Heart and Lungs

Question 1

Describe blood flow starting at the right atrium.

Answer 1

Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, arteries, capillaries, veins, right atriums.

Question 2

Describe systolic blood pressure and diastolic pressure

Answer 2

Systolic blood pressure occurs when the left ventricle contracts sending blood into the systemic cycle.
Diastolic blood pressure occurs when the ventricle begins to relax.

Question 3

Describe arteries

Answer 3

Composed of smooth muscle, connective tissue, elastin to support the enormous pressure from the left ventricle. High pressure, low volume (space). High resistance to flow.

Question 4

Describe arterioles

Answer 4

Branches of arteries. Have strong resistance to maintain the flow of blood through the body.

Question 5

Describe veins

Answer 5

Transport blood against the pull of gravity. Special valves make sure blood doesn’t go in the opposite direction. High volume (space), low pressure. No recoil properties.

Question 6

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

Answer 6

Between the right atrium and right ventricle.

Question 7

Where is the mitral valve located?

Answer 7

Between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

Question 8

When do the lub dub sounds in the heart occur?

Answer 8

lub occurs when the AV valve closes, opening of semi.

dub occurs when the semilunar valve closes, opening of AV.

Question 9

Describe the transmission of electrical signals in the heart.

Answer 9

The SA node sits at the top of the right atrium where it sends an electrical signal to the rest of the heart to contract. The signal is transmitted to the AV node where it is then transmitted via the bundle of his to the ventricles.

Question 10

Describe the function of baroreceptors in the heart.

Answer 10

Baroreceptors maintain pressure. If the blood pressure decreases then these receptors send signals to the brain to increase pressure. Epinephrine and norephinerphine are released to increase the contractions of the heart to stimulate blood pressure.

Question 11

What is the equation for Cardiac output?

Answer 11

Cardiac Output = Heart Rate ( Stroke Volume)

Question 12

What is P’s law?

Answer 12

Flow = change in pressure (pi) (r)^4 / 8nL

notice the importance of the radius, it makes a huge difference.

Question 13

What are the three layers of the heart?

Answer 13

Endocardium: Inner layer of the heart, covers valves.
Myocardium: larger part of the heart, contractile muscles.
Pericardium: top layer, protective layer.

Question 14

Relate vasoconstriction and vasodilation to resistance.

Answer 14

Vasoconstriction decreases radius so it increases resistance.
Vasodilation increases radius so it decreases resistance.

Question 15

What is Resistance proportional to?

Answer 15

1/ r^4

R= 8nL / r^4 (pi)

Question 16

Describe thermoregulation

Answer 16

When it’s hot outside, your arterioles dilate allowing the heat inside your body to be released.
When it’s cold outside, your arterioles constrict allowing the heat inside your body to be maintained.

Question 17

What is in the blood plasma?

Answer 17

Extracellular matrix of blood, 55%.

Water, albumin, fibrinogen, glucose, fatty acids.

Question 18

Where do blood cells stem from?

Answer 18

Bone marrow, hematopoietic cells.

Question 19

Do RBC undergo cellular respiration?

Answer 19

No, they just carry the oxygen to allow it to travel through the blood.

Question 20

Why does the pressure decrease as blood flows through the body?

Answer 20

Capillaries can’t hold the same pressure that the arteries can. Capillaries have a lot of area thus the pressure decreases. This decreases velocity and allows for proper exchange of nutrients.

Question 21

Describe the mechanism of respiration:

Answer 21

Inhalation: diaphragm contracts down and the intercostal muscles expands causing the volume to increase. As the volume increases, the pressure decreases. The high pressure of the atmosphere goes to the low pressure in the lungs.

Question 22

Describe the ABO Blood system

Answer 22

A person with blood type a will have the A antigen on their blood cells, however they will have antibodies against B .
A person with blood type o will have no antigens on their blood cells, however they will have antibodies for both A and B. CODOMINANT.

Question 23

Describe Rh factors

Answer 23

Mendelian genetics. RR is +, Rr is +, rr is -.

Question 24

Describe the pregnancy complication with Rh factors.

Answer 24

If a Rh negative mother has a baby that is Rh + then the mother will have Rh+ antibodies against the baby on the second birth.

Question 25

What is the equation for total lung capacity?

Answer 25

Total Lung Capacity = Residual volume + Vital Capacity.

RV is the amount of air not able to be exhaled.
VC is the amount of air for total inhalation and exhalation.