Social Behavior

Question 1

What is self disclosure?

Answer 1

Self disclosure is the when a person shares their fears, thoughts, and goals with others without judgement from others.

Question 2

What is reciprocal liking?

Answer 2

Reciprocal liking is when people like others better when they believe the other person likes them too.

Question 3

What are the the proximity effect & the mere exposure effect.

Answer 3

1. The proximity effect is the tendency for people to be attracted to, and like others, who they are in close proximity with.
2. The mere exposure effect is the tendency for people to like things they have been exposed to more frequently. The mere exposure effect is prominent in commercials when companies try to show you their brand as much as possible.

Question 4

Examine the brain and aggression:

Answer 4

The amygdala is responsible for reward/ punishment and alerts the brain there is a threat, which may cause aggression. Working in opposition, the prefrontal cortex controls the higher order and attempts to control the amygdala’s impulsiveness. Decreased frontal cortex activity have been seen in violent criminals. Lastly, increased testosterone can also causes aggression.

Question 5

What is cognitive neoassociation model?

Answer 5

The cognitive neoassociation model states that we are more likely to respond to others aggressively when we are feeling negative emotion.

Question 6

What is attachment?

Answer 6

Emotional bond between child and caregiver especially in the beginning stages of life. The caregiver must be consistent, available, comforting, and responsive.

Question 7

What is secure attachment?

Answer 7

Child has a consistent caregiver and is able to have a source of comfort. The child is able to explore knowing he/she will have a secure base. The child is okay with strangers, but prefers the caregiver. Vital for social development.

Question 8

What is avoidant attachment

Answer 8

The caregiver has little to no response the child’s distress. No pref between care giver & stranger. Shows little to no emotion towards caregiver

Question 9

What is ambivalent attachment

Answer 9

Caregiver has inconsistent response, sometimes neglectful. Child has many mixed emotions. Distressed under separation, but ambivalent upon return. May cause anxiety in child due to uncertainty.

Question 10

What is disorganized attachment

Answer 10

Mixed behavior towards caregiver in absence or presence. Avoidance or resistance, dazed, frozen, confused. Red flag for abuse.

Question 11

What are the different types of support?

Answer 11

Material- helping with objects. Food, money
Informational- giving advice
Network- social groups 
Emotional- empathy towards someone 
Esteem- affirmation of skills

Question 12

How do social support groups impact health?

Answer 12

Low support have higher risks of mental disorders, alcohol / drug use, and suicidal ideation. Higher cancer, heart diseases and cancer risks.

Question 13

What is foraging and what are some neurological impacts ?

Answer 13

Foraging is seeking out food, driven by biological instinct. Hunger is controlled by the hypothalamus.

1. Solitary foraging is when an animal hunts by itself.
2. Group foraging is when a group of animal hunts a prey.

Question 14

What is polygamy?

Answer 14

Having exclusive relationships with other. If a male does it then it’s polygyny , if a female does it then it’s polyandry.

Question 15

What is mate bias?

Answer 15

Choosy members when picking a mate. Evolutionary advantage to get the best fitness. Direct benefit to mate or indirect benefit to offspring.

Question 16

What are phenotypic benefits?

Answer 16

Observable traits that make a mate more attractive .

Question 17

What is sensory bias?

Answer 17

Development of a trait to match preexisting preferences.

Question 18

What is Fisherian or runaway selection?

Answer 18

A trait with no effect on survival , but is exaggerated over time to be deemed desirable. Example is peacock feathers.

Question 19

What is an indicator trait?

Answer 19

Trait that signifies good overall health of a mate.

Question 20

What is genetic compatibility?

Answer 20

Mates much have gametes that are able to form offspring.

Question 21

What are some characteristics that allow for Interpersonal attraction.

Answer 21

Physical characteristics, similarity, self disclosure, reciprocity, and proximity.

Question 22

What is the empathy-altruism theory?

Answer 22

We empathize with people and, as a result, feel the need to help them no matter the cost.

Question 23

What is game theory?

Answer 23

Game theory examines how animals will make decisions for their advantage or the advantage of the group.

Question 24

What in inclusive fitness?

Answer 24

How well you fit in a group of your species in order to survive. How well you help others in your group in order for those set of genes to be passed on.

Question 25

Describe averageness and physical attraction.

Answer 25

Surprisingly, research shows that the more average your facial feature are, the more attractive you’re seen as. Anything unique or different might be considered unattractive to others.

Question 26

Relate psychological activity and attraction.

Answer 26

The more psychologically active you are (running, scary movie, roller coaster), the more likely you’ll be attract to someone. Your heart rate will increase during the activity and subconsciously your body will attribute the other person to have caused this response and you’ll be more attracted to them.

Question 27

Describe the Harlow Monkey Experiments.

Answer 27

The experiment tried to determine whether comfort or food was the primary source of comfort for baby monkeys. A monkey would be placed in a cage with two “mothers”. One “mother” was made with chicken wire and had a source or food. The other “mother” was made of cloth. A great majority of the time, the monkey would be attracted to the cloth “mother” for COMFORT INSTEAD of the “mother” which provided FOOD.

Question 28

What are some psychological responses that cause aggression?

Answer 28

Increased temperature can cause aggression. Increased riots occur in the summer.

Question 29

What is the empathy- altruism theory?

Answer 29

The theory states that we are altruistic in helping others because we empathize with them.

Question 30

What is the implicit personality theory?

Answer 30

The theory states we set assumptions on people based on what the impress upon us. We categorize people into groups such as friend/enemy, smart/stupid, caring/selfish. The first impression is important due to the primacy effect, or when we first meet someone. This can be changed due to the recency effect, or how we see them currently.

Question 31

What is the Halo Effect?

Answer 31

The Halo effect describes how we can PERCEIVE someone to be an ideal person based on our impression of them, even though they might not be the best person. The other skills a person has is PERCEIVED to be enhanced. This can work the opposite way too and is called the Devil effect.

Question 32

What is the Just World Hypothesis?

Answer 32

The just world hypothesis states that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people. The world will equilibrate itself in order for “karma” to allow for justice or punishment.

Question 33

What is self serving bias?

Answer 33

Self serving bias states that a person will be bias towards themselves. Their success will be due to them, but their failures will be due to outside influences. If you make a good grade then it’s because you studied hard. If you make a bad grade then it’s because the teacher didn’t teach well enough, or you were sick, etc.

Question 34

What is the attribution theory? What are the different cues?

Answer 34

Attribution theory tires to explain how other people behave. Separates behavior into internal(dispositional) & external(environmental) causes .

1. Consistent cue: a person exhibits the same behavior over time then it’s an internal attribution.
2. Distinctive(situational) cue: a person exhibits irregular behavior then it’s external attribution.
3. Consensus cue: everyone shows the same behavior then it’s external attribution.

Question 35

What is the fundamental attribution error?

Answer 35

For others, we tend to lean towards internal behavior than external behavior for problems. While, on the other hand, we team toward attribute problems to external variables.

Question 36

What are the ABC’s of stereotypes, prejudices, and discrimination?

Answer 36

Affective - Prejudice
Behavioral- Discrimination
Cognitive- Stereotypes

“City folks are rude” is a sterotype [cognitive]
“I don’t like city folks because they’re rude” is prejudice[ affect]
“I will avoid city folks” is discrimination [behavior]

Question 37

What is a stereotype threat?

Answer 37

Stereotype threat is concern or anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype about one’s group. This may hinder performance, which may actually create a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 38

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 38

Unintentionally holding a stereotype to be true.

Question 39

What is ethnocentrism vs cultural relativism?

Answer 39

Ethnocentrism is judging other cultures in relation to your own culture, typically your culture is better.

Cultural relativism is judging other cultures from their view point.