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Fundamentals of Zoology > Worksheets 4-5 > Flashcards

Worksheets 4-5 Flashcards

1
Q

period from the time a cell is formed to the time it matures

A

cell cycle

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2
Q

Includes the division of the mother cell to form another daughter cell

A

cell cycle

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3
Q

Complete cell cycle is divided into two major parts:

A

interphase stage
m stage

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4
Q

in this stage, the cell prepares all the necessary precursors for the cell division, also the stage where the cell grows.

A

interphase stage

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5
Q

Two remarkable events occur in cell division stage:

A

cytokinesis
karyokinesis

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6
Q

division of the cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

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7
Q

division of the nucleus

A

karyokinesis

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8
Q

nuclear division of somatic cells

A

mitosis

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9
Q

nuclear division of sex cells

A

meiosis

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10
Q

interphase is divided into three stages:

A

g1
s
g2

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11
Q

cell division stages

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

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12
Q

occurs before genetic replication, a period of intense biosynthetic activity producing more ribosomes, organelles, and other cellular structures

A

g1 phase

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13
Q

identify which stage of interphase is this: Recovery from the previous division

A

G1 phase

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14
Q

identify which stage of interphase is this: Cell doubles its organelles

A

g1 phase

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15
Q

identify which stage of interphase is this: accumulates raw materials for DNA synthesis

A

g1 phase

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16
Q

after the G1, is the stage where chromosomal DNA is synthesized along with further duplication of organelles

A

synthesis stage

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17
Q

identify which part of interphase is characterized by: dna replication (synthesis)

A

s stage

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18
Q

identify which part of interphase is characterized by: chromosomes enter with 1 chromatid each

A

s stage

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19
Q

identify which part of interphase is characterized by: chromosomes leave with 2 identical chromatid each

A

s stage

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20
Q

identify which part of interphase is characterized by: semiconservatice DNA replication

A

s stage

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21
Q

separates the end of DNA replication from the onset of actual division

A

second gap/growth (G2) stage

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22
Q

identify which part of interphase is characterized by: cell continues to grow and synthesizes the materials necessary for cell division

A

g2 stage

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23
Q

identify which part of interphase is characterized by: : between DNA replication and onset of mitosis

A

g2 stage

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24
Q

identify which part of interphase is characterized by: cell synthesizes proteins necessary for division

A

g2 stage

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25
Q

stage of mitotic division chromosomes condense, centrioles separate, and microtubules appear

A

prophase

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26
Q

identify which stage of cell division is this: chromosome condensation

A

prophase

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27
Q

identify which stage of cell division is this: separation of centrioles

A

prophase

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28
Q

identify which stage of cell division is this: appearance of microtubules

A

prophase

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29
Q

identify which stage of cell division is this: the nuclear envelope and nucleolus start to break apart

A

prophase

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30
Q

centrosomes have duplicated, chromatin is condensing into chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope is fragmenting

A

early prophase

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31
Q

nucleolus has disappeared, and duplicated chromosomes are visible. Centromeres begin moving apart and spindle is in process of forming

A

prophase

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32
Q

phase where the kinetochore of each chromatid is attached to a kinetochore spindle fiber. Polar spindle fibers stretch from each spindle pole and overlap.

A

prometaphase

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33
Q

chromosomes are aligned along the spindle’s equator

A

metaphase

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34
Q

radial arrays of microtubules organized by centrosomes

A

aster microtubule

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35
Q

mitotic spindles that do not interact with kinetochore of chromosomes, polar microtubules

A

non-kinetochore microtubule

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36
Q

microtubules that push against each other, moving centrosomes apart

A

non-kinetochore microtubule

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37
Q

invade nuclear space and attach to kinetochores

A

kinetochore microtubule

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38
Q

nonpolar microtubules

A

kinetochore microtubule

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39
Q

which microtubule moves chromosomes towards poles

A

kinetochore microtubule

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40
Q

which microtubule is responsible for cellular elongation

A

nonkinetochore microtubule

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41
Q

chromatids of each dyad move on the opposite poles as daughter chromosomes

A

anaphase

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42
Q

identify which stage of cell division: Centromeres become functionally doubled

A

anaphase

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43
Q

stage of mitosis where there is migration of daughter chromosomes to opposite poles

A

telophase

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44
Q

identify which stage of cell division: nuclear envelope redevelops

A

telophase

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45
Q

identify which stage of cell division: mitotic apparatus disappears

A

telophase

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46
Q

identify which stage of cell division: chromosomes decondense

A

telophase

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47
Q

identify which stage of cell division: nucleolus reappears

A

telophase

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48
Q

significance of mitosis

A

growth
repair

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49
Q

after it is formed by the fertilization of an egg cell with a sperm cell, it undergoes mitosis to form organs

A

zygote

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50
Q

hollow ball

A

blastula

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51
Q

fluid-filled cavity of blastula

A

blastocoel

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52
Q

early developmental process in which embryo transports from a one-layer dimensional layer of epithelial cells and reorganizes into a multilayer and multidimensional structured called the gastrula

A

gastrulation

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53
Q

multidimensional structure

A

gastrula

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54
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis in the kinds of cells

A

mitosis - somatic cells
meiosis - gametes (egg and sperm cell)

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55
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis in the no of divisions per cycle

A

mitosis - one
meiosis - two

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56
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis in the no of daughter cells formed per cycle

A

mitosis - two
meiosis - four

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57
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis in the no of chromosome per daughter cells

A

mitosis - diploid (2n)
meiosis - haploid (n)

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58
Q

number of chromosomes in humans

A

46

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59
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis in progeny/daughter cellls

A

mitosis - genetically identical
meiosis - genetically different

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60
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis in time of cycle

A

mitosis - throughout life
meiosis - completed after sexual maturity (in humans)

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61
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis in uses

A

mitosis - growth and repair
meiosis - sexual reproduction, generating new gene combinations

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62
Q

group of interacting organs which, in turn, are composed of various tissues that are not necessarily similar

A

system

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63
Q

composed of many cells which have common structure and function and are characteristically held together by intracellular materials

A

tissue

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64
Q

Specialization of the properties that all protoplasm possesses:

A

contractility
excretion
irritability

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65
Q

covers the internal and external surface of free body surfaces

A

epithelial tissue

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66
Q

Composed of cells that are packed tightly together by specialized intercellular junctions

A

epithelial tissue

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67
Q

Do not have a blood supply (avascular)

A

epithelial tissue

68
Q

epithelial tissue depend on this process for the nutrients from the underlying connetive tissue

A

diffusion

69
Q

basement membrane containing fibrous protein where epithelial cells are attached

A

collagen

70
Q

According to the shape of the cell, epithelial tissues are classified into three categories:

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar

71
Q

are much broader than they are thick and have the thin, flat plates appearance

A

squamous cells

72
Q

are roughly as thick as they are wide and have a rather square or cube-like shape

A

cuboidal cells

73
Q

are much taller than they are wide and in vertical section look like rectangles

A

columnar

74
Q

On the basis of cell layers, epithelial tissues are categorized either as

A

simple
stratified

75
Q

may only be one cell thick

A

simple epithelium

76
Q

may be two or more cells thick

A

stratified epithelium

77
Q

is actually a simple columnar epithelium, but because its cells extend varied distances from the basement membrane, it gives the false appearance of being layered (stratified)

A

pseudo-stratified epithelium

78
Q

is composed of rounded or “plump” cells with the ability to slide over allowing the organ to be stretched.

A

transitional epithelium

79
Q

Superficial cells of this epithelium are flattened when the organ is distended and rounded when the organ is empty

A

transitional epithelium

80
Q

type of tissues that functions in binding the body parts together and providing structural support

A

connective tissues

81
Q

what connective tissue is made of

A

gel-like matrix

82
Q

Connective tissues can be classified either as:

A

loose connective
dense connective

83
Q

have their fibers arranged randomly, are commonly found in almost all parts of the body where they usually fasten the skin to muscle, muscle to muscle, blood vessels, and nerves to other body parts

A

loose connective

84
Q

form approximately 20-25% of the protein content of humans. They are nonelastic and have variable bundle thicknesses

A

collagenous fibers

85
Q

Made up of closely packed thin collagen fibrils that run a wavy course in tissues

A

collagenous fibers

86
Q

connective tissue fiber that is comprised of type III collagen, which is secreted by reticular cell

A

reticular

87
Q

specify the type of connective fibers based on the description

bundles
networks
anastomosing bundles

A

bundles - collagenous
networks - reticular
anastomosing bundles - elastic

88
Q

endow connective tissues such as blood vessels, lungs, and skin with properties of elasticity and resilience

A

elastic fibers

89
Q

collagen vs elastin vs reticular fibers: based on thickness and strength

A

collagen - thickest, strongest
elastic - thinner which can stretch and recoil
reticular - highly branched found in organs (lots of mesh-like structures)

90
Q

collagen vs elastin vs reticular fibers: abundance in EM

A

collagen - most abundant
elastin - less abundant than collagen
reticular - less abundant than collagen

91
Q

collagen vs elastin vs reticular fibers: protein

A

collagen - collagen
elastic - elastin
reticular - collagen type III

92
Q

collagen vs elastin vs reticular fibers: location

A

collagen - cartilage, tendons, bones, ligaments
elastic - elastic tissues
reticular - spleen lymphoid organs

93
Q

have primarily collagenous fibers which are arranged parallel to each other

A

dense connective tissue

94
Q

CT that is resistant to stretching

A

dense connective tissue

95
Q

composed of collagen fibers which appear silvery white

A

dense regular connective tissue

96
Q

Arranged in an orderly parallel manner conferring their great strength and toughness yet somewhat pliable

A

dense regular connective tissue

97
Q

Fibroblast of DRCT are the main components of

A

tendons
aponeuroses
many ligaments

98
Q

a sheet of pearly white fibrous tissue that takes the place of a tendon in flat muscles having a wide area of attachment

A

aponeurosis

99
Q

contain collagen fibers that are irregularly interwoven

A

dense irregular connective tissue

100
Q

Found in parts of the body where tensions are exerted in various directions

A

DICT

101
Q

type of CT: Tissues usually appear sheets that form fasciae

A

DICR

102
Q

the reticular region of the dermis of the skin, the periosteum of bones, and the perichondrium of cartilage

A

fasciae

103
Q

where is DICT found

A

joint capsules
heart valves
membrane capsules (kidney, liver, testes, and lymph nodes)

104
Q

with specialized structures and functions are consisting of the following: cartilage, osseus, vascular

A

special connective tissues

105
Q

semi-rigid form of connective tissue with closely packed fibers embedded in a gel-like ground substance or matrix

A

cartilage

106
Q

small pockets where cells can be present

A

lacunae

107
Q

a translucent bluish-white type of cartilage present in the joints, the respiratory tract, and immature skeleton

A

hyaline cartilage

108
Q

Slippery smooth helping bones move smoothly past each other in your joints

A

hyaline cartilage

109
Q

Flexible but strong enough to help joints hold their shape

A

hyaline cartilage

110
Q

transitional tissue that provides tough material of intervertebral discs

A

fibrocartilage

111
Q

also referred to as yellow fibrocartilage, is a type of cartilage that provides both strength and elasticity to certain parts of the body (e.g. ears)

A

elastic cartilage

112
Q

where hyaline cartilage can be found

A

joints, end of bones
nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi
epiphyseal plates of long bones.

113
Q

fibro cartilage vs hyaline cartilage in terms of no of collagen fibers

A

fibrocartilage - higher number
hyaline - fewer

114
Q

fibro cartilage vs hyaline cartilage in terms of type of collagen fibers

A

fibrocartilage - type I and II
hyaline - type II

115
Q

fibro cartilage vs hyaline cartilage in terms of chondrocytes prescence

A

fibrocartilage - few
hyaline - large

116
Q

fibro cartilage vs hyaline cartilage in terms of appearance

A

fibrocartilage - glass-like, transluscent, bluish-white color
hyaline - white

117
Q

fibro cartilage vs hyaline cartilage in terms of prescence of perichondrium

A

fibro - lack
hyaline - contains

118
Q

fibro cartilage vs hyaline cartilage in terms of location

A

fibro - pubic symphysis, menisci of stifle joint, invertebral discs
hyaline - nasal septum, trachea, ends of growing bones, in between the ribs and sternum

119
Q

fibro cartilage vs hyaline cartilage in terms of function

A

fibro - attaches bones to other bones and provides restricted mobility to the joints
hyaline carilage- facilitates smooth and lubricated movements of the bones at joints

120
Q

elastic cartilage vs hyaline cartilage in terms of: definition

A

elastic cartilage - yellowish in color, least common
hyaline - glassy appearance, most common

121
Q

elastic cartilage vs hyaline cartilage in terms of: location

A

elastic - ear, epiglottis, larynx
hyaline - ribs, nose, larynx, trachea

122
Q

elastic cartilage vs hyaline cartilage in terms of: flexibility and elasticity

A

elastic - more flexible, has elasticity
hyaline - less flexible compared to elastic cartilage

123
Q

elastic cartilage vs hyaline cartilage in terms of: elastin fibers

A

elastic - abundance
hyaline - relatively little elastin

124
Q

calcified connective tissue containing calcium salts and organized around collagen fibers

A

osseus

125
Q

Also known as the bone connective tissue

A

osseus

126
Q

composed of blood, lymph, and tissue fluid. It Is made up of distinctive cells in a watery matrix with no fibers

A

vascular

127
Q

adapted for fat storage which occupies a large part of the content of these cells

A

adipose/fat tissue

128
Q

type of connective tissue that provides support and help to protect organs, muscles, and many other tissues

A

areolar tissue

129
Q

responsible for the movement in complex types of animals since its cells have a great capacity for contraction

A

muscular tissue

130
Q

Usually elongated and are bound together into sheets or bundles by connective tissue

A

muscular tissue

131
Q

three types of muscular tissue

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth (visceral)

132
Q

moves or stabilize the position of the skeleton, guard entrances, and exits to the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts

A

skeletal muscle

133
Q

move blood and maintains blood pressure

A

cardiac muscle

134
Q

move food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions

A

smooth muscle

135
Q

associated with the skeleton, can be controlled (voluntary) and appears with patterned lines (striation) under the microscope

A

skeletal muscle tissue

136
Q

(non-striated) muscle tissue – associated with internal organs (visceral), cannot be controlled (involuntary) and non-striated

A

smooth muscle

137
Q

associated with the heart. It share characteristics of both smooth and striated, unnucleated, and highly branched.

A

cardiac muscle tissue

138
Q

cell boundaries between the ends of the cells

A

intercalated disks

139
Q

specialized for conducting electrical impulses between cells in cardiac muscles

A

plasma membranes

140
Q

composed of two major cell populations

A

nervous tissues

141
Q

special supporting cells that protect, support, and insulate the more delicate neurons

A

neuroglia

142
Q

highly specialized nerves to receive stimuli and to conduct waves of excitation, or impulses, to all parts of the body

A

neurons

143
Q

Have a nucleus containing cell body

A

neurons

144
Q

drawn out into long extensions (cell processes) which allow a single neuron to conduct impulses and receive stimulus over a relatively long distances

A

cytoplasm

145
Q

in loose connective tissues, are the fills spaces between cells and fibers

A

ground substances

146
Q

in loose connective tissues: branched and stretchable (type of fiber)

A

elastic

147
Q

in loose connective tissues, type of fiber that is unbranched, strong but flexible

A

collagen

148
Q

in loose connective tissues, type of fiber that is branched, thin, and forms network

A

reticular fiber

149
Q

connective tissues are composed of:

A

cells
fibers
ground substance

150
Q

loose connective tissues are composed of the following:

A

areolar
reticular
adipose

151
Q

dense connective tissues are composed of the following:

A

regular
irregular

152
Q

special connective tissues are composed of the following

A

cartilage
osseous
vascular

153
Q

cartilage connective tissues are composed of the following:

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

154
Q

osseous connective tissues are composed of the following

A

compact
spongy

155
Q

skeletal vs cardiac vs smooth in terms of location

A

skeletal - attached to the bones
cardiac - valves of the heart
smooth - walls of visceral organs

156
Q

skeletal vs cardiac vs smooth in terms of shape

A

skeletal - elongated
cardiac - elongated, cylindrical, and branching
smooth - spindle-shaped fibers

157
Q

skeletal vs cardiac vs smooth in terms of number of nucleus/cell

A

skeletal - multi
cardiac - mono/binucleated
smooth - mono

158
Q

skeletal vs cardiac vs smooth in terms of location of nucleus

A

skeletal - periphery
cardiac - center
smooth - center

159
Q

skeletal vs cardiac vs smooth in terms of striations

A

skeletal - present
cardiac - present
smooth - basent

160
Q

skeletal vs cardiac vs smooth in terms of nervous control

A

skeletal - voluntary
cardiac - involuntary
smooth - involuntary

161
Q

type of epithelial tissue found in the longs

A

squamous epithelial tissue

162
Q

type of epithelial tissue found in the kidney

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

163
Q

type of epithelial tissue found in the small intestines

A

simple columnar epithelium

164
Q

type of epithelial tissue found in the trachea

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

165
Q

type of epithelial tissue found in the urinary bladder

A

transitional epithelium

Fundamentals of Zoology (23 decks)

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