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Biology (NCERT) - Class XI > XI Chap 16 Digestion and Absorption > Flashcards

XI Chap 16 Digestion and Absorption Flashcards

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1
Q

Alfonso Corti, Italian anatomist, was born in ______

A

1822

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2
Q

Alfonso Corti’s began his scientific career studying cardiovascular systems of _______

A

reptiles

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3
Q

_________ published a paper on the mammalian auditory system and had an organ named after him

A

Alfonso Corti

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4
Q

Major components of our food are __________

A

carbohydrates, proteins and fats

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5
Q

__________ and __________ (food) are required in small quantities

A

Vitamins and minerals

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6
Q

__________ plays an important role in metabolic processes and prevents dehydration of the body

A

Water

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7
Q

What is digestion?

A

Conversion of complex food substances to simple absorbable forms

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8
Q

Digestion is carried out based on _______ and __________ methods

biochemical - pressurized - hormonal - mechanical - metaphysical

A

biochemical, mechanical

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9
Q

Classify into intracellular and extracellular digestion:

Protozoa
Coelenterata
Free-living platyhelminthes
Platyhelminthes to Chordata
Porifera
A

Protozoa - intracellular
Coelenterata - intracellular and extracellular
Free-living platyhelminthes - intracellular
Platyhelminthes to Chordata - extra-cellular
Porifera - intracellular

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10
Q

Teeth is an example of _____________ type of digestion while digestive enzymes are an example of _____________

A

mechanical,

biochemical

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11
Q

All digestive enzymes are hydrolases. T or F?

A

True

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12
Q

Macromolecules are not absorbable by blood. T or F?

A

True

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13
Q

Micronutrients provide protection whereas macronutrients provide energy. T or F?

A

False, reverse

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14
Q

Alimentary canal is how long? _____________

A

6-9 meters

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15
Q

State the germ layer from which foregut, midgut and hindgut of human alimentary canal have originated

A

Foregut & Hindgut - ectodermal

Midgut - endodermal

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16
Q

Alimentary canal begins with __________ and opens posteriorly through ________

A

mouth, anus

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17
Q

Mouth of alimentary canal leads to _________

A

buccal/oral cavity

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18
Q

Oral cavity has _____ and _______

A

teeth and (muscular) tongue

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19
Q

Each tooth in the oral cavity is embedded in a socket of _________. This type of attachment is called ________

A

jaw bone, thecodont

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20
Q

Majority of mammals, except human beings, form two sets of teeth during their life. T or F?

A

False, including human beings

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21
Q

A set of ________ teeth are replaced by a set of ________ teeth aka _____ type of dentition.

A

milk/deciduous,
permanent/adult,
diphyodont

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22
Q

An adult human has ___ (how many?) permanent teeth of 4 different types, namely:

A

32, incisors, canine, pre-molars, molars

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23
Q

Arrangement of teeth in each jaw is in the order ________ and represented by the formula _________

A

I, C, PM, M

2123 / 2123

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24
Q

Hard chewing surface of the teeth made up of ______ helps in the _______ of food

A

enamel, mastication

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25
Q

What is the primary dentition formula?

A

2102 / 2102

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26
Q

Formula of monophycodont human teeth?

A

0021 / 0021

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27
Q

_____________ and _____________ teeth are monophycodont

A

Pre-molars and last molar

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28
Q

How many I, C, PM and M do adults have?

A

2 I
1 C
2 premolars
3 molars

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29
Q

How many I, C, PM and M do children have?

A

2 I
1 C
NO premolars
2 molars

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30
Q

Crown is made up of _____________ whereas root is made up of _____________

A

crown - enamel and dentine

root - dentine only

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31
Q

Match teeth to their functions

  1. Biting and holding
  2. Grinding
  3. Cutting
  4. Shearing
  5. Chewing
  6. Tearing
  7. Mastication / crushing
A
  1. Biting and holding - I
  2. Grinding - PM and M
  3. Cutting - I
  4. Shearing - C
  5. Chewing - M
  6. Tearing - C
  7. Mastication / crushing - M
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32
Q

____________ is the part of the tooth that is visible

A

Crown

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33
Q

Enamel is made by ____________ cells, composed of ____________ and its origin is _______derm

A

ameloblast,
Ca3(PO4)2 and CaCO3,
ectoderm

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34
Q

Dentine is made by ____________ cells and made up of ____________ and its origin is _______derm

A

odontoblast,
calcified connective tissue,
mesoderm

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35
Q

____________ in tooth has everything a cell requires (lymph vessels, vein, artery, nerve, etc.)

A

Pulp cavity

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36
Q

____________ is the part of the tooth embedded in the socket

A

Root

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37
Q

Pulp cavity of tooth has ameloblasts that make dentine throughout life. T or F?

A

False, odondoblasts

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38
Q

_________ teeth are triangular in shape whereas _________ are rectangular

A

Pre-molar, molar

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39
Q

__________ teeth are chisel-like whereas _________ teeth are sharp and pointed

A

Incisors, canines

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40
Q

Number of roots in incisor, canine, premolar and molar in upper jaw

A

Incisor - 1
Canine - 1
Premolar - 2
Molar - 3

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41
Q

Number of roots in incisor, canine, premolar and molar in lower jaw

A

Incisor - 1
Canine - 1
Premolar - 1
Molar - 2

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42
Q

_________ organisms have homodont teeth (3)

A

Fishes
Amphibians
Reptiles

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43
Q

The tongue is a freely movable _______ organ of _____dermal origin attached to the _________ of the oral cavity by a _________

A

muscular,
mesodermal
floor,
frenulum

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44
Q

__________ is the roof of the buccal cavity and has transverse ridges called _______ ______________

A

Palate,

palatine rugae

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45
Q

Anterior end of the tongue is attached to _________ whereas posterior end is attached to _________

A

nothing / free,

hyoid bone

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46
Q

_____________ surface of the tongue has papillae whereas _____________ surface is attached to the floor

A

dorsal, ventral

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47
Q

Frenulum is a ligament. T or F?

A

True

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48
Q

_______ (upper/lower) surface of the tongue has small projections called _________

A

Upper, papillae

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49
Q

Tongue is divided into two parts _____________ and _____________. What are their relative sizes?

A

oral (one-third)

pharangeal (two-thirds)

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50
Q

In the pharangeal part of the tongue lies the lymphoid organ called _____________

A

lingual tonsil

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51
Q

What are the 4 types of the papillae? Which of these contain taste buds?

A

Fungiform & Circumvallate - taste buds present
Filliform
Foliate

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52
Q

All papillae bear taste buds. T or F?

A

False, some

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53
Q

Which papillae are absent in humans?

A

Foliate

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54
Q

There are in total 3 salivary glands in the human body. T or F?

A

False, 3 pairs

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55
Q

What are the 3 salivary glands and their positions?

A
  1. Parotid - in cheeks, below and anterior to ear
  2. Submaxillary/submandibular - lower jaw
  3. Sublingual - below tongue
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56
Q

_____________ are aka cheek teeth

A

molars

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57
Q

Largest vs smallest gland?

A

Largest - parotid,

Smallest - sublingual

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58
Q

Percentage release of saliva across the 3 salivary glands?

A

Submaxillary - 70% most!
Sublingual - 5% least!
Parotid - 20-25%

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59
Q

Ducts of 3 salivary glands?

A

Parotid - Stenson’s
Submaxillary - Wharton
Sublingual - Rivinus

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60
Q

_____________ gland is affected during mumps

A

parotid -> swollen

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61
Q

Saliva has pH of ___________

A

6.8

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62
Q

Humans produce ____L of saliva per day

A

1.5

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63
Q

Salive is ____% water and _____% ___________

A

99.5
0.5
solute

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64
Q

What are the solutes in saliva?

A 
Na and K chlorides, bicarbs and phosphates
Urea + uric acid
Mucus
Salivary amylase / ptyalin
Lingual lipase
Lysozyme - antibacterial
Thiocyanate (anti-microbial)
IgA
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65
Q

_____ ion in saliva is a co-factor for amylase

A

Cl

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66
Q

Space between cheek and teeth is called ___________

A

vestibule

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67
Q

Roof of the buccal cavity is called ________

A

palate

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68
Q

Oral cavity leads to mouth. T or F?

A

False, leads to pharynx.

MOUTH leads to oral cavity ;)

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69
Q

Palate is made up of 2 bones: _________ and _________

A

maxillae

palatine

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70
Q

Accessory digestive organs of humans? (6)

A 
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas
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71
Q

Pharynx serves as the common passage for food and air. T or F?

A

True

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72
Q

______ and _________ (aka __________) open into the pharynx.

A

Oesophagus, trachea/wind pipe

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73
Q

A ________ flap called ______ prevents the entry of food into the opening of the wind pipe during swallowing

A

cartilaginous, epiglottis

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74
Q

Opening of the windpipe is aka _________

A

glottis

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75
Q

Opening of the oesophagus is called ___________

A

gullet

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76
Q

Epiglottis is part of this ___________ sitting atop the trachea

A

larynx

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77
Q

_____________ is an extension of the soft palate and and closes off the nasal cavity during swallowing

A

Uvula

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78
Q

Oesophagus is:
thick/thin?
short/long?
passing through ______, _______ and ______

A

thin, long tube

passing through neck, thorax and diaphragm

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79
Q

Stomach is a X-shaped bag.

A

J

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80
Q

A muscular spincter aka __________ regulates the opening of oesophagus into stomach

A

gastro-oesohageal sphincter

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81
Q

Stomach is located on _________ (upper right / upper left) portion of the abdominal cavity, has ____ (how many?) parts

A

upper left, 4

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82
Q

What are the 4 major parts of the stomach?

A
  1. Cardiac
  2. Fundic
  3. Body
  4. Pyloric
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83
Q

Oesophagus opens into ______ portion of the stomach

A

Cardiac

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84
Q

______ is the main central region of the stomach and also the largest

A

Body

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85
Q

Pyloric portion of stomach opens into ____________

A

first part of the small intestine

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86
Q

___________ region of the stomach is connected to the diaphragm

A

Fundus

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87
Q

Small intestine is distinguishable into how many regions? What are they?

A

3

duodenum, jejunum and ileum

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88
Q

Rank the parts of the small intestine from shortest to longest

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

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89
Q

Opening of the stomach into the __-shaped duodenum is guarded by the ___________

A

C-shaped, pyloric sphincter

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90
Q

The long coiled portion of the intestine is called the __________, whereas the highly coiled portion is ________

A

jejunum, ileum

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91
Q

Ileum opens into the _______

A

large intestine

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92
Q

Large intestine consist of _________, _________ and _________

A

caecum, colon and rectum

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93
Q

Caecum is a small _____ sac which hosts some _____________

A

blind, symbiotic micro-organisms

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94
Q

What is the vermiform appendix?

A

narrow finger-like tubular projection,
vestigial organ,
arises from caecum

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95
Q

Caecum opens into the _______

A

colon

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96
Q

Parts and order of the colon?

A

Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

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97
Q

Wall of alimentary canal from ____________ to _________ possesses 4 layers. They are?

A

oesophagus, rectum

  1. serosa
  2. muscularis
  3. sub-mucosa
  4. mucosa
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98
Q

Match the following:

  1. goblet cells
  2. loose connective tissue
  3. thin mesothelium
  4. smooth muscles

mucosa, serosa, muscularis, sub-mucosa

A
  1. mucosa
  2. sub-mucosa
  3. serosa
  4. muscularis
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99
Q

________ is the outermost layer of the alimentary wall, and ______ is the innermost.

A

Serosa, mucosa

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100
Q

Thin mesothelium is the epithelium of visceral organs. T or F?

A

True

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101
Q

Serosa has some connective tissues. T or F?

A

True

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102
Q

Serosa is made up of ___________ on inner side and ___________ on outer side in ____________ of the alimentary canal

A

inner: simple squamous epithelium = mesothelium
outer: loose CT (areolar)
stomach, duodenum, jejunum and ileum

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103
Q

Serosa is made up of mesothelium and areolar CT in the oesophagus. T or F?

A

False, true for stomach and small intestine

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104
Q

Serosa of the oesophagus is called ___________ and is made up of ___________

A

tunica adventitia, areolar CT only

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105
Q

Muscularis is arranged into _________

A

an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer

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106
Q

An oblique may be present in some regions of the _________ e.g. ___________

A

muscularis, stomach

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107
Q

In the alimentary canal, ___________ has the thickest muscularis

A

stomach

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108
Q

The sub-mucosal layer is formed of ___________ (type of) tissues containing _____, _____ and _________

A

loose CT,

nerves, blood and lymph vessels

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109
Q

Blood vessels in the ________ layer perform the function of ___________ except in this part of the alimentary canal ___________

A

sub-mucosa, absorbing digested food, oesophagus

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110
Q

____________ part of the mucosa comes into contact with food

A

Mucosal epithelium

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111
Q

Why does lipase not play a major role in digestion in the stomach?

A

Requires fats to be emulsified => done by bile in the small intestine

112
Q

In the __________, glands are also present in sub-mucosa

A

Duodenum

113
Q

Mucosa forms irregular folds called ______ and small finger-like foldings called ______

A

rugae, villi

114
Q

Mucosa can be divided into 3 layers, they are? (from outermost to innermost)

A
  1. Muscularis mucosa
  2. Lamina propria
  3. Mucosal epithelium
115
Q

Muscularis mucosa is made up of ____________

A

smooth muscle

116
Q

Lamina propria is made up of ____________

A

areolar CT

117
Q

Mucosal epithelium is made up of ____________

A

simple columnar epithelium in stomach, small and large intestines
stratified squamous epithelium in buccal cavity, pharynx and oesophagus

118
Q

Rugae are in the mucosa of the ______ whereas villi are in the mucosa of lining the _______

A

stomach, small intestine

119
Q

Gastric glands are present in the mucosa muscularis of the stomach. T or F?

A

False, mucosal epithelium

120
Q

What are the 4 types of cells present in the rugae of the stomach? (From top to bottom)

A
  1. Mucus Neck / Goblet cells
  2. Parietal / oxyntic cells
  3. Chief / peptic / zymogen cells
  4. EC cells - G cells
121
Q

Cells lining the vili produce ______________ giving a _______ appearance

A

microvilli, brush border

122
Q

Mucus Neck cells release _-_mm layer of mucus that serves 2 functions, they are?

A

1-3 mm

  1. lubrication
  2. protection from HCl and proteolytic enzymes
123
Q

____________ cells of the rugae have microvili

A

Parietal/oxyntic

124
Q

Oxyntic cells release ____________ which helps to absorb vitamin ____________, the latter aka ____________

A

Castle Intrinsic factor
B12
extrinsic factor

125
Q

____________ cells are maximum in number in the rugae

A

Chief / peptic / zymogen cells

126
Q

Folds are present in the ____________ of the stomach and in the ____________ of the small intestine

A

mucosa,

mucosa and sub-mucosa

127
Q

Chief cells are mainly found in the ________ region of the stomach

A

fundic

128
Q

Role of chief cells?

A

Release inactive protein enzymes (pepsinogen and prorennin) and gastric lipase

129
Q

Enteroendocrine cells (aka EC cells) and specifically _____ cells release ____________ which causes ____________

A

G, gastric hormone, release of gastric juice

130
Q

What are Argentaffin cells?

A

aka EC cells,
in the intestinal glands
release local hormones secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK)

131
Q

G cells cause the release of gastrin hormone into the stomach which aids in digestion. T or F?

A

False, hormones always released into blood

132
Q

Mucosa and submucosa folds in the small intestine are called ____________ or ____________

A

plicae circulares

valve of kerkrings

133
Q

Mucosa of small intestine contain folds which contain villi which contain cells with microvili (i.e. “brush bordered cells”). T or F?

A

True

134
Q

Microvilli are microscopic projections on stomach cells that are few in number. T or F?

A

False, microscopic yes but numerous

135
Q

How do the modifications of the mucosa in the small intestine help?

A

Increases surface area

136
Q

Villi are supplied with a network of _________

A

capillaries

137
Q

What is the lacteal?

A

large lymph vessel in villi of small intestinal mucosa

138
Q

Mucosal epithelium has goblet cells which ___________ that help in ___________

A

secrete mucus, lubrication

139
Q

Mucosa forms ______ in the stomach and ____________ in between the bases of the villi in intestine,

A

gastric glands, crypts

140
Q

Both duodenum sub-mucosa and mucosa of stomach have glands. T or F?

A

True

141
Q

_________ are present in between the bases of villi in intestinal mucosa

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

142
Q

Intestinal glands are called ___________

A

crypts of Lieberkuhn

143
Q

What are the 4 types of cells in intestinal gland?

A
  1. Paneth cell
  2. Other cells that secrete enzymatic content
  3. Goblet cells
  4. EC cells
144
Q

What do paneth cells produce? (2)

A

Enzymatic part of succus entericus (intestinal juice)

Lysozyme / antibacterial compound

145
Q

Brunner’s glands are present in the _________ of the duodenum

A

sub-mucosa

146
Q

Brunner’s glands produce _________

A

non-enzymatic part of intestinal juice

147
Q

How much intestinal juice is produced by humans per day? What is its pH?

A

1L per day

ph 7.8

148
Q

Intestinal juice is aka _________ and it is released by _________ and _________

A

succus entericus,
Brunner’s gland
Crypt of Lieberkuhn

149
Q

Success entericus contains salts like _________ to _________

A

sodium bicarbonate.

maintain alkaline pH of duodenum

150
Q

What is the full-form of MALT? it is also known as?

A

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue,

GALT - Gut associated ….

151
Q

Where in the mucosa is malt found?

A

In the lamina propria of mucosa

152
Q

Malt of ileum is found in the form of ___________

A

Peyer’s patches

153
Q

What are the 2 nerve plexuses present in alimentary canal?

A

Auerbach and Meissners

154
Q

Where is Auerbach Nerve Plexus present and what does it do?

A

ACT - between circular and longitudinal muscles

responsible for peristalsis

155
Q

Where is Meissner’s nerve plexus and what does it do?

A

MSC - between sub-mucosa and inner circular muscles

induces secretions of glands (digestive juices)

156
Q

Three of the four layers of alimentary wall show modifications in different parts of the alimentary canal. T or F?

A

False, all 4

157
Q

What are the (accessory) digestive glands associated with the alimentary canal?

A

salivary glands,
liver (with gall bladder),
pancreas

158
Q

Saliva is produced by how many PAIRS of salivary glands. What are they?

A

3
parotids
sub-maxillary/sub-mandibular
sub-lingual

159
Q

Salivary glands are situated just outside the ___________

A

buccal cavity

160
Q

Locations of the 3 PAIRS of salivary glands?

A

Parotids - cheek
Sub-maxillary/sub-mandibular - lower jaw
Sub-linguals - below tongue

161
Q

___________ is the largest gland of the body

A

Liver

162
Q

Liver weighs about ______ in adult human?

A

1.2 to 1.5 kg

163
Q

Liver is situated in the ____ cavity just below the _________

A

abdominal, diaphragm

164
Q

Liver has how many lobes?

A

2

165
Q

The ________ are the structural and functional units of liver

A

hepatic lobules

166
Q

Hepatic lobules contain hepatic cells arranged in the form of _________

A

hepatic cords

167
Q

What is Glisson’s capsule?

A

thin connective tissue sheath covering each hepatic lobule as well as the entire liver

168
Q

_____ is secreted by hepatic cells, passes through the hepatic ducts and is stored and concentrated in the __________

A

Bile, gall baldder

169
Q

Glisson’s capsule is made up of ____________ tissue

A

white fibrous connective tissue

170
Q

What are hepatocytes?

A

Hepatic cells - main cells of the liver that produce bile

171
Q

Hepatic lobules are in the form of ____________ rings

A

benzene

172
Q

____________ lobe of the liver is larger than the ____________

A

Right, left

173
Q

Liver is situated in the ____________ cavity just below the ____________

A

abdominal, diaphragm

174
Q

Gall bladder is
thick/thin?
muscular/bony?
sac/tube?

A

thin, muscular, sac

175
Q

Common hepatic duct is made up of ____________ and ____________

A

left and right hepatic ducts

176
Q

What is the cystic duct?

A

Duct of the gall bladder

177
Q

Common bile duct is made of hepatic duct and the pancreatic duct. T or F?

A

False, hepatic duct and cystic duct

178
Q

____________ duct is aka ductus choledocus

A

Common bile duct

179
Q

Common bile duct contains the sphincter of ____________

A

Boyden

180
Q

What is the role of sphincter of Boyden?

A

controls secretion of bile;

if food absent in duodenum, sphincter is closed => bile stored in gall bladder

181
Q

Hepatic duct and bile duct together open into the duodenum. T or F?

A

False, pancreatic duct and bile duct

182
Q

Common bile duct vs hepato-pancreatic duct?

A

Bile duct - cystic + hepatic ducts

Hepato-pancreatic duct - bile + pancreatic duct

183
Q

Hepato-pancreatic duct is guarded by a sphincter called ____________

A

sphincter of Oddi

184
Q

What is the role of sphincter of Oddi?

A

controls secretion of bile + pancreatic juice

185
Q

Duct of ____________ is the main pancreatic duct that secretes 95% of juice

A

Wirsung

186
Q

____________ is the accessory pancreatic duct

A

Duct of Santorini

187
Q

Hepato pancreatic duct opens into the ____________ of the duodenum

A

Ampulla of Valer

188
Q

____________ is considered as complete digestive juice

A

Pancreatic juice

189
Q

Buccal cavity performs 2 major functions:

A
  1. mastication of food

2. facilitation of swallowing

190
Q

Which three parts of alimentary canal work together to masticate and mix up the food?

A

Teeth, tongue and saliva

191
Q

Mucus in saliva helps in ____________

A

lubricating and adhering the masticated food particles into a “bolus”

192
Q

What is deglutition?

A

Bolus from buccal cavity is conveyed from buccal cavity into pharynx and then into oesophagus and stomach by swallowing

193
Q

___________ regulates deglutition

A

medulla oblongata

194
Q

What is peristalsis? Where does it occur?

A

Successive waves of coordinated muscular contractions and relaxations that help the bolus pass down the OESOPHAGUS

195
Q

Saliva secreted in oral cavity contains ?

A

electrolytes: Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-
enzymes: salivary amylase & lysozyme

196
Q

Chemical process of digestion is initiated in the oral cavity by _______

A

hydrolytic action of salivary amylase

197
Q

Salivary amylase is an enzyme that catalyzes splitting of _________

A

carbohydrate

198
Q

What percent of starch is hydrolysed by amylase? What does it form?

A

30%

disaccharide, maltose

199
Q

Role of lysozyme in saliva?

A

antibacterial agent => prevents infections

200
Q

What is the optimum pH for salivary amylase?

A

6.8

201
Q

Three major types of cells in gastric glands and their roles?

A
  1. Mucus neck cells - secrete mucus
  2. Peptic/Chief cells - secrete pepsinogen (proenzyme)
  3. Parietal/Oxyntic cells - secrete HCl and intrinsic factor
202
Q

Intrinsic factor is essential for absorption of _____

A

B12

203
Q

Stomach stores food for ______ hours

A

4-5

204
Q

What is chyme?

A

Food mixed thoroughly with acidic gastric stomach juices

205
Q

Chyme is produced by the _____ movements of the stomach wall

A

churning

206
Q

Proenzyme pepsinogen on exposure to _______ gets converted into ______

A

HCl, pepsin

207
Q

Pepsin is the proteolytic enzyme of the _______

A

stomach

208
Q

Pepsin converts _____ into ________

A

proteins into proteoses and peptones (peptides)

209
Q

Mucus and bicarbonates in gastric juice play an important role in ______ and ________

A

lubrication and protection of mucosal epithelium

210
Q

HCl provides the ______ (acidic / alkaline) pH optimal for pepsins. What is the optimal pH? (numerically)

A

acidic, 1.8

211
Q

______ is a proteolytic enzyme found in gastric juices of infants which helps in digestion of __________

A

Rennin, milk proteins

212
Q

Small amounts of ligases are also secreted by gastric glands. T or F?

A

False, lipases

213
Q

Movements are generated by the muscularis layer of small intestine that help with mixing up of the food and secretions. T or F?

A

True

214
Q

What are the secretions in the small intestine?

A

Bile, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice

215
Q

_____ and _______ are released through the hepato-pancreatic duct.

A

Bile and pancreatic juice

216
Q

Pancreatic juice contains?

A

inactive enzymes, protein digesting - trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidases
pancreatic amylase (amylopsin)
steapsin (fat digestive enzyme cluster) - which contains pancreatic lipases
nucleases
sodium bicarbonate

217
Q

pH of pancreatic juice?

Proportion of water to solutes?

A

7.1 to 8.2

98% H2O, 2% solutes

218
Q

Trypsinogen is activated by an enzyme ________ secreted by the _____________

A

enterokinase, intestinal mucosa

219
Q

Activated form of typsinogen is called _______ and it in turn activates _________

A

trypsin, other enzymes in pancreatic juice

220
Q

Bile released into duodenum contains ?

A

95% H2O
5% solutes -
Bile pigments (bilirubin and bili-verdin)
Inorganic bile salts - NaCl, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate
Organic bile salts - Na glycocholate, Na taurocholate
Cholesterol & Phospholipids (lecithin)
NO ENZYMES

221
Q

What part of bile helps in emulsification of fats?

A

Organic bile salts - Na glycocholate/taurocholate

222
Q

Bile pigments are made from breakdown of __________

A

Hb

223
Q

pH of bile is ?

A

8.0

224
Q

Enzymes in bile help in emulsification of fats and also activates lipases. T or F?

A

False, Not enzymes, but rest is true

225
Q

Secretions of ______ cells of mucosa alongwith secretions of goblet cells constitute the intestinal juice aka ___________

A

brush border cells, succus entericus

226
Q

Succus entericus contains enzymes including ______

A

disaccharidases (e.g. maltase)
dipeptidases
lipases
nucleosidases

227
Q

There are no starch digesting enzymes or nucleic acid digesting enzymes in intestinal juice. T or F?

A

True, hence it is not a complete digestive juice

228
Q

Mucus and bicarbonates from pancreas provide a _________(acidic or alkaline) medium for enzymatic activities. pH ____

A

alkaline, 7.8

229
Q

What are Brunner’s glands?

A

Sub-mucosal glands that also help provide an alkaline medium and protect intestinal mucosa

230
Q 
Name the enzymes that catalyze the following in the stomach:
Nucleotides
Polysaccharides/starch
Nucleic acids
Peptones/Proteoses
Fats
Proteins
Nucleosides
A

Nucleotides - Nucleotidase
Polysaccharides/starch - Amylase
Nucleic acids - Nuclease
Peptones/Proteoses - Trypsin/Chymotrypsin/Carboxypeptidase
Fats - Lipase
Proteins - Trypsin/Chymotrypsin/Carboxypeptidase
Nucleosides - Nucleosidase

231
Q 
Name the enzymes that catalyze the following in the stomach:
Maltose
Sucrose
Di/Monoglycerides
Dipeptides
Lactose
A 
Maltose - Maltase
Sucrose - Sucrase
Di/Monoglycerides - Lipases
Dipeptides - Dipeptidase
Lactose - Lactase
232
Q 
Match the following:
Fats
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acid

Proteolytic enzymes of pancreas - pancreatic amylase - lipase in bile - pancreatic juice

A

Fats - Lipase in bile
Carbohydrates - Pancreatic amylase
Proteins - Proteolytic enzymes of pancreas
Nucleic acid - pancreatic juice

233
Q

Enzymes in the succus entericus act on end products of ___________

A

reactions of carbs/fats/proteins/nucleic acid by enzymes of bile / pancreatic juices

234
Q

The final steps in digestion occur very close to the ______ epithelial cells of _________

A

mucosal, duodenum region of small intestine

235
Q

Simple substances formed at the end of digestion are absorbed in the ______ and _____ regions of the small intestine

A

jejunum, ileum

236
Q

Pick the simple substances formed at the end of digestion?

Nucleosides, Amino acids, Glucose, Di/Monoglycerides, Galactose, Fructose, Sugars, Amylase, Bases, Lipase, Fatty acids, Glycerol

A

Amino acids, Glucose, Galactose, Fructose, Sugars, Bases, Fatty acids, Glycerol

237
Q

Match the end products of breakdown of following:

Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

Fructose, Glucose, Galactose, Di/Monoglycerides, Starch

A

Maltose - Glucose + Glucose
Sucrose - Glucose + Fructose
Lactose - Glucose + Galactose

238
Q

Undigested and unabsorbed substances (faeces) are passed on to ___________

A

large intestine

239
Q

No significant digestive activity occurs in the large intestine. T or F?

A

True

240
Q

Functions of large intestine? (2)

A
  1. Absorption of some water, minerals and certain drugs

2. Secretion of mucus - adhering waste together and lubrication

241
Q

Faeces enter the caecum of large intestine through ________ valve and is temporarily stored in ________ until defaecation

A

ileo-caecal valve, rectum

242
Q

Sight, smell or presence of food in oral cavity can stimulate secretion of saliva. T or F?

A

True

243
Q

Gastric and intestinal secretions are stimulated by neural signals. T or F?

A

True

244
Q

Muscular activities of different parts of alimentary canals are moderated only by local neural mechanisms. T or F?

A

False, local and CNS

245
Q

Hormonal control of secretion of digestive juices is carried out by __________ hormones produced by _______

A

local,

gastric and intestinal mucosa

246
Q

______ is the ultimate form of all energy

A

Heat

247
Q

1 calorie or Joule is amount of heat required to raise the temperature of ______ of water by ______

A

1g, 1°C

248
Q

Gross calorific & physiological values of:

a. carbohydrates
b. proteins
c. fats

A

a. 4.1 & 4.0 kcal/g
b. 5.65 & 4.0 kcal/g
c. 9.4 & 90 kcal/g

249
Q

What is absorption?

A

Process by which end products of digestion pass through intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymph

250
Q

Absorption is carried out by what 3 mechanisms?

A

Passive, active or facilitated transport

251
Q

What is absorbed in digestion by simple diffusion?

A 
Small amounts of monosaccharides (e.g. glucose), 
amino acids, 
some electrolytes (e.g. Cl ions)
252
Q

Some substances like _____ and ________ are absorbed after digestion with the help of carrier proteins. This process is called _________.

A

glucose, amino acids, facilitated transport

253
Q

Transport of water depends on _________ gradient

A

osmotic

254
Q

Active transport occurs against concentration gradient hence requires energy. T or F?

A

True

255
Q

What are the nutrients absorbed into blood by active transport?

A

Amino acids, monosaccharides (glucose), electrolytes like Na+

256
Q

Fatty acids and glycerol being soluble cannot be absorbed by the blood. T or F?

A

False, insoluble!! => cannot be absorbed

257
Q

How are fatty acids and glycerol absorbed by blood?

A
  1. incorporated into micelles (small droplets)
  2. micelles move into the intestinal mucosa
  3. micelles are re-formed into chylomicrons (very small protein coated fat globules)
  4. Chylomicrons are transported into lymph vessels (lacteals) in the villi
  5. Lymph vessels release into blood stream
258
Q

Absorption of substances takes place only in small intestine. T or F?

A

False, different parts of the alimentary canal but most absorption occurs in the small intestine

259
Q 
Match substance to relevant point of absorption (mouth, stomach, small or large intestine):
minerals,
alcohol
drugs, 
nutrients, 
water, 
simple sugars,
medicine
A 
minerals - large intestine
alcohol - stomach
drugs - mouth, large intestine
nutrients - small intestine
water - stomach, large intestine
simple sugars - stomach
medicine - stomach
260
Q

Drugs coming in contact with mucosa of moth and lower side of tongue are absorbed into the __________ lining them

A

blood capillaries

261
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Process by which absorbed substances finally reach tissues which utilise them

262
Q

Faeces in rectum initiates a ________ causing an urge or desire for removal

A

neural reflex

263
Q

Egestion is a _______ process (involuntary or voluntary) and carried out by a ______ movement

A

voluntary, mass peristaltic

264
Q

_________________ is the most common ailment related to the digestive system due to ______ or _______ infections

A

Inflammation of the intestinal tract, bacterial, viral

265
Q

Name parasites of the intestine

A

Tapeworm, roundworm, threadworm, hookworm, pinworm

266
Q

Name the following digestive system disorders:

a. abnormal frequency of bowel movement leading to reduced absorption of food
b. reflexive ejection of stomach contents through mouth
c. feeling of fullness
d. deficiency of protein and calories
e. liver affected, deposit of bile in skin and eyes
f. abnormal frequency of bowel movement due to faeces retained in colon

A

a. Diarrhoea
b. vomiting
c. indigestion
d. PEM
e. jaundice
f. constipation

267
Q

Vomiting is controlled by the _______

A

vomit centre in the medulla

268
Q

A feeling of _______ precedes vomitting

A

nausea

269
Q

What are the causes of indigestion?

A 
inadequate enzyme secretion, 
anxiety, 
food poisoning, 
overeating, 
spicy food
270
Q

What does PEM stand for?

A

Protein-energy malnutrition

271
Q

Marasmus vs. Kwashiorkar?

A

Marasmus - simultaneous deficiency of protein and food calories, infants < 1 yr, mother’s milk replaced too early

Kwashiorkar - protein deficiency only, infants > 1 yr, replacement of mother’s milk by high calorie but low protein diet

272
Q

Symptoms of Marasmus and Kwashiorkar?

A

Common - wasting of muscles, thinning of limbs, failure of growth and brain development

Marasmus - skin is dry, thin and wrinkled; body weight decline

Kwashiorkar - some fat still left under skin; extensive oedema and swelling of body parts

273
Q

In stomach, mainly protein digestion takes place. T or F?

A

True

274
Q

The digested end products are absorbed into the body through the epithelial lining of the __________

A

intestinal villi

275
Q

Mastication and churning is an example of _____________ type of digestion while digestive enzymes are an example of _____________

A

mechanical,

biochemical

276
Q

State the germ layer from which foregut, midgut and hindgut of human alimentary canal have originated

A

Foregut & Hindgut - ectodermal

Midgut - endodermal

277
Q

Intestinal glands are called ____________

A

crypts of Lieberkuhn

Biology (NCERT) - Class XI (23 decks)

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