Biological Structures, Nervous, and Muscles.

Question 1

What is the function of the stratified squamous epithelium cells?

Answer 1

Protection is the main function, especially when it comes to skin.

Question 2

What are the regions of skin?

Answer 2

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous Tissue

Question 3

What is the function of fibroblast?

Answer 3

Fibroblasts produce help with the production of the extracellular matrix by secretes proteins such as collagen, reticulin, and elastin.

Question 4

Describe the function of the Na/K pump

Answer 4

Pumps 3 Na outside and 2 K inside.

Question 5

What is saltatory conduction?

Answer 5

Action potentials are able to jump alone the axon of the cell in order for the signal to be transmitted even faster.

Question 6

Are the post synaptic membranes voltage gated?

Answer 6

No, AcH binds allowing sodium to pass through and therefore it is considered ligand gated.

Question 7

What are the two types of synapses that can occur at the terminal?

Answer 7

Either an excitatory or inhibitory synapse.

Question 8

What are tendons?

Answer 8

Muscle attached to bone.

Question 9

Describe the different units of the sarcomere:

Answer 9

H: between the two separate actin filaments.
I: area between actin thin filaments.
A: area between myosin thick filaments.
Z: what separates different sarcomeres.

Question 10

Describe muscle contraction

Answer 10

1. In the relaxed state, ATP is bound to the myosin head.
2. ATP is hydrolyzed into ADP which allowed the myosin head to bind to the actin filament.
3. Binding of myosin and actin releases ADP causing for the power stroke to occur.
4. ATP binds to the myosin head to release the myosin from the actin molecule.

Question 11

Describe the tropomyosin, troponin, and calcium complex.

Answer 11

1. Normally, tropomyosin covers the actin filament which prevents myosin from binding to actin.
2. When calcium is present, it binds to troponin which moves tropomyosin.
3. Movement of tropomyosin allows for the binding of myosin to actin.

Question 12

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 12

Sarcoplasmic reticulum holds calcium in muscle cells for muscle contraction.

Question 13

Describe white and grey matter.

Answer 13

White matter are areas of myelination.

White is outside for spine, but inside for brain.

Question 14

Describe parasympathetic nerve fibers.

Answer 14

Pre Parasympathetic fibers are long
Post Parasympathetic fibers are short
Release Acetylcholine.

Question 15

Compare and contrast somatic and autonomic

Answer 15

Somatic leaves CNS and goes directly to muscle.

Autonomic leaves CNS and may go via ganglions to effector organ.

Question 16

Which bands in the sarcomere changes?

Answer 16

HI

Question 17

Which muscles are involuntary?

Answer 17

Smooth and cardiac.

Question 18

Describe smooth muscle cells

Answer 18

1 nucleus(middle)
No striation

Question 19

Describe cardiac muscle cells

Answer 19

1 or 2 nuclei (middle)
branched
Striations

Question 20

Describe skeletal muscle cells

Answer 20

Multiple nuclei (peripheral)
Striation

Question 21

Contrast Type 1 and Type 2 muscle fibers

Answer 21

m1tochondr1a are more abundant in type 1 .

Type 1 is red, slow contraction, slow twitch, long runs, long term, resistant to fatigue, strong, and store triglycerides.

Type 1 is white, fast contraction, fast twitch, sprinting, short term, easily fatigued, weak force, and uses ATP & creatine phosphate.

Question 22

What controls skeletal muscles?

What controls cardiac/ smooth muscles?

Answer 22

Cortex and Spinal Cord

Brainstem and sympathetic ganglia.

Question 23

Describe thermoregulation via muscles

Answer 23

Signals sent to hypothalamus. Cold is posterior, hot is anterior.

Hot makes smooth muscles relax allowing it to dilate.
Cold makes smooth muscle contract to conserve heat.

Question 24

What is myoglobin?

Answer 24

Holds oxygen in muscle cells.

Question 25

t/f mitochondria have their own ribosomes

Answer 25

true.