XI Chap 4 Animal Kingdom Flashcards by Anamta Farook

How many species of animals have been described until now?

Over a million

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What are the features at the basis of animal classification?

Arrangement of cells / levels of organization
Body symmetry
Nature of coelom
Patterns of digestive, circulatory or reproductive systems

(Diplo/Triploblastic, Segmentation, Presence of Notochord)

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All members of Animalia are multicellular and exhibit the same pattern of organisation of cells. T or F?

False, first half is true, but they have different patterns of organisation

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Match the following levels of organization:

Platyhelminthes and Aschelminthes
Annelids, Arthropods, Molluscs, Echinoderms and Chordates
Sponges
Coelenterates & Ctenophora

[Cell - Tissue - Organ - Organ System]

Platyhelminthes and Aschelminthes - ORGAN
Annelids, Arthropods, Molluscs, Echinoderms and Chordates - ORGAN SYSTEM
Sponges - CELL
Coelenterates & Ctenophora - TISSUE

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Digestive system in Platyhelminthes has how many openings? What kind of digestive system is this?

One, incomplete

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A complete digestive system has ____ openings

2, mouth and anus

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Open v. closed circulatory system

Open - blood pumped out of heart and cells/tissues are directly bathed in it
Closed - blood is circulated through a series of vessels of varying diameters (arteries, veins and capillaries)

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Sponges are mostly _____________

[radially symmetrical, bilaterally symmetrical, asymmetrical]

asymmetrical

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Define radial symmetry

Any plane - central axis of body - 2 identical halves

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What phyla demonstrate radial symmetry?

Coelenterates, ctenophores and echinoderms

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Define bilateral symmetry

central axis of body - 2 identical halves - ONLY ONE plane

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What phyla demonstrate bilateral symmetry?

Platyhelminthes and higher

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Diploblastic v. Triploblastic organization?

Diploblastic - 2 embryonic layers, external ectoderm and internal endoderm

Triploblastic - third germinal layer, mesoderm, in between ecto and endoderm

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Diploblastic animals have an undifferentiated layer, mesoglea, in between the ectoderm and the endoderm. T or F?

True

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___________ are diploblastic whereas _____________ are triploblastic

Coelenterates and Ctenophora - diploblastic

Platyhelminthes and above - triploblastic

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What is coelom?

Body cavity between the body wall and gut wall lined by mesoderm

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Animals possessing coelom are called _____________

coelomates

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Which animals are acoelomates, pseudocoelomates and coelomates?

Porifera to Platyhelminthes - acoelomates
Aschelminthes - pseudocoelomates
Annelids and higher - coelomates

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What are pseudocoelomates?

Animals in which mesoderm is present not as a continuous lining but in scattered pouches between ectoderm and endoderm

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What is metamerism?

Body is externally and internally divided into segments,
serial repetition of at least SOME organs

e.g. earthworm

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What is notochord?

Mesodermally-derived rod-like structure formed on dorsal side during embryonic development in some animals

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Members of phylum porifera are commonly known as _________

sponges

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Sponges are generally _________ (freshwater / marine) and mostly _________ (symmetrical / asymmetrical)

marine, asymmetrical

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Phylum _________ are primitive multicellular animals

Porifera

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Porifera have _________ level of organization

cellular

Sponges have a water transport or canal system. Water enters through _________ in the body wall into the _________ from where it goes out through the _________

ostia (minute pores) spongocoel (central cavity) osculum

Pathway of water transport in Porifera is helpful in _________, _________ and _________

food gathering, respiratory exchange and removal of waste

What are choanocytes?

Collar cells that line the spongocoel and the canals in PORIFERA

Digestion in porifera is _________

intracellular

Body of sponges is supported by a skeleton made up of _________ or _________

spicules or spongin fibres

Porifera sexes are _________ (separate / not separate)

not separate (hermaphrodite)

Sponges reproduce asexually by _________ and sexually by _________

fragmentation, gamete formation

In sponges, fertilisation is _________ and development is _________

``` internal indirect (larval stage) ```

Classify into the correct phylum / sub-phylum: ``` Ophiura Hirudinaria Ascidia Limulus Asterias Pleurobrachia Meandrina Antedon Fasciola Culex Anopheles Chaetopleura Gorgonia Sycon Dentalium Echinus Aplysia Bombyx Taenia Pennatula Branchiostoma Octopus Laccifer Pheretima Aedes Sepia Ctenoplana Ancylostoma Pinctada Spongilla Adamsia Doliolum Euspongia Balanoglossus Locusta Loligo Cucumaria Salpa Wuchereria Physalia Ascaris Apis Saccoglossus Pila ```

Match to the correct common name:

Coelenterates are aka _________ which is derived from the _________ or _________ present on the tentacles and the body

cnidaria, cnidoblasts, cnidocytes, tentacles

Cnidoblasts / Cnidocytes contain the _________

stinging capsules aka nematocysts

Coelenterates are aquatic, mostly _________ (fresh water / marine)

marine

Cnidoblasts are used by coelenterates for _________, _________ and _________

anchorage, defense and capture of prey

Cnidaria exhibit _________ level of organisation and are _________ (diplo/triploblastic)

tissue, diploblastic

Coelenterates have a _________ gastro-vascular cavity with a single opening, mouth, on _________

central, hypostome

Digestion in coelenterates is _________

extracellular and intracellular

Corals (cnidarians) have a skeleton composed of _________

calcium carbonate

Cnidarians have 2 basic body forms. They are?

Polyp and Medusa

Polyps are _________ and _________ whereas medusa are _________ and _________ umbrella-shaped, cylindrical, sessile, free-swimming

Polyps - sessile, cylindrical | Medusa - umbrella, free-swimming

Examples of polyps and medusa coelenterates?

Polyp - Hydra, Adamsia, Obelia | Medusa - Aurelia, jelly fish

What is metagenesis? e.g.

Cnidarians can exist in alternating forms of medusa polyp, alternating by generation e.g. Obelia

In metagenesis, polyps produce medusae _________ and medusae form polyps _________

asexually, sexually

Ctenophores are commonly known as _________ or _________

sea walnuts, comb jellies

______________ are exclusively marine

Ctenophores

Ctenophores: | Symmetry, -blastic and level of organization ?

Radially symmetrical, diploblastic, tissue level of organization

Ctenophore body bears _______ (how many?) external rows of ciliated _________ which help with locomotion

8, comb plates

Digestion in ctenophores?

Intracellular and extracellular

What is bioluminescence? In what animals do we see it?

Property of living organism to emit light | Ctenophores

Sexes in ctenophores are _________ (separate / not separate)

Not separate (hermaphrodites)

Reproduction in ctenophores takes place only by _________ (asexual or sexual) means.

Sexual

Fertilization and development in ctenophores?

External, | Indirect

Platyhelminthes have a _________ body and hence are called flatworms

dorso-ventrally flattened

_________ are mostly endoparasites found in animals including humans

Platyhelminthes

Symmetry, -blastic, coelom, level of organisation in platyhelminthes?

Bilaterally, triploblastic, acoelomate, organ level of organization

_________ and _________ (platyhelminthes) are present in parasitic forms

Hookers, suckers

Specialised cells called _________ cells help in osmoregulation and excretion in flatworms.

flame

Sexes are _________ in platyhelminthes?

not separate (hermaphrodites)

In platyhelminthes, | Fertilisation is _________ and development is _________

internal, indirect (many larval stages)

Some Platyhelminthes members like _________ possess high regeneration capacity

Planaria

Body of aschelminthes is _________ shape in cross-section hence the name _________

circular, roundworms

Match the correct ones to roundworms: free-living, parasitic, aquatic, terrestrial

ALL of them!

Aschelminthes: | Symmetry, -blastic, coelom and level of organisation

Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, pseudocoelomate organ-system level

Alimentary canal of aschelminthes is _________ (complete / incomplete) with a _________ (underdeveloped / well-developed) muscular pharynx

complete, well-developed

_________ removes body wastes from the body of aschelminthes through the _________

Excretory tube, excretory pore

Aschelminthes: | Sexes are _________

separate (dioecious)

Often, male roundworms are longer than females. T or F?

False, other way around

Aschelminthes: | Fertilisation is _________ and development is _________

internal, | direct or indirect

Match the correct ones to annelids: free-living, parasitic, aquatic, terrestrial

ALL of them!

Annelida: | Symmetry, -blastic, coelom and level of organisation

Bilateral, triploblastic, coelomate, organ-system

Body surface of annelids are marked out into _________ aka _________ and hence the phylum name which means _________ in Latin

segments, metameres, little ring

Annelids possess _________ and _________ muscles that help in locomotion

longitudinal and circular

Aquatic annelids like _________ possess lateral appendages called _________ which help in swimming

Nereis, parapodia

Circulatory system in annelids is _________

closed

_________ in annelids help in osmoregulation and excretion

Nephridia

Neural system of annelida consists of ....

paired ganglia connected by lateral nerves to a double ventral nerve cord

Sexes of annelids?

Nereis - dioecious (separate) | Earthworms and leeches - monoecious (hermaphrodite, not separate)

Reproduction in annelida is _________ (sexual or asexual)

Sexual

_________ is the largest phylum of Animalia and _________ is the second largest

Arthropoda, Mollusca

Over _________ of all named species on earth are arthropods

2/3

Arthropoda: | Symmetry, -blastic, coelom and level of organisation

Bilaterally symm, triploblastic, coelomate and organ-system level

Arthropoda, like annelids, are segmented animals. T or F?

True

Body of arthropods is covered by __________

chitinous exoskeleton

Body of arthropoda consists of 3 parts:

head, thorax, abdomen

Arthropoda literally means __________

arthros - join | poda - appendages

Respiratory organs of arthropoda are __________

gills, book gills, book lungs or tracheal system

Circulatory system of arthropoda is _________

open

Sensory organs like _______ are present in arthropoda

antennae, eyes (simple and compound), statocysts / balancing organs

Excretion in arthropods takes place through ____________

Malphigian tubules

Sexes in arthropods?

Dioecious (mostly) i.e. separate sexes

Arthropods: | Fertilization is usually _________ and development is _________

internal, | direct or indirect

Arthropods are exclusively oviparous. T or F?

False, mostly oviparous

Economically important insects? (3)

Apis, Bombyx, Laccifer

Vector insects? (3)

Anopheles, Culex, Aedes

Gregarious pest insect? (1)

Locusta

Living fossil insect? (1)

Limulus

Molluscs are terrestrial, aquatic or either?

Either

Molluscs: | Symmetry, -blastic, coelom and level of organisation

Bilateral, triploblastic, coelomate, organ-system

Body of mollusca is covered by __________ and is __________ (unsegmented/segmented)

calcareous shell, unsegmented

Body of mollusca has 3 distinct parts:

head, muscular foot and visceral hump

A soft and spongy layer of skin forms a mantle over the _________ in the body of a mollusc

visceral hump

Space between the hump and mantle in molluscs is called the _________ in which feather-like _________ are present

mantle cavity, gills

The _________ head region of molluscs has sensory tentacles

What is a radula?

A file-like rasping organ for feeding in the mouth of a mollusc

Sexes in mollusca? Ovi / viviparous? Development?

Dioecious (separate), oviparous, indirect

Echinodermata have _________ (endoskeleton/exoskeleton) of calcareous ossicles

endoskeleton

The name echinodermata means ____________

spiny bodied

All echinodermata are ____________ (fresh water, marine, terrestrial)

marine

Echinoderms: | Symmetry, -blastic, coelom and level of organization?

Radially (adult) and larvae (bilateral), triploblastic, coelomate, organ-system level

Digestive system of echinoderms is complete with mouth on ____________ side and anus on ____________ side

lower (ventral) | upper (dorsal)

Most distinctive feature of echinoderms is ____________

the presence of water vascular system which helps in locomotion, capture and transport of food, and respiration

Excretory system of echinoderms is ____________

absent

Echinoderms: Sexes? Reproduction? Fertilization and development?

Sexes - separate (dioecious) Reproduction - sexual Fertilization - external Development - indirect with free-swimming larva

____________ was earlier considered as a sub-phylum under Chordata

Hemi-chordata

Hemicordates have a rudimentary structure in the collar region called the ____________

stomochord

Hemichordata consists of a small group of _____-like marine animals

worm

Hemichordata: | Symmetry, -blastic, coelom and level of organisation?

Bilaterally, triploblastic, coelomate and organ-system level

Body of hemichordates is ____________ in shape and is composed of ____________, ____________ and ____________

cylindrical, anterior proboscis, collar, long trunk

Circulatory system of hemichordates is ____________

open

Respiration takes place in hemichordates through ____________

gills

Excretory organ of hemichordates is ____________

proboscis gland

Hemichordates: Sexes? Fertilization? Development?

Separate (dioecious) External Indirect

Animals belonging to phylum Chordata are fundamentally characterised by present of ____________, ____________ and ____________

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord and paired pharyngeal gill slits

Chordata: | Symmetry, -blastic, coelom and level of organisation?

Bilaterally, triploblastic, coelomate, organ-system level

Chordates possess a ____________ tail

post-anal

Chordates possess a ____________ circulatory system

closed

Chordates v. Non-chordates

Chordates: 1. notochord 2. CNS - dorsal, hollow and single 3. pharyngeal gill slits 4. ventral heart 5. post-anal tail Non-chordates: 1. CNS - ventral, solid and double 2. Heart is dorsal (if present) Rest absent

Chordata is divided into 3 subphyla:

1. Urochordata/Tunicata 2. Cephalochordata 3. Vertebrata

What are protochordates?

Urochordata and Cephalochordata

Protochordates are exclusively fresh water. T or F?

False, exclusively marine

In ____________, notochord is present only in larval tail while in ____________, it extends from head to tail region and is persistent for life.

Urochordata, Cephalochordata

____________ possess notochord during embryonic period

Vertebrata

Notochord is replaced by ____________ in the adult

cartilaginous or bony vertebral column

Vertebrates have a ventral muscular heart with ____________ chambers, ____________ for excretion and osmoregulation and paired appendages which may be ____________ or ____________

2/3/4 kidneys fins or limbs

What are the divisions under subphylum Vertebrata?

Agnatha (lacks jaw) | Gnathostomata (bears jaw)

What are the Classes under the Agnatha division?

Cyclostomata

Gnathostomata is divided into how many classes? What are they?

Pisces (bears fins) | Tetrapoda (bears limbs)

What are the classes under Pisces?

Chondrichthyes | Osteichthyes

What are the classes under Tetrapoda?

1. Amphibia 2. Reptilia 3. Aves 4. Mammals

All living members of the class Cyclostomata are endoparasites on some fishes. T or F?

False, ectoparasites

Cyclostomata have a ____________ body bearing ____________ pairs of gill slits for respiration

elongated, 6-15 pairs

Cyclostomes have a ____________ mouth without jaws

sucking and circular

Cyclostome body is devoid of ____________ and ____________

scales and paired fins

Cranium and vertebral column of cyclostomes is ____________

cartilaginous

Circulation in cyclostomata is of ____________ type

closed

Cyclostomes are ____________ (freshwater / marine)

marine, but migrate to fresh water for spawning

After spawning, cyclostomes ____________. The larvae undergo ____________ and ____________

die within a few days, metamorphosis return to the ocean

Chondrichthyes are ____________ (freshwater / marine) with ____________ body and ____________ endoskeleton

marine, streamlined, cartilaginous

On chondrichthyes, mouth is located ____________ (dorsally or ventrally)

ventrally

Notochord is persistent throughout life in chondrichthyes. T or F?

True

In chondrichthyes, gill slits are __________ and without __________

separate, operculum (gill cover)

Skin of chondrichthyes is tough, containing minute __________

placoid scales

Teeth of chondrichthyes are modified __________ which are backwardly directed.

Placoid scales

Jaws of chondrichthyes are __________ (weak / powerful)

Powerful

Chondrichthyes are __________ (parasites / predators)

predators

Due to absence of __________ chondrichthyes have to swim constantly to avoid sinking

air bladder

Chonrichthyes heart is ____-chambered

two (one auricle and one ventricle)

Some chondrichthyes possess electric organs like __________ whereas some possess poison sting like __________

Torpedo, Trygon

Chonrichthyes are __________ (cold / hot blooded)

cold-blooded (poikilothermous)

Sexes of chondrichthyes are __________ | Fertilisation? Development? Ovi/Vivi?

separate internal indirect viviparous

In male chondrichthyes, pelvic fins bear __________

claspers

Osteichthyes are __________ (freshwater / marine) with __________ endoskeleton

both, bony

Body of osteichthyes is __________ and mouth is mostly __________

streamlined, terminal

Osteichthyes have _____ (how many?) pairs of gills which are covered by an __________ on each side

4, operculum

Skin of osteichthyes is covered with __________ scales

cycloid/ctenoid

Air bladder is absent in osteichthyes. T or F?

False it is present

Osteichthyes, | Heart is _____-chambered and they are __________ (cold/warm blooded)

2, cold-blooded

``` Osteichthyes: Sexes? Fertilisation? Development? Ovi/Vivi? ```

Separate, External Direct Oviparous

``` Classify into the correct Vertebrata class: Macropus Naja Pterophyllum Pteropus Scoliodon Vipera Corvus Neophron Ornithorhynchus Camelus Ichthyophis Bangarus Macaca Exocoetus Petromyzon Rattus Canis Betta Aptenodytes Pristis Myxines Hyla Felis Testudo Chelone Elephas Salamandra Pavo Clarias Equus Struthio Catla Crocodilus Carcharodon Delphinus Labeo Alligator Psittacula Rana Trygon Balaenoptera Hippocampus Chameleon Bufo Calotes Columba Hemidactylus ```

Amphibia comes from __________ (Latin/Greek) and literally means __________

Greek, | dual, life

Most amphibians have _____ pairs of limbs

Amphibian body is divisible into __________ and __________

head, trunk

Some amphibians (not all) have tails. T or F?

True

Amphibian skin is moist due to the presence of scales. T or F?

False, moist without scales

Amphibians have eyelids and a __________ that represents the ear

tympanum

In amphibians, __________, __________ and __________ tracts open into a common chamber called cloaca which opens to the exterior

Alimentary canal, urinary and reproductive tracts

Respiration in amphibians is by __________, __________ and __________

gills, lungs and through skin

Amphibian heart is _____-chambered and the animals are __________ (cold/hot-blooded)

3 (2 auricles, 1 ventricle) | cold-blooded

``` Amphibian: Sexes? Fertilization? Development? Ovi/Vivi? ```

Separate, External Indirect Oviparous

Repitilia comes from __________ (Latin/Greek) and means __________

Latin, to creep or crawl

Reptilia are mostly __________ (aquatic/terrestrial) and their body is covered by __________ skin, epidermal __________ or __________

terrestrial, dry and cornified skin scales or scutes

Reptiles have external ear openings with tympanum representing the ear. T or F?

False, do NOT have external ear openings. Tympanum bit is correct

Limbs are present in all reptiles. T or F?

False, absent in snakes

Reptile limbs, when present, are in _____ (how many?) pairs.

two

Heart is usually _____-chambered in reptiles but ____-chambered in __________

3, 4, crocodiles

Reptiles are __________ (cold / warm-blooded)

cold-blooded

__________ and __________ are reptiles that shed their scales as skin cast

Snakes, lizards

``` In reptilia, sexes? Fertilisation? Development? Ovi/Vivi? ```

Separate, Internal, Direct, Ovi

Characteristic feature of Aves is the presence of __________

feathers

All Aves can fly. T or F?

False, flightless birds also exist (e.g. ostrich)

Aves possess a beak and their __________ (fore/hind limbs) are modified into wings

fore limbs

Hind limbs of aves generally have __________ and are modified for walking, swimming or clasping tree branches

scales

Aves: Skin is dry without glands except the __________ gland at the base of the tail

oil

Aves: Endoskeleton is fully __________ and the long bones are hollow with __________

``` fully ossified (bony) air cavities (pneumatic) ```

Digestive tract of birds has additional chambers called __________ and __________

crop, gizzard

Heart is _____-chambered in aves and they are __________ (cold/warm-blooded)

4, warm-blooded (homoiothermous)

Respiration in birds is by __________ and supplemented by connected __________

lungs, air sacs

``` In aves, Sexes? Fertilisation? Development? Ovi/Vivi? ```

Separate, Internal, Direct, Oviparous

Mammals are found in a variety of habitats, and some have even adapted to fly or live in water. T or F?

True

Most unique mammalian characteristic is the presence of __________

milk-producing mammary glands

Mammals have _____ pairs of limbs, adapted for walking, running, climbing, burrowing, swimming or flying

two

Skin of mammals is unique in that it has __________

hair

External ears aka __________ are present in mammals with different types of teeth present in the jaw.

pinnae

Mammalian heart is _____-chambered and they are __________ (cold/warm-blooded)

4, warm-blooded

Respiration in mammals is by __________

lungs

``` Mammals: Sexes? Fertilisation? Development? Ovi/Vivi? ```

Separate Internal Direct Viviparous (with some exceptions e.g. Ornithorynchus - platypus)

__________ are multicellular animals that have characteristic flagellated choanocytes

Porifera

__________ have tentacles and bear cnidoblasts

Coelenterates

Agnatha is represented by the class __________

Cyclostomata

__________ are the most primitive chordates

Agnatha