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MCAT Self Study > WRONG PILE > Flashcards

WRONG PILE Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

How do you add an amino group to a carboxylic acid?

A

First covert it to an acid chloride because they are more reactive then add an amino group.

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2
Q

Compare the different types of fats

A
  1. saturated: saturated with hydrogen. little electrostatic repulsion allows the chains to stack on each other causing it to be solid at room temperature.
  2. cis unsaturated: kinks of cis chains. these electrostatic repulsion forces prevent the chains from stacking on each other, which makes it a solid at room temperature.
  3. trans unsaturated: kinks of trans chains. these electrostatic forces actually fit well together forming unhealthy fats that are solids at room temperature.
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3
Q

What is gas chromatography used for

A

separate different compounds based on boiling point and size. smaller and low boiling point molecules come out first.

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4
Q

describe the minute details for enthalpy

A

if a problem states that a reaction releases 188 kJ/ mol THEN the change in enthalpy is NEGATIVE 188 kJ/ mol. The reverse reaction would therefore be POSITIVE 188 kJ/ mol.

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5
Q

What co factor usually is associated with porphyrin rings?

A

Iron, Fe 2+

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6
Q

What occurs during equilibrium of an electrochemical cell?

A

G = -nEF.

change is G is 0, therefore the is no voltage.

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7
Q

differentiate the different definition of acid bases.

A 
Arrinheus Acid : release H
Arrinheus Base: releases OH
BL Acid: proton donator
BL Base: proton acceptor
Lewis Acid: electron acceptor
Lewis Base: electron donator
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8
Q

Natural log and log rules.

A

Numbers greater than 1 are positive.
ln or log 1 = 0
Numbers less than 1 are negative.

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9
Q

ELECTROCHEMICAL EQUATIONS

A

G = - NEF
G = - RTlnk
log k = Ne/ .06
E = E* - .06(Q) / N [ not standard state]

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10
Q

Describe voltaic (galvanic cells)

A

Anode is oxidized releasing two electrons across the wire. The cathode accepts the electrons and the metal is formed on the cathode metal.

POSTIVE CATHOD
NEGATIVE ANODE

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11
Q

Describe concentration cells.

A

E= - .06Q/ n
oxidation occurs at the less concentrated side.
Q = concentration at half cell 1 / concentration at half cell 2.

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12
Q

Describe electrolytic cells

A

provide energy to separate electrons. positive charge will go towards the electrons while the negative charge will go toward the positive side. gas released.
NEGATIVE CATHODE
POSITIVE ANODE

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13
Q

describe boiling/ melting points of alkanes.

A

increasing carbon chain increases boiling point, increasing melting point.
increased branching, increases melting point, and decreases boiling point.

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14
Q

describe laminar flow

A

slow on the edge, fast in the middle.

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15
Q

describe nmr

A

left : downfield , less shielding
right: upfield, more shielding.

shielding refers to the amount of electron density in the local area.

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16
Q

NMR Peaks:

A

Hydrogens on sp3 carbons > 0 to 3 ppm
Hydrogens on sp2 carbons > 4.6 to 6.0 ppm
Hydrogens on sp carbons > 2.0 to 3.0 ppm
Aldehyde Hydrogens > 9 to 10 ppm
Carboxylic acids Hydrogens > 10.5 to 12 ppm
Aromatics Hydrogens > 6.0 to 8.5 ppm

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17
Q

IR Peaks

A

Broad peak at 3300 cm-1 > O-H
Carboxylic acids > 3000 cm-1
Sharp peak at 3300 cm-1 > N-H
Sharp peak at 1750 cm-1 > C=O

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18
Q

Relate ph and Pi

A

pH > PI = negative charge

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19
Q

Calculate the PI of an amino acid

A

pka1 + pka2 / 2

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20
Q

human vs bacteria ribosomes

A

40+ 60 = 80

30 + 50 = 70

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21
Q

What is glutamate’s function?

A

common excitatory neurotransmitter

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22
Q

what is Opsonization

A

is the process by which antibodies bind to and recognize antigens on the surface of a pathogen. The antibodies then attract macrophages to phagocytose the invader.

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23
Q

Relate amphoteric and amphipathic:

A

amphoteric is both proton donor and acceptor

amphipathic is both polar and nonpolar.

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24
Q

What does stress do to cognition?

A

Stress has negative effects on memory via cortisol.

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25
Q

What are catecholamines

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal medulla.

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26
Q

what is phenomenological research.

A

study focuses on subject elements of an experience by trying to understand individuals’ perceptions, perspectives and understanding of a particular situation or event.

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27
Q

describe self definitions:

A

Self-esteem is an over-arching evaluation of one’s self-worth.
Self-efficacy is a self-assessment centered on an individual’s ability to perform a specific task or set of tasks

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28
Q

describe different research variables:

A

Dichotomous variable : have two categories, yes/no.
Ordinal variables: can be ranked to allow for comparisons.[ highest education level]
Continuous variables: infinite number of answers

29
Q

describe the stage of change model

A

precontemplation → contemplation → preparation → action → maintenance

30
Q

Describe the dissociation of indicators:

A

Indicators disassociate just as acids do.

Indicator –> H + IND-

31
Q

Calculate pI using titration graph:

A

areas of flat lines (where the buffer is) indicates relevant pKa values. Therefore, average the two most relevant pKa values.

If there is more pKa on the acidic side then the amino acid is acidic.
If there is more pKa on the basic side then the amino acid is basic.

32
Q

What is momentum and impulse?

A

momentum is mass (velocity)

impulse is force ( time)

33
Q

Formula for the rate of effusion:

A

v1/ v2 = sqr(m2/ m1)

v1/ v2 = sqr(t2/ t1)

34
Q

What is the latent heat of fusion

A

the heat needed to melt something per one unit of mass. Substances with lower latent heat will require less energy to change.

35
Q

What are the amino acids which can be phosphorylated?

A

Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, and Histidine.

All the OH amino acids + histidine.

36
Q

Compare d2sp3 vs sp3d2

A

We usually see d2sp3 with transition metals.

37
Q

What is the thin lens equation:

A

1 / i + 1 / o = 1 / f.

38
Q

what is a chromatic aberration

A

A chromatic aberration is a distortion caused by an optical instrument failing to converge light rays from a source to a single point. If light rays of differing wavelengths passing through the objective were refracted differently by the material, then the effective focal length of the lens would differ for each wavelength of light, causing light rays to focused at multiple points. This focus error would cause multiple “object” light rays to be present and acted upon by the eyepiece, forming an unfocused image.

39
Q

compare and contrast myopia and hyperopia

A

myopia - nearsighted- in front of the retina; fixed with concave, diverging lens.
hyperopia - farsighted- behind the retina; fixed with convex, converging lens.

40
Q

name a stereoselective reagent:

A

Diethyl tartarate

41
Q

what are the equations for specific gravity?

A

p object / p fluid
v submerged / v fluid
tells you the percent of the object UNDER water.

42
Q

What is social control?

A

Social control is defined as the ways in which society can prevent and sanction behavior that violates social norms.

43
Q

what is bureaucracy?

A

structure of the organization that keeps them running from day to day.
bureaucratization; governed by law and rules.
iron rule of oligarchy; everything will eventually go to control from a small few.
mcdonalization; being efficient , calculable, predictable, and control– similar for many businesses.

44
Q

what is the an bureaucracy?

A
  1. division of labor; more efficient, but less connected.
  2. hierarchy of organization; clear leader, but deprive voices.
  3. written rules and regulations; continuity, but less creativity.
  4. impersonality; equal treatment to all, but less loyal
  5. employment based on qualifications; discrimination, but less ambition.
45
Q

What is impersonality?

A

Impersonality is a principle of ideal bureaucracies. It describes uniformity in quality of care; according to this principle, race, gender, and ethnicity should not have an impact on the timeliness or quality of care, as each patient should be treated equally.

46
Q

What is social desirability bias?

A

Social desirability bias is the tendency for people to answer survey questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others

47
Q

What are symptoms of PTSD?

A

Recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive memories
Increased startle and physiological response
Dissociative reactions

48
Q

What is a symptom of bipolar?

A

Cyclic hypomania

49
Q

How long must a patient endorse symptoms of depression before he or she can be diagnosed with major depressive disorder?

A

2 weeks.

50
Q

What must a cognitive theory have?

A

A cognitive theory must have some discussion of thought processes

51
Q

How is conflict theory described as?

A

a part of the superstructure, brought about for reasons of economics, power, or status for one or more groups of people

52
Q

What is Social anomie?

A

is a feeling of disconnection from moral boundaries in society.

53
Q

Describe the role of CCK

A

CCK stimulates pancreatic and liver.
Makes you feel full.
Inhibits stomach secretion.

54
Q

describe cardiac depolarization

A

sodium depolarizes.
calcium and go in and out to maintain a level
k leaves returning to normal

55
Q

what is the reason for the electric signal traveling slow at the av node?

A

To allow the blood from the atria to enter the ventricles before their contraction

56
Q

describe immune system

A

humoral= b cells = antibodies – memory and plasma cells

cell mediated= t cells – helper t and cytotoxic t

57
Q

describe the complexes of immune system

A 
mhc2 = cd4
mhc1 = cd8
58
Q

describe the different antibodies

A 
G- placenta cross, most abundant . 
A- breast, saliva, sweat ( dimer)
M- most during early stages ( pentamer)
E- allergic reaction
D- mast cells and basophils.
59
Q

describe RAAS

A
  1. low BP triggers JG cells to release renin, sympathetics, and low salt (macula dense)
  2. converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1
  3. goes to lungs to form angiotensin 2.
  • decrease smooth muscle.
  • increase ADH
  • increase Aldosterone
  • kidney holds on to more water.
60
Q

describe lac operon

A

operator promoter, operator protein, promoter, operator, lac operon.

lactose removes the repressor and allows of the lac operon to be transcribed.

61
Q

what are cpg sites?

A

cpg sites are more likely to be methylated.

62
Q

describe regulation of transcription

A

trasnscription factors bind to operator to remove the repressor. they’re inducers because they induce transcription.

RNA poly to promoter region.

63
Q

describe different rna

A

miRNA: complementary to mRNA and prevent translation.
rRNA: helps ribosomes, nucleoulus
tRNA: helps with translation
snoRNA: covalent modification of ribosomes.
snRNA: aid in pre-mRNA and transcription factors, helps with splicisome.

64
Q

describe ATP

A

hydrolysis of ATP releases a lot of energy to help couple other reactions which aren’t so favorable.
Delta G for ATP hydrolysis is - G .

65
Q

Describe solubility of gases:

A

More soluble at decreases temperature, increased pressure. Think of a coke can.

66
Q

How can you change the Ksp of a molecule?

A

changes in temperature. changing the concentration doesn’t change the ksp.

67
Q

Describe KSP and molar solubility

A

Ksp is the solubility equilibrium constant.

Molar Solubility is DIFFERENT.

68
Q

relate order, entropy, and disorder

A

Increased entropy means increased disorder which means decreased order.

MCAT Self Study (53 decks)

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