Alcohols, Ketones, and Aldehydes Flashcards
Describe the characteristics of alcohols.
The OH allows alcohols to form hydrogen bonds.
The OH bonds allow for high boiling points.
IR Peak is around 3500.
Describe the characteristics of ketones and aldehydes.
Can’t hydrogen bond with others.
IR Spec around 1700.
How do you form acetal and ketal groups?
Usually take a ketone or aldehyde in an acidic solution.
How do you form hemiacetal and hemiketal?
Usually take a ketone or aldehyde in a basic solution.
Describe the function of protecting groups.
Ketals and Acetals are less reactive than ketones and aldehydes therefore adding a protecting group prevents side reactions from taking place. The addition of 1-2, diol makes such protecting group.
Describe the process of saponification.
The deesterification of esters with a strong base to form a carboxylic acid and alcohol.
What is transesterification.
Transesterification at a basic level is trading one ester group for another ester group.
What are lactones?
Cyclic esters.
Describe acid anhydrides
Dehydration reaction(heat added) between two carboxylic acids which forms an ester between the two carbonyl carbons.
Adding water will form two carboxylic acids again.
Describe acid halides
These are VERY reactive because they have strong leaving groups. A nucleophile exhibits addition/elimination on the carbonyl carbon kicking off the halide atom.
Metal hydrides form primary alcohols.
Rank reactivity of acyl groups
Acid Halides > Acid anhydrides > Acid esters > Amides.
The better the leaving group, the more reactive.
Describe the differences between kinetic and thermodynamic control for deprotonation of alpha carbon
Low temp, bulky base goes to less hindered- kinetic.
High temp, small base goes to more hindered- thermo.
Contrast oxidation and reduction
Oxidation is adding oxygen, removing H, increase O#
Reduction is adding H, removing O, decreasing O#
How do you determine the oxidation # in organic
Look at the bonds connected to the atom. If it’s more electronegative then give it a -, if it’s not then give it a +, then sum the values.
Oxidizing agents cause:
oxidation, they themselves are reduced.
