Worksheets 4-5 Flashcards
1
Q
period from the time a cell is formed to the time it matures
A
cell cycle
2
Q
Includes the division of the mother cell to form another daughter cell
A
cell cycle
3
Q
Complete cell cycle is divided into two major parts:
A
interphase stage
m stage
4
Q
in this stage, the cell prepares all the necessary precursors for the cell division, also the stage where the cell grows.
A
interphase stage
5
Q
Two remarkable events occur in cell division stage:
A
cytokinesis
karyokinesis
6
Q
division of the cytoplasm
A
cytokinesis
7
Q
division of the nucleus
A
karyokinesis
8
Q
nuclear division of somatic cells
A
mitosis
9
Q
nuclear division of sex cells
A
meiosis
10
Q
interphase is divided into three stages:
A
g1
s
g2
11
Q
cell division stages
A
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
12
Q
occurs before genetic replication, a period of intense biosynthetic activity producing more ribosomes, organelles, and other cellular structures
A
g1 phase
13
Q
identify which stage of interphase is this: Recovery from the previous division
A
G1 phase
14
Q
identify which stage of interphase is this: Cell doubles its organelles
A
g1 phase
15
Q
identify which stage of interphase is this: accumulates raw materials for DNA synthesis
A
g1 phase
16
Q
after the G1, is the stage where chromosomal DNA is synthesized along with further duplication of organelles
A
synthesis stage
17
Q
identify which part of interphase is characterized by: dna replication (synthesis)
A
s stage
18
Q
identify which part of interphase is characterized by: chromosomes enter with 1 chromatid each
A
s stage
19
Q
identify which part of interphase is characterized by: chromosomes leave with 2 identical chromatid each
A
s stage
20
Q
identify which part of interphase is characterized by: semiconservatice DNA replication
A
s stage
21
Q
separates the end of DNA replication from the onset of actual division
A
second gap/growth (G2) stage
22
Q
identify which part of interphase is characterized by: cell continues to grow and synthesizes the materials necessary for cell division
A
g2 stage
23
Q
identify which part of interphase is characterized by: : between DNA replication and onset of mitosis
A
g2 stage
24
Q
identify which part of interphase is characterized by: cell synthesizes proteins necessary for division
A
g2 stage
25
stage of mitotic division chromosomes condense, centrioles separate, and microtubules appear
prophase
26
identify which stage of cell division is this: chromosome condensation
prophase
27
identify which stage of cell division is this: separation of centrioles
prophase
28
identify which stage of cell division is this: appearance of microtubules
prophase
29
identify which stage of cell division is this: the nuclear envelope and nucleolus start to break apart
prophase
30
centrosomes have duplicated, chromatin is condensing into chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope is fragmenting
early prophase
31
nucleolus has disappeared, and duplicated chromosomes are visible. Centromeres begin moving apart and spindle is in process of forming
prophase
32
phase where the kinetochore of each chromatid is attached to a kinetochore spindle fiber. Polar spindle fibers stretch from each spindle pole and overlap.
prometaphase
33
chromosomes are aligned along the spindle’s equator
metaphase
34
radial arrays of microtubules organized by centrosomes
aster microtubule
35
mitotic spindles that do not interact with kinetochore of chromosomes, polar microtubules
non-kinetochore microtubule
36
microtubules that push against each other, moving centrosomes apart
non-kinetochore microtubule
37
invade nuclear space and attach to kinetochores
kinetochore microtubule
38
nonpolar microtubules
kinetochore microtubule
39
which microtubule moves chromosomes towards poles
kinetochore microtubule
40
which microtubule is responsible for cellular elongation
nonkinetochore microtubule
41
chromatids of each dyad move on the opposite poles as daughter chromosomes
anaphase
42
identify which stage of cell division: Centromeres become functionally doubled
anaphase
43
stage of mitosis where there is migration of daughter chromosomes to opposite poles
telophase
44
identify which stage of cell division: nuclear envelope redevelops
telophase
45
identify which stage of cell division: mitotic apparatus disappears
telophase
46
identify which stage of cell division: chromosomes decondense
telophase
47
identify which stage of cell division: nucleolus reappears
telophase
48
significance of mitosis
growth
repair
49
after it is formed by the fertilization of an egg cell with a sperm cell, it undergoes mitosis to form organs
zygote
50
hollow ball
blastula
51
fluid-filled cavity of blastula
blastocoel
52
early developmental process in which embryo transports from a one-layer dimensional layer of epithelial cells and reorganizes into a multilayer and multidimensional structured called the gastrula
gastrulation
53
multidimensional structure
gastrula
54
difference between mitosis and meiosis in the kinds of cells
mitosis - somatic cells
meiosis - gametes (egg and sperm cell)
55
difference between mitosis and meiosis in the no of divisions per cycle
mitosis - one
meiosis - two
56
difference between mitosis and meiosis in the no of daughter cells formed per cycle
mitosis - two
meiosis - four
57
difference between mitosis and meiosis in the no of chromosome per daughter cells
mitosis - diploid (2n)
meiosis - haploid (n)
58
number of chromosomes in humans
46
59
difference between mitosis and meiosis in progeny/daughter cellls
mitosis - genetically identical
meiosis - genetically different
60
difference between mitosis and meiosis in time of cycle
mitosis - throughout life
meiosis - completed after sexual maturity (in humans)
61
difference between mitosis and meiosis in uses
mitosis - growth and repair
meiosis - sexual reproduction, generating new gene combinations
62
group of interacting organs which, in turn, are composed of various tissues that are not necessarily similar
system
63
composed of many cells which have common structure and function and are characteristically held together by intracellular materials
tissue
64
Specialization of the properties that all protoplasm possesses:
contractility
excretion
irritability
65
covers the internal and external surface of free body surfaces
epithelial tissue
66
Composed of cells that are packed tightly together by specialized intercellular junctions
epithelial tissue
67
Do not have a blood supply (avascular)
epithelial tissue
68
epithelial tissue depend on this process for the nutrients from the underlying connetive tissue
diffusion
69
basement membrane containing fibrous protein where epithelial cells are attached
collagen
70
According to the shape of the cell, epithelial tissues are classified into three categories:
squamous
cuboidal
columnar
71
are much broader than they are thick and have the thin, flat plates appearance
squamous cells
72
are roughly as thick as they are wide and have a rather square or cube-like shape
cuboidal cells
73
are much taller than they are wide and in vertical section look like rectangles
columnar
74
On the basis of cell layers, epithelial tissues are categorized either as
simple
stratified
75
may only be one cell thick
simple epithelium
76
may be two or more cells thick
stratified epithelium
77
is actually a simple columnar epithelium, but because its cells extend varied distances from the basement membrane, it gives the false appearance of being layered (stratified)
pseudo-stratified epithelium
78
is composed of rounded or “plump” cells with the ability to slide over allowing the organ to be stretched.
transitional epithelium
79
Superficial cells of this epithelium are flattened when the organ is distended and rounded when the organ is empty
transitional epithelium
80
type of tissues that functions in binding the body parts together and providing structural support
connective tissues
81
what connective tissue is made of
gel-like matrix
82
Connective tissues can be classified either as:
loose connective
dense connective
83
have their fibers arranged randomly, are commonly found in almost all parts of the body where they usually fasten the skin to muscle, muscle to muscle, blood vessels, and nerves to other body parts
loose connective
84
form approximately 20-25% of the protein content of humans. They are nonelastic and have variable bundle thicknesses
collagenous fibers
85
Made up of closely packed thin collagen fibrils that run a wavy course in tissues
collagenous fibers
86
connective tissue fiber that is comprised of type III collagen, which is secreted by reticular cell
reticular
87
specify the type of connective fibers based on the description
bundles
networks
anastomosing bundles
bundles - collagenous
networks - reticular
anastomosing bundles - elastic
88
endow connective tissues such as blood vessels, lungs, and skin with properties of elasticity and resilience
elastic fibers
89
collagen vs elastin vs reticular fibers: based on thickness and strength
collagen - thickest, strongest
elastic - thinner which can stretch and recoil
reticular - highly branched found in organs (lots of mesh-like structures)
90
collagen vs elastin vs reticular fibers: abundance in EM
collagen - most abundant
elastin - less abundant than collagen
reticular - less abundant than collagen
91
collagen vs elastin vs reticular fibers: protein
collagen - collagen
elastic - elastin
reticular - collagen type III
92
collagen vs elastin vs reticular fibers: location
collagen - cartilage, tendons, bones, ligaments
elastic - elastic tissues
reticular - spleen lymphoid organs
93
have primarily collagenous fibers which are arranged parallel to each other
dense connective tissue
94
CT that is resistant to stretching
dense connective tissue
95
composed of collagen fibers which appear silvery white
dense regular connective tissue
96
Arranged in an orderly parallel manner conferring their great strength and toughness yet somewhat pliable
dense regular connective tissue
97
Fibroblast of DRCT are the main components of
tendons
aponeuroses
many ligaments
98
a sheet of pearly white fibrous tissue that takes the place of a tendon in flat muscles having a wide area of attachment
aponeurosis
99
contain collagen fibers that are irregularly interwoven
dense irregular connective tissue
100
Found in parts of the body where tensions are exerted in various directions
DICT
101
type of CT: Tissues usually appear sheets that form fasciae
DICR
102
the reticular region of the dermis of the skin, the periosteum of bones, and the perichondrium of cartilage
fasciae
103
where is DICT found
joint capsules
heart valves
membrane capsules (kidney, liver, testes, and lymph nodes)
104
with specialized structures and functions are consisting of the following: cartilage, osseus, vascular
special connective tissues
105
semi-rigid form of connective tissue with closely packed fibers embedded in a gel-like ground substance or matrix
cartilage
106
small pockets where cells can be present
lacunae
107
a translucent bluish-white type of cartilage present in the joints, the respiratory tract, and immature skeleton
hyaline cartilage
108
Slippery smooth helping bones move smoothly past each other in your joints
hyaline cartilage
109
Flexible but strong enough to help joints hold their shape
hyaline cartilage
110
transitional tissue that provides tough material of intervertebral discs
fibrocartilage
111
also referred to as yellow fibrocartilage, is a type of cartilage that provides both strength and elasticity to certain parts of the body (e.g. ears)
elastic cartilage
112
where hyaline cartilage can be found
joints, end of bones
nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi
epiphyseal plates of long bones.
113
fibro cartilage vs hyaline cartilage in terms of no of collagen fibers
fibrocartilage - higher number
hyaline - fewer
114
fibro cartilage vs hyaline cartilage in terms of type of collagen fibers
fibrocartilage - type I and II
hyaline - type II
115
fibro cartilage vs hyaline cartilage in terms of chondrocytes prescence
fibrocartilage - few
hyaline - large
116
fibro cartilage vs hyaline cartilage in terms of appearance
fibrocartilage - glass-like, transluscent, bluish-white color
hyaline - white
117
fibro cartilage vs hyaline cartilage in terms of prescence of perichondrium
fibro - lack
hyaline - contains
118
fibro cartilage vs hyaline cartilage in terms of location
fibro - pubic symphysis, menisci of stifle joint, invertebral discs
hyaline - nasal septum, trachea, ends of growing bones, in between the ribs and sternum
119
fibro cartilage vs hyaline cartilage in terms of function
fibro - attaches bones to other bones and provides restricted mobility to the joints
hyaline carilage- facilitates smooth and lubricated movements of the bones at joints
120
elastic cartilage vs hyaline cartilage in terms of: definition
elastic cartilage - yellowish in color, least common
hyaline - glassy appearance, most common
121
elastic cartilage vs hyaline cartilage in terms of: location
elastic - ear, epiglottis, larynx
hyaline - ribs, nose, larynx, trachea
122
elastic cartilage vs hyaline cartilage in terms of: flexibility and elasticity
elastic - more flexible, has elasticity
hyaline - less flexible compared to elastic cartilage
123
elastic cartilage vs hyaline cartilage in terms of: elastin fibers
elastic - abundance
hyaline - relatively little elastin
124
calcified connective tissue containing calcium salts and organized around collagen fibers
osseus
125
Also known as the bone connective tissue
osseus
126
composed of blood, lymph, and tissue fluid. It Is made up of distinctive cells in a watery matrix with no fibers
vascular
127
adapted for fat storage which occupies a large part of the content of these cells
adipose/fat tissue
128
type of connective tissue that provides support and help to protect organs, muscles, and many other tissues
areolar tissue
129
responsible for the movement in complex types of animals since its cells have a great capacity for contraction
muscular tissue
130
Usually elongated and are bound together into sheets or bundles by connective tissue
muscular tissue
131
three types of muscular tissue
skeletal
cardiac
smooth (visceral)
132
moves or stabilize the position of the skeleton, guard entrances, and exits to the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts
skeletal muscle
133
move blood and maintains blood pressure
cardiac muscle
134
move food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions
smooth muscle
135
associated with the skeleton, can be controlled (voluntary) and appears with patterned lines (striation) under the microscope
skeletal muscle tissue
136
(non-striated) muscle tissue – associated with internal organs (visceral), cannot be controlled (involuntary) and non-striated
smooth muscle
137
associated with the heart. It share characteristics of both smooth and striated, unnucleated, and highly branched.
cardiac muscle tissue
138
cell boundaries between the ends of the cells
intercalated disks
139
specialized for conducting electrical impulses between cells in cardiac muscles
plasma membranes
140
composed of two major cell populations
nervous tissues
141
special supporting cells that protect, support, and insulate the more delicate neurons
neuroglia
142
highly specialized nerves to receive stimuli and to conduct waves of excitation, or impulses, to all parts of the body
neurons
143
Have a nucleus containing cell body
neurons
144
drawn out into long extensions (cell processes) which allow a single neuron to conduct impulses and receive stimulus over a relatively long distances
cytoplasm
145
in loose connective tissues, are the fills spaces between cells and fibers
ground substances
146
in loose connective tissues: branched and stretchable (type of fiber)
elastic
147
in loose connective tissues, type of fiber that is unbranched, strong but flexible
collagen
148
in loose connective tissues, type of fiber that is branched, thin, and forms network
reticular fiber
149
connective tissues are composed of:
cells
fibers
ground substance
150
loose connective tissues are composed of the following:
areolar
reticular
adipose
151
dense connective tissues are composed of the following:
regular
irregular
152
special connective tissues are composed of the following
cartilage
osseous
vascular
153
cartilage connective tissues are composed of the following:
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
154
osseous connective tissues are composed of the following
compact
spongy
155
skeletal vs cardiac vs smooth in terms of location
skeletal - attached to the bones
cardiac - valves of the heart
smooth - walls of visceral organs
156
skeletal vs cardiac vs smooth in terms of shape
skeletal - elongated
cardiac - elongated, cylindrical, and branching
smooth - spindle-shaped fibers
157
skeletal vs cardiac vs smooth in terms of number of nucleus/cell
skeletal - multi
cardiac - mono/binucleated
smooth - mono
158
skeletal vs cardiac vs smooth in terms of location of nucleus
skeletal - periphery
cardiac - center
smooth - center
159
skeletal vs cardiac vs smooth in terms of striations
skeletal - present
cardiac - present
smooth - basent
160
skeletal vs cardiac vs smooth in terms of nervous control
skeletal - voluntary
cardiac - involuntary
smooth - involuntary
161
type of epithelial tissue found in the longs
squamous epithelial tissue
162
type of epithelial tissue found in the kidney
simple cuboidal epithelium
163
type of epithelial tissue found in the small intestines
simple columnar epithelium
164
type of epithelial tissue found in the trachea
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
165
type of epithelial tissue found in the urinary bladder
transitional epithelium
