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Wrong Pile 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Conversion of Celcius to Fahrenheit:

A

F = C (9/5) + 32

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2
Q

What is the formula for phosphate?

A

PO4^-3

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3
Q

What produces acid oxides?

A

nonmentals + oxygen.

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4
Q

Where are C- H bonds located on IR?

A

2700 - 3000 cm^-1

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5
Q

What does the azimuthal quantum number represent?

A

l, it represents the geometric shape of the orbital & angular momentum.

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6
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

Farsighted = Hyperopia.

Fixed with Converging, Convex lenses.

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7
Q

What is the wavelength equation for open tubes?

A 
wavelength = 2L /n 
frequency = nv/ 2L

n = harmonic, or the number of nodes.

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8
Q

What is the formula for the doppler effect?

A

fo = fs ( v +/- vo) / (v -/+ vo)

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9
Q

Describe male repro:

A

LH -> Leydig Cells -> Testosterone -> Sperm/ Secondary

FSH- > Sertoli Cells -> Sperm

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10
Q

Describe female repro:

A

Estrogen produced by secondary oocyte & corpus leutum.

Thickening of endometrium & secondary char.

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11
Q

List the steps of the M. Cycle:

A
  1. Hypothalamus stimulates AP to release LH & FSH.
  2. FSH allows primary oocyte to change to secondary follicle.
  3. Follicle released estrogen, which begins to thicken the endometrium.
  4. POSITIVE FEEDBACK causes more LH/ FSH to be released.
  5. LH Surge occurs allowing the oocyte to break from the follicle, ovulation. Oocyte leaves via tubes while corpus stays behind.
  6. Corpus L stimulates progesterone and estrogen even more to thicken the endometrium.
  7. If no fertilization occurs, then LH/FSH is negatively feedback causing it to slow down. This in turn causes the deformation of the Corpus L.
  8. Endometrium is released after thickness decreases.
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12
Q

What type of molecules are glucose, galactose, mannose, ribose, and fructose.

A
  1. glucose, galactose, and mannose are 6 carbon sugars that have an aldehyde at the end.
  2. ribose is a 5 carbon sugar with an aldehyde at the end.
  3. Fructose is a 6 carbon ketone.
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13
Q

What is the structure of pyruvate?

A

O2C - CO - CH3

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14
Q

Describe the base hydrogen bonds:

A

A donates and accepts 1
T donates and accepts 1
C donates 1 accepts 2
G donates 2 accepts 1

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15
Q

How does the ionic strength and length effect DNA tm?

A

Different ions allow for stabilization of the backbone.

Longer the molecule, more hydrogen bonds to break.

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16
Q

Contrast deoxguanosine vs guanosine

A

the ribose is implied in the guanosine. Therefore one is DNA and the other is DNA.

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17
Q

What is the range of human hearing?

A

20 Hz - 20kHz

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18
Q

What is a reducing sugar:

A

the anomeric carbon has the ability to form a bond with another carbohydrate.

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19
Q

What is hydronium

A

H3O+

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20
Q

What is the change in concentration per unit pH

A

Every 1 unit difference in the pH is a difference of 10x the concentration.

The difference between 4 to 6 is 100 x the concentration difference.

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21
Q

What is the structure of glycerol?

A

3 carbon, each with an OH group

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22
Q

ternary complex?

A

three different molecules are tightly bond together.

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23
Q

What is characteristic of an acid/base reaction?

A

Water plus a salt, typically exothermic.

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24
Q

Describe salt pHs

A

SA + WB = acidic solution
SB + WA = basic solution.
SA + SB = neutral salt.

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25
Q

Relate Ka and pKA

A

pKa = - log (Ka)

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26
Q

What occurs at the equivalence and half equivalence point?

A

EQ: pH = pOH
1/2EQ: equal portions of the acid/base and it’s conjugate; creates a buffer. The PH = pKA. If you want a buffer for your solution, the find a solution with a similar pkA value.

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27
Q

What are the three irreversible steps of glycolysis?

A
  1. glucose to 6 glucose via hexokinase.
  2. f6p to f16p via pfk
  3. PEP to pyruvate via pyruvate kinase + ATP .
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28
Q

What are the three steps that are different in Gluconeogenesis?

A
  1. Pyruvate to OAA via pyruvate carboxylase to then
    PEP by PEP carboxykinase.
  2. fructose 16 bisphosphate to fructose 6 phosphate via fructose16biphosphatase
  3. glucose6phosphase to glucose via glucose6phosphotase.
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29
Q

regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis:

A 
increased OAA stimulates gluconeogenesis. 
lots of ATP stimulates gluconeogenesis. 
lots of AMP stimulates glycolysis. 
insulin promotes glycolysis
glucagon promotes gluconeogenesis.
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30
Q

Calculate degree of unsaturation:

A

Straight Chain: CnH2n+2
Double bond: CnH2n
Triple Bond: CnH2n-2
DOS FORMULA : 2C + 2 + N - X -H / 2 - tells you the number of pi bonds.

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31
Q

Differentiate Serine and threonine

A

Threonine has another methyl group

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32
Q

What are integrins vs cadherins?

A

Integrins are transmembrane receptors that modulate cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions. Specifically, these proteins often attach the cell to collagen and fibronectin fibers

Cadherins are involved in cell-cell interactions; specifically, they form adherens junctions between cells. They do not participate in cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions such as binding to collagen or fibronectin.

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33
Q

Describe lipid breakdown.

A
  1. Bile acts as detergent to pull apart different TAGS
  2. Lipase breaks the ester bond forming glycerol and fatty acids.
  3. Enter the cells to be repackaged as TAG
  4. put in lipoproteins for transport to cells via lacteals and lymphatics.
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34
Q

What are ways to get fat?

A
  1. diet.
  2. breakdown of ffa from adipose tissue.
  3. synthesis from liver (glucose to fatty acids)
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35
Q

What is the order for the Kerb’s Cycle structures?

A

OCIKSSFM

Oxaloacetate, Citrate, Isocitrate, Ketogluterate, Succinyl Coa, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate.

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36
Q

How do you form citrate?

A

Acytl cOA(2 carbon) + OOA ( 4 carbon)

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37
Q

Describe fatty acid synthesis:

A
  1. Citrate from the mitochondria goes to the cytoplasm where it is broken down into OOA and Acetyl Coa.
  2. Acetly Coa, ATP, and NADPH is linked together to form long FFA.
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38
Q

What is pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

Functions to convert pyruvate to Acetyl Coa + Co2 to send it to the kerb’s cycle. THIS HAS A VERY NEGATIVE DELTA G, THEREFORE IT IS NOT REVERSIBLE.

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39
Q

What is another way to view a dehydrogenase?

A

Dehydrogenases remove hydrogens, therefore it is an oxidation step. Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl Coa via Pyruvate DEHYDROGENASE.

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40
Q

Can acetyl coa from fatty acids contribute to gluconeogenesis?

A

NO! The step is very irreversible, therefore the acetyl coa will contribute to glycolysis.

41
Q

What are the allosteric activators and inhibitors of pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

+: CoA, NAD + , Pyruvate, AMP, Calcium.

- : Acetyl Coa, NADH, ATP, Fatty Acids.

42
Q

What are the different ways to get Acetyl Coa?

A
  1. From Glucose
  2. From Fats
  3. From proteins.
43
Q

What two key things do you need for gluconeogenesis?

A

pyruvate and OOA.

44
Q

Describe the timeline of oogenesis:

A

Oogonium mitotically divides with a primary oocyte(2n) before birth. These primary oocytes are stuck in Prophase I until puberty.

Hormonal changes cause the primary oocyte to undergo meiosis 1 to form secondary oocytes(n) and a polar body & is released during ovulation and travels down the Fallopian tube.

The secondary oocyte only undergoes Meiosis II upon being fertilized by sperm.

45
Q

What is the function of adenylyl cyclase

A

convert ATP to cAMP

46
Q

What is General paresis

A

general paralysis of the insane or paralytic dementia, is a neuropsychiatric disorder affecting the brain, caused by late-stage syphilis.

47
Q

Why do babies have fetalHb instead of normalHb?

A

They require oxygen for circulation and must have a stronger affinity to the oxygen than normalHb. Fetal Hemoglobin has a higher affinity to oxygen than normal hemoglobin.

48
Q

Where is hemoglobin produced?

A

Bone marrow by RBC

49
Q

If myoglobin binds oxygen better than hemoglobin, then why do our RBC contain myoglobin instead?

A

Myoglobin has a higher affinity to oxygen then hemoglobin does. This allows for better binding, HOWEVER this means that myoglobin will also hold onto the oxygen instead of releasing it to the tissues.

50
Q

What is Homotropic regulation?

A

A form of allosteric regulation which allows the molecule to act as the effector, as compared to heterotropic which allows another molecule to act as the effector.

Allosterics allows for the sigmodial shape of the graph.

51
Q

What are the conditions for STP?

A

1 mole = 273 K = 0C = 1 atm = 101k Pa = 760 torr.

52
Q

Describe indicators:

A

Indicators function in acid-base titrations to identify, via color change or a similar mechanism, that an expected pH, and thus the titration endpoint, has been reached. In order to function in this way, an indicator must undergo a color change near the desired pH. This typically occurs because of a reversible change in the protonation state of the indicator. It is desirable then that the pKa of a chosen indicator be within ± 1 unit of the target pH

53
Q

What is an amide?

A

carboyl carbon/oxygen with a nitrogen on the side.

54
Q

What is an amine?

A

R-N-R (or H)

55
Q

What is an imine?

A

C = N

56
Q

What is a thioether?

A

R- S - R’

57
Q

What is a thioketone?

A

R(C=S)R’

58
Q

What is a thioester

A

O=C- S

59
Q

What is a positive control vs negative control?

A

A positive control is a control group that is not exposed to the experimental treatment but that is exposed to some other treatment that is known to produce the expected effect.

A negative control group is a control group that is not exposed to the experimental treatment or to any other treatment that is expected to have an effect.

60
Q

How much work is required to stop an object coming down a ramp from x height?

A

Conversation of energy states that the joules at the top is the same as the joules at the bottom. U = mgh.

61
Q

What is the driving force behind the electron transport chain?

A

Almost all elements in the chain are at some point reduced and oxidized. This is the driving force behind the electron transport chain. However, at the end of the chain, oxygen is reduced to form H2O, which is the end fate of the electrons in the chain.

62
Q

what is the formula for mechanical advantage for ramps?

A

hypothenuse / height.

63
Q

describe ETC.

A

NADH is oxidized by Complex 1. The electrons are carried to complex 3 via ubinquinone. Complex 2 oxidizes FADH2.
Complex 3 and cytochrome c transfers to complex 4. Lastly, the electrons reduce o2 to water. Hydrogen is pumped outside the inner membrane.

64
Q

Solubility Rules:

A 
Nitrate
Acetates
Group 1 metals
Sulfates: Ca, Sr, Ba
Ammonia
Halogens: Pb, Hg, Ag + Ca, Sr, Ba
Chlorates
65
Q

What is socialization

A

Socialization is the process of internalizing the social norms and values expected in one’s society, and mass media (such as popular music) is one source of normal socialization.

66
Q

What is the main feature of the preoperational stage of Piaget’s Theory?

A

At that level, children learn to operate symbolically and engage in a lot of symbolic play (e.g. a stick is a sword, a plastic toy is a cake, a doll is a person, etc.).

67
Q

What is validity and reliability?

A

Reliability is the ability to get the same, consistent results time and time again.

Validity is the measure of how accurate a test is.

68
Q

What are mores?

A

Mores are norms that are deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society and have consequences if violated.

69
Q

What is kinship affinity?

A

related by choice not blood, so marriage.

70
Q

describe the harlow monkey experiments:

A

In Harlow’s experiment, the infant monkeys preferred spending their time clinging to the cloth mother. Even when only the wire mother could provide food, the monkeys visited her just to eat. Harlow concluded that there was much more to the mother/infant relationship than milk and that this “contact comfort” was crucial to the psychological development and health of infants. After monkeys were paired with a Wire Mother, they showed abnormal behavior, which could not be corrected later in life by pairing them with a Cloth Mother.

71
Q

What is Anomie ?

A

refers to society feeling fragmented and lacking cohesiveness

72
Q

What is Negativity bias ?

A

is when the negative aspects of a situation are focused upon, not the good aspects.

73
Q

What type of memory is the temporal lobe associated with

A

semantic memory; facts & knowledge.

74
Q

What is cognitive appraisal theory of emotion?

A

Individuals make different interpretations about stimuli, such as interpreting stigma negatively or non-negatively.

75
Q

What is involved in Impression management?

A

involves the control of information about ONESELF and is characterized by flattery, boasting, and ingratiation

76
Q

Contrast role strain vs role conflict:

A

Role strain involves a problem fitting into an existing role

Role strain involves two roles coming into conflict

77
Q

What are the stages associated with The Kübler-Ross model ?

A

Death Always Bring Definite Acceptance.

Denial, Anger, Bargain, Depression, Acceptance.

78
Q

What is the Anomie theory?

A

that individuals who experience weakened social values are less likely to behave in ways that are helpful to that society.

79
Q

What is Relative deprivation theory ?

A

posits that individuals who perceive themselves as having less resources than others will often act in ways to obtain these resources.

80
Q

What factors increase levels of oxidative phosphorylations?

A

NADH, Pi, or ADP

81
Q

What factors decrease levels of oxidative phosphorylation

A

ATP, NAD+

82
Q

What is isoelectric focusing?

A

Maintaining a pH gradient in the gel in order for the components to properly align to a specific pH value.

83
Q

What are isoforms?

A

products made from the same gene, but are different due to different post trascriptional modifications such as splicing.

84
Q

SDS Page Reducing Conditions:

A

The reducing conditions of the SDS page cause for the breakdown of several disulfide bonds, therefore there will be more subunits present in a reduced SDS page.

85
Q

Which bonds are needed for tertiary structure?

A 
Covalent DiSulfide
Hydrogen
Electrostatic
Van der Vaals
Hydrophobic
86
Q

Which competitor doesn’t change the Km/Vmax?

A

Uncompetitive because it changes both Km/Vmax proportionally.

87
Q

Describe Competitive Inhibition:

A

An inhibitor molecule will resemble the substrate molecule. The inhibitor will compete with the substrate for a spot in the active site on the molecule. The Km of the substrate will decrease, but the vmax stays the same. The competition can be overcome if you saturate the solution with more substrate.

88
Q

Describe Uncompetitive Inhibition:

A

The binding of the substrate- enzyme complex creates an allosteric site which allows the inhibitor to bind. The binding of the inhibitor decreases both Km and Vmax. Can not be overcome by increasing substrate complex.

89
Q

Describe Noncompetitive Inhibition:

A

The binding of the inhibitor to an allosteric site prevents the binding of the substrate to the enzyme. This lowers the Vmax, but maintains the same Km value.

90
Q

Which cells do gluconeogenesis?

A

Liver and kidney for the use in RBC and Brain.

91
Q

Which cells do gluconeogenesis?

A

Liver and kidney for the use of RBC and Brain.

92
Q

Describe conversion of lactate to pyruvate

A

During exercise, skeletal muscles build up lactate which travels to the liver. In the liver, lactate dehydrogenase converts lactate to pyruvate.

93
Q

What does glucagon do to fatty acids in the adipose tissue?

A

Break down fatty acid and release it into the blood stream.

94
Q

What can’t use fatty acids?

A

RBC and Brain.

95
Q

differentiate axial and appendicular skeleton

A

axial are head and thorax

appendicular are extremities.

96
Q

differentiate different bones

A

flat: skull, ribs.
long: humerus, femur.

97
Q

what are the parts of the bone?

A

diaphysis: middle, long part of bone
epiphyis: ends of bones

98
Q

what are the two bones marrows and where can you find them?

A

red: located on the epiphysis; blood formation
yellow: located on the diaphysis; fat storage.

99
Q

What is the effect of PTH and Calcitrol vs calcitonin?

A

PTH and calcitrol Increase calcium in the blood; stimulate osteoclast activity.

Calcitonin decreases calcium in blood; stimulate osteoblasts.

MCAT Self Study (53 decks)

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