cells are maximum in number in the rugae
Chief / peptic / zymogen cells
126
Folds are present in the ____________ of the stomach and in the ____________ of the small intestine
mucosa,
| mucosa and sub-mucosa
127
Chief cells are mainly found in the ________ region of the stomach
fundic
128
Role of chief cells?
Release inactive protein enzymes (pepsinogen and prorennin) and gastric lipase
129
Enteroendocrine cells (aka EC cells) and specifically _____ cells release ____________ which causes ____________
G, gastric hormone, release of gastric juice
130
What are Argentaffin cells?
aka EC cells,
in the intestinal glands
release local hormones secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK)
131
G cells cause the release of gastrin hormone into the stomach which aids in digestion. T or F?
False, hormones always released into blood
132
Mucosa and submucosa folds in the small intestine are called ____________ or ____________
plicae circulares
| valve of kerkrings
133
Mucosa of small intestine contain folds which contain villi which contain cells with microvili (i.e. "brush bordered cells"). T or F?
True
134
Microvilli are microscopic projections on stomach cells that are few in number. T or F?
False, microscopic yes but numerous
135
How do the modifications of the mucosa in the small intestine help?
Increases surface area
136
Villi are supplied with a network of _________
capillaries
137
What is the lacteal?
large lymph vessel in villi of small intestinal mucosa
138
Mucosal epithelium has goblet cells which ___________ that help in ___________
secrete mucus, lubrication
139
Mucosa forms ______ in the stomach and ____________ in between the bases of the villi in intestine,
gastric glands, crypts
140
Both duodenum sub-mucosa and mucosa of stomach have glands. T or F?
True
141
_________ are present in between the bases of villi in intestinal mucosa
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
142
Intestinal glands are called ___________
crypts of Lieberkuhn
143
What are the 4 types of cells in intestinal gland?
1. Paneth cell
2. Other cells that secrete enzymatic content
3. Goblet cells
4. EC cells
144
What do paneth cells produce? (2)
Enzymatic part of succus entericus (intestinal juice)
| Lysozyme / antibacterial compound
145
Brunner's glands are present in the _________ of the duodenum
sub-mucosa
146
Brunner's glands produce _________
non-enzymatic part of intestinal juice
147
How much intestinal juice is produced by humans per day? What is its pH?
1L per day
| ph 7.8
148
Intestinal juice is aka _________ and it is released by _________ and _________
succus entericus,
Brunner's gland
Crypt of Lieberkuhn
149
Success entericus contains salts like _________ to _________
sodium bicarbonate.
| maintain alkaline pH of duodenum
150
What is the full-form of MALT? it is also known as?
Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue,
| GALT - Gut associated ....
151
Where in the mucosa is malt found?
In the lamina propria of mucosa
152
Malt of ileum is found in the form of ___________
Peyer's patches
153
What are the 2 nerve plexuses present in alimentary canal?
Auerbach and Meissners
154
Where is Auerbach Nerve Plexus present and what does it do?
ACT - between circular and longitudinal muscles
| responsible for peristalsis
155
Where is Meissner's nerve plexus and what does it do?
MSC - between sub-mucosa and inner circular muscles
| induces secretions of glands (digestive juices)
156
Three of the four layers of alimentary wall show modifications in different parts of the alimentary canal. T or F?
False, all 4
157
What are the (accessory) digestive glands associated with the alimentary canal?
salivary glands,
liver (with gall bladder),
pancreas
158
Saliva is produced by how many PAIRS of salivary glands. What are they?
3
parotids
sub-maxillary/sub-mandibular
sub-lingual
159
Salivary glands are situated just outside the ___________
buccal cavity
160
Locations of the 3 PAIRS of salivary glands?
Parotids - cheek
Sub-maxillary/sub-mandibular - lower jaw
Sub-linguals - below tongue
161
___________ is the largest gland of the body
Liver
162
Liver weighs about ______ in adult human?
1.2 to 1.5 kg
163
Liver is situated in the ____ cavity just below the _________
abdominal, diaphragm
164
Liver has how many lobes?
2
165
The ________ are the structural and functional units of liver
hepatic lobules
166
Hepatic lobules contain hepatic cells arranged in the form of _________
hepatic cords
167
What is Glisson's capsule?
thin connective tissue sheath covering each hepatic lobule as well as the entire liver
168
_____ is secreted by hepatic cells, passes through the hepatic ducts and is stored and concentrated in the __________
Bile, gall baldder
169
Glisson's capsule is made up of ____________ tissue
white fibrous connective tissue
170
What are hepatocytes?
Hepatic cells - main cells of the liver that produce bile
171
Hepatic lobules are in the form of ____________ rings
benzene
172
____________ lobe of the liver is larger than the ____________
Right, left
173
Liver is situated in the ____________ cavity just below the ____________
abdominal, diaphragm
174
Gall bladder is
thick/thin?
muscular/bony?
sac/tube?
thin, muscular, sac
175
Common hepatic duct is made up of ____________ and ____________
left and right hepatic ducts
176
What is the cystic duct?
Duct of the gall bladder
177
Common bile duct is made of hepatic duct and the pancreatic duct. T or F?
False, hepatic duct and cystic duct
178
____________ duct is aka ductus choledocus
Common bile duct
179
Common bile duct contains the sphincter of ____________
Boyden
180
What is the role of sphincter of Boyden?
controls secretion of bile;
| if food absent in duodenum, sphincter is closed => bile stored in gall bladder
181
Hepatic duct and bile duct together open into the duodenum. T or F?
False, pancreatic duct and bile duct
182
Common bile duct vs hepato-pancreatic duct?
Bile duct - cystic + hepatic ducts
| Hepato-pancreatic duct - bile + pancreatic duct
183
Hepato-pancreatic duct is guarded by a sphincter called ____________
sphincter of Oddi
184
What is the role of sphincter of Oddi?
controls secretion of bile + pancreatic juice
185
Duct of ____________ is the main pancreatic duct that secretes 95% of juice
Wirsung
186
____________ is the accessory pancreatic duct
Duct of Santorini
187
Hepato pancreatic duct opens into the ____________ of the duodenum
Ampulla of Valer
188
____________ is considered as complete digestive juice
Pancreatic juice
189
Buccal cavity performs 2 major functions:
1. mastication of food
| 2. facilitation of swallowing
190
Which three parts of alimentary canal work together to masticate and mix up the food?
Teeth, tongue and saliva
191
Mucus in saliva helps in ____________
lubricating and adhering the masticated food particles into a "bolus"
192
What is deglutition?
Bolus from buccal cavity is conveyed from buccal cavity into pharynx and then into oesophagus and stomach by swallowing
193
___________ regulates deglutition
medulla oblongata
194
What is peristalsis? Where does it occur?
Successive waves of coordinated muscular contractions and relaxations that help the bolus pass down the OESOPHAGUS
195
Saliva secreted in oral cavity contains ?
electrolytes: Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-
enzymes: salivary amylase & lysozyme
196
Chemical process of digestion is initiated in the oral cavity by _______
hydrolytic action of salivary amylase
197
Salivary amylase is an enzyme that catalyzes splitting of _________
carbohydrate
198
What percent of starch is hydrolysed by amylase? What does it form?
30%
| disaccharide, maltose
199
Role of lysozyme in saliva?
antibacterial agent => prevents infections
200
What is the optimum pH for salivary amylase?
6.8
201
Three major types of cells in gastric glands and their roles?
1. Mucus neck cells - secrete mucus
2. Peptic/Chief cells - secrete pepsinogen (proenzyme)
3. Parietal/Oxyntic cells - secrete HCl and intrinsic factor
202
Intrinsic factor is essential for absorption of _____
B12
203
Stomach stores food for ______ hours
4-5
204
What is chyme?
Food mixed thoroughly with acidic gastric stomach juices
205
Chyme is produced by the _____ movements of the stomach wall
churning
206
Proenzyme pepsinogen on exposure to _______ gets converted into ______
HCl, pepsin
207
Pepsin is the proteolytic enzyme of the _______
stomach
208
Pepsin converts _____ into ________
proteins into proteoses and peptones (peptides)
209
Mucus and bicarbonates in gastric juice play an important role in ______ and ________
lubrication and protection of mucosal epithelium
210
HCl provides the ______ (acidic / alkaline) pH optimal for pepsins. What is the optimal pH? (numerically)
acidic, 1.8
211
______ is a proteolytic enzyme found in gastric juices of infants which helps in digestion of __________
Rennin, milk proteins
212
Small amounts of ligases are also secreted by gastric glands. T or F?
False, lipases
213
Movements are generated by the muscularis layer of small intestine that help with mixing up of the food and secretions. T or F?
True
214
What are the secretions in the small intestine?
Bile, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice
215
_____ and _______ are released through the hepato-pancreatic duct.
Bile and pancreatic juice
216
Pancreatic juice contains?
inactive enzymes, protein digesting - trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidases
pancreatic amylase (amylopsin)
steapsin (fat digestive enzyme cluster) - which contains pancreatic lipases
nucleases
sodium bicarbonate
217
pH of pancreatic juice?
| Proportion of water to solutes?
7.1 to 8.2
| 98% H2O, 2% solutes
218
Trypsinogen is activated by an enzyme ________ secreted by the _____________
enterokinase, intestinal mucosa
219
Activated form of typsinogen is called _______ and it in turn activates _________
trypsin, other enzymes in pancreatic juice
220
Bile released into duodenum contains ?
95% H2O
5% solutes -
Bile pigments (bilirubin and bili-verdin)
Inorganic bile salts - NaCl, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate
Organic bile salts - Na glycocholate, Na taurocholate
Cholesterol & Phospholipids (lecithin)
NO ENZYMES
221
What part of bile helps in emulsification of fats?
Organic bile salts - Na glycocholate/taurocholate
222
Bile pigments are made from breakdown of __________
Hb
223
pH of bile is ?
8.0
224
Enzymes in bile help in emulsification of fats and also activates lipases. T or F?
False, Not enzymes, but rest is true
225
Secretions of ______ cells of mucosa alongwith secretions of goblet cells constitute the intestinal juice aka ___________
brush border cells, succus entericus
226
Succus entericus contains enzymes including ______
disaccharidases (e.g. maltase)
dipeptidases
lipases
nucleosidases
227
There are no starch digesting enzymes or nucleic acid digesting enzymes in intestinal juice. T or F?
True, hence it is not a complete digestive juice
228
Mucus and bicarbonates from pancreas provide a _________(acidic or alkaline) medium for enzymatic activities. pH ____
alkaline, 7.8
229
What are Brunner's glands?
Sub-mucosal glands that also help provide an alkaline medium and protect intestinal mucosa
230
```
Name the enzymes that catalyze the following in the stomach:
Nucleotides
Polysaccharides/starch
Nucleic acids
Peptones/Proteoses
Fats
Proteins
Nucleosides
```
Nucleotides - Nucleotidase
Polysaccharides/starch - Amylase
Nucleic acids - Nuclease
Peptones/Proteoses - Trypsin/Chymotrypsin/Carboxypeptidase
Fats - Lipase
Proteins - Trypsin/Chymotrypsin/Carboxypeptidase
Nucleosides - Nucleosidase
231
```
Name the enzymes that catalyze the following in the stomach:
Maltose
Sucrose
Di/Monoglycerides
Dipeptides
Lactose
```
```
Maltose - Maltase
Sucrose - Sucrase
Di/Monoglycerides - Lipases
Dipeptides - Dipeptidase
Lactose - Lactase
```
232
```
Match the following:
Fats
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acid
```
Proteolytic enzymes of pancreas - pancreatic amylase - lipase in bile - pancreatic juice
Fats - Lipase in bile
Carbohydrates - Pancreatic amylase
Proteins - Proteolytic enzymes of pancreas
Nucleic acid - pancreatic juice
233
Enzymes in the succus entericus act on end products of ___________
reactions of carbs/fats/proteins/nucleic acid by enzymes of bile / pancreatic juices
234
The final steps in digestion occur very close to the ______ epithelial cells of _________
mucosal, duodenum region of small intestine
235
Simple substances formed at the end of digestion are absorbed in the ______ and _____ regions of the small intestine
jejunum, ileum
236
Pick the simple substances formed at the end of digestion?
Nucleosides, Amino acids, Glucose, Di/Monoglycerides, Galactose, Fructose, Sugars, Amylase, Bases, Lipase, Fatty acids, Glycerol
Amino acids, Glucose, Galactose, Fructose, Sugars, Bases, Fatty acids, Glycerol
237
Match the end products of breakdown of following:
Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose
Fructose, Glucose, Galactose, Di/Monoglycerides, Starch
Maltose - Glucose + Glucose
Sucrose - Glucose + Fructose
Lactose - Glucose + Galactose
238
Undigested and unabsorbed substances (faeces) are passed on to ___________
large intestine
239
No significant digestive activity occurs in the large intestine. T or F?
True
240
Functions of large intestine? (2)
1. Absorption of some water, minerals and certain drugs
| 2. Secretion of mucus - adhering waste together and lubrication
241
Faeces enter the caecum of large intestine through ________ valve and is temporarily stored in ________ until defaecation
ileo-caecal valve, rectum
242
Sight, smell or presence of food in oral cavity can stimulate secretion of saliva. T or F?
True
243
Gastric and intestinal secretions are stimulated by neural signals. T or F?
True
244
Muscular activities of different parts of alimentary canals are moderated only by local neural mechanisms. T or F?
False, local and CNS
245
Hormonal control of secretion of digestive juices is carried out by __________ hormones produced by _______
local,
| gastric and intestinal mucosa
246
______ is the ultimate form of all energy
Heat
247
1 calorie or Joule is amount of heat required to raise the temperature of ______ of water by ______
1g, 1°C
248
Gross calorific & physiological values of:
a. carbohydrates
b. proteins
c. fats
a. 4.1 & 4.0 kcal/g
b. 5.65 & 4.0 kcal/g
c. 9.4 & 90 kcal/g
249
What is absorption?
Process by which end products of digestion pass through intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymph
250
Absorption is carried out by what 3 mechanisms?
Passive, active or facilitated transport
251
What is absorbed in digestion by simple diffusion?
```
Small amounts of monosaccharides (e.g. glucose),
amino acids,
some electrolytes (e.g. Cl ions)
```
252
Some substances like _____ and ________ are absorbed after digestion with the help of carrier proteins. This process is called _________.
glucose, amino acids, facilitated transport
253
Transport of water depends on _________ gradient
osmotic
254
Active transport occurs against concentration gradient hence requires energy. T or F?
True
255
What are the nutrients absorbed into blood by active transport?
Amino acids, monosaccharides (glucose), electrolytes like Na+
256
Fatty acids and glycerol being soluble cannot be absorbed by the blood. T or F?
False, insoluble!! => cannot be absorbed
257
How are fatty acids and glycerol absorbed by blood?
1. incorporated into micelles (small droplets)
2. micelles move into the intestinal mucosa
3. micelles are re-formed into chylomicrons (very small protein coated fat globules)
4. Chylomicrons are transported into lymph vessels (lacteals) in the villi
5. Lymph vessels release into blood stream
258
Absorption of substances takes place only in small intestine. T or F?
False, different parts of the alimentary canal but most absorption occurs in the small intestine
259
```
Match substance to relevant point of absorption (mouth, stomach, small or large intestine):
minerals,
alcohol
drugs,
nutrients,
water,
simple sugars,
medicine
```
```
minerals - large intestine
alcohol - stomach
drugs - mouth, large intestine
nutrients - small intestine
water - stomach, large intestine
simple sugars - stomach
medicine - stomach
```
260
Drugs coming in contact with mucosa of moth and lower side of tongue are absorbed into the __________ lining them
blood capillaries
261
What is assimilation?
Process by which absorbed substances finally reach tissues which utilise them
262
Faeces in rectum initiates a ________ causing an urge or desire for removal
neural reflex
263
Egestion is a _______ process (involuntary or voluntary) and carried out by a ______ movement
voluntary, mass peristaltic
264
_________________ is the most common ailment related to the digestive system due to ______ or _______ infections
Inflammation of the intestinal tract, bacterial, viral
265
Name parasites of the intestine
Tapeworm, roundworm, threadworm, hookworm, pinworm
266
Name the following digestive system disorders:
a. abnormal frequency of bowel movement leading to reduced absorption of food
b. reflexive ejection of stomach contents through mouth
c. feeling of fullness
d. deficiency of protein and calories
e. liver affected, deposit of bile in skin and eyes
f. abnormal frequency of bowel movement due to faeces retained in colon
a. Diarrhoea
b. vomiting
c. indigestion
d. PEM
e. jaundice
f. constipation
267
Vomiting is controlled by the _______
vomit centre in the medulla
268
A feeling of _______ precedes vomitting
nausea
269
What are the causes of indigestion?
```
inadequate enzyme secretion,
anxiety,
food poisoning,
overeating,
spicy food
```
270
What does PEM stand for?
Protein-energy malnutrition
271
Marasmus vs. Kwashiorkar?
Marasmus - simultaneous deficiency of protein and food calories, infants < 1 yr, mother's milk replaced too early
Kwashiorkar - protein deficiency only, infants > 1 yr, replacement of mother's milk by high calorie but low protein diet
272
Symptoms of Marasmus and Kwashiorkar?
Common - wasting of muscles, thinning of limbs, failure of growth and brain development
Marasmus - skin is dry, thin and wrinkled; body weight decline
Kwashiorkar - some fat still left under skin; extensive oedema and swelling of body parts
273
In stomach, mainly protein digestion takes place. T or F?
True
274
The digested end products are absorbed into the body through the epithelial lining of the __________
intestinal villi
275
Mastication and churning is an example of _____________ type of digestion while digestive enzymes are an example of _____________
mechanical,
| biochemical
276
State the germ layer from which foregut, midgut and hindgut of human alimentary canal have originated
Foregut & Hindgut - ectodermal
| Midgut - endodermal
277
Intestinal glands are called ____________
crypts of Lieberkuhn
