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Fundamentals of Zoology > The Animal Cell > Flashcards

The Animal Cell Flashcards

1
Q

another term for plasma membrane

A

plasmalemma

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2
Q

difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosome in terms of svedberg value

A

prokaryotic 70s
eukaryotic 80s

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3
Q

difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosome in terms of large SU

A

prokaryotic 50s
eukaryotic 60s

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4
Q

difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosome in terms of small SU

A

prokaryotic 30s
eukaryotic 40s

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5
Q

its invention has led to many scientific discoveries

A

microscope

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6
Q

a tool that is used to study thing that cannot be seen by the naked eye

A

microscope

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7
Q

some of the first microscopes was made by him

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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8
Q

Dutch inventor that discovered microbes and drew pictures of them

A

Leeuwenhoek

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9
Q

English scientist that was the fisrt person to see cells in 1665

A

Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

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10
Q

what Hooke used with a simple microscope to see cells from the bark of a cork oak tree

A

Cork

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11
Q

what Hooke called the cells he saw in the microscope

A

Compartment cells

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12
Q

Scottish scientist that observed that many cells seemed to have dark structure near the center

A

Robert Brown

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13
Q

the dark structure in the center of the cell

A

Nucleus

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14
Q

stated that all plants are made of cells

A

Matthias Schleiden

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15
Q

discovered that animals are made up of cells too

A

Theodor Schwann

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16
Q

German physician that stated cells arise from the division of pre-existing cell

A

Rudolf Virchow

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17
Q

forms the basic framework in which biologist have tried to understand living things

A

cell concept

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18
Q

basic building blocks of an organism

A

cell

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19
Q

how many cell does have a human body have

A

20 to 30 trillion cells

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20
Q

the smallest cell, a bacterium 0.2 micrometer (um) in diameter

A

mycoplasma

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21
Q

equal to one millionth of a meter

A

micrometer

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22
Q

how any Mycoplasma cells are only as wide as a diameter of a human hair

A

10 thousand mycoplasma cells

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23
Q

largest cells

A

egg of birds

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24
Q

what part of the giraffe is among the largest cell

A

nerve cells that run down the neck of a giraffe

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25
Q

how long are the nerve cells of a giraffe

A

3m in length

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26
Q

as the cell increases in size, its volume increases __ than its surface area

A

faster

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27
Q

how much does the surface area increases when the diameter increases 10x

A

100x

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28
Q

how much does the volume of a cell increases when the diameter increases 10x

A

1000x

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29
Q

creates a problem for the cell because it will have a difficult time getting oxygen and nutrients in and waste products out

A

surface-to-volume relationship

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30
Q

re more efficient in performing metabolic functions

A

smaller cells

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31
Q

have their nuclear materials mixed with the protoplasm and containing single chromosomes

A

prokaryotic cells

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32
Q

means before

A

pro

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33
Q

means nucleus

A

karyon

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34
Q

size of a bacteria

A

1 to 10um

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35
Q

what can be found in a prokaryotic’s cytoplasm

A

ribosome, thylakoids, and inumerable enzymes

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36
Q

have a distinct nucleus containing multiple chromatin enclosed by a nuclear membrane

A

eukaryotic cell

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37
Q

means true

A

eu

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38
Q

rectangular and comparatively larger than animal cell

A

plant cell

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39
Q

what plant and animal cell shares, “body organs” of the cell

A

organelles

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40
Q

floating particles in the cell (cytoplasm)

A

proteins

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41
Q

the inside of the cell

A

cytoplasm

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42
Q

thick liquid inside the cell

A

cytosol

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43
Q

“skin” around the cell, keep inside in and outside out

A

cell membrane

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44
Q

gives the cell structure

A

cytoskeleton

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45
Q

organelles, create energy for the cell, powerhouse of the cell

A

mitochondria

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46
Q

make new protein

A

ribosomes

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47
Q

has two types: rough and smooth

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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48
Q

has translocon pores

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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49
Q

does not have translocon pores

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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50
Q

ribosomes attach to these pores and push proteins onto the ER

A

translocon pores

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51
Q

sorts, packages, and ships protein

A

golgi apparatus

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52
Q

blobs where proteins are packaged

A

vesicles

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53
Q

protein with “feet”, pulls along the vesicles

A

kinesin

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54
Q

almost like train tracks where the vesicle walks in

A

microtubule

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55
Q

not permanent, can get taken apart and put together in diff. locations depending on the needs of the cell

A

microtubule

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56
Q

process where microtubules are being built and assembled from smaller parts

A

polymerization

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57
Q

proteins that make up the polymerization process

A

tubulin

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58
Q

microtubules are coming apart

A

depolymerization

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59
Q

contains DNA

A

nucleus

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60
Q

holes where the RNA leaves the nucleus

A

nuclear pore

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61
Q

cells garbage trucks and recycling centers breaks down protein

A

proteasome

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62
Q

three basic structures that cells of plants, animals, and related organisms have in common:

A

cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm

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63
Q

gives strength, shape, and protection to the cell

A

plasma membrane

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64
Q

regulates traffic flow of materials between the interior of the cell and its environment

A

plasma membrane

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65
Q

some membrane is provided with this at the atypical surface to increase area for absorption

A

microvilli

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66
Q

carbohydrate protein/carbohydrate-lipid complex acted as a cell coat for cell interaction that are sometimes present in some membranes

A

glycocalyx

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67
Q

plant cells have this, providing strength and rigidity of the cell

A

cell wall

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68
Q

gives support and resist outside pressures

A

cell wall

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69
Q

made of polysaccharide cellulose

A

cell wall

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70
Q

in fungi, cell wall is composed of this

A

chitin

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71
Q

not solid and they allow products to pass through them

A

cell walls

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72
Q

composes the plasma membrane with proteins arranged at random on the outer half, inner half of the lipid, or extend through

A

phospholipid bilayer

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73
Q

structure of phospholipid bilayer that was proposed in 1972

A

fluid mosaic model

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74
Q

two scientists who proposed the fluid mosaic model

A

Garth Nicholson
Jonathan Singer

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75
Q

nature of the membrane that allows the mobility of lipids and proteins within the membrane

A

semi-fluid

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76
Q

phospholipid molecule is composed of:

A

phosphate group
two fatty acid tails

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77
Q

which part of the phospholipid molecule is hydrophilic and polar

A

phosphate group

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78
Q

when immersed in water, the hydrophobic and nonpolar tail will force the structure into what

A

bilayer

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79
Q

where the water-loving heads are “protecting” the water fearing tails

A

bilayer

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80
Q

lack a true nucleus

A

prokaryotic cells

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81
Q

have a distinct nucleus

A

eukaryotic cells

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82
Q

linear units that contains the DNA

A

chromosomes

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83
Q

when DNA appear in non-linear units

A

chromatins

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84
Q

dense organelle that is found within the nucleus

A

nucleolus

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85
Q

formed inside before leaving into the cytoplasm

A

Ribosomes

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86
Q

surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells

A

nuclear membrane

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87
Q

double membrane, similar to the plasma membrane that consists of lipid layers

A

nuclear membrane

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88
Q

allow the nucleus to communicate with the cytoplasm and direct the activities of the cell

A

nuclear pore

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89
Q

governor of the cell

A

nucleus

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90
Q

area between the nucleus and plasma membrane

A

cytoplasm

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91
Q

contains many important structures, physiologically active organelles, which are permanent sub-cellular structures performing metabolic functions

A

cytoplasm

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92
Q

temporary sub-cellular structures performing non-metabolic functions

A

inclusions

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93
Q

example of inclusions

A

vacuoles
pigments
crystals
fat droplets
foreign particles

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94
Q

commonly referred to as the “ER”, series of membranes that is continuous with the nuclear membrane and can extend throughout the cytoplasm

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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95
Q

two different types of ER depending on the presence of ribosomes attached to it:

A

rough ER, smooth ER

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96
Q

organelles where amino acids are bound together

A

ribosomes

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97
Q

commonly the site of protein synthesis within the cell

A

ribosomes

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98
Q

cylinder-like organelles composed of microtubules only found in animal cells

A

centrioles

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99
Q

also called golgi body, series of sacs that appear to be flattened and curled at the edges

A

golgi apparatus

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100
Q

processed and packaged at the golgi apparatus to send to the right addresses

A

proteins and lipids

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101
Q

often bulge and break away from drop-like sacs

A

outside sacs

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102
Q

drop-like sacs

A

secretory vesicles

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103
Q

produce vesicles, which contain mature proteins or lipids

A

trans face of golgi apparatus

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104
Q

is the end of the organelle where substances enter from the endoplasmic reticulum for processing

A

cis face of golgi apparatus

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105
Q

comes from golgi apparatus, also a drop-like sac that move about in the cytoplasm

A

lysosome

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106
Q

located in the lysosome used for digestion

A

enzyme

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107
Q

site for cellular respiration in which most of the energy by the cell is produced

A

mitochondrion

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108
Q

formed using the energy released by the mitochondria

A

ATP

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109
Q

green plant cells contain this double-membrane organelle

A

chloroplasts

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110
Q

main function of chloroplast

A

photosynthesis

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111
Q

pigment that makes the chloroplast green

A

chlorophyll

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112
Q

cytoskeleton is made up of:

A

microtubule
microfilaments
intermediate filaments

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113
Q

means empty space

A

vacuole

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114
Q

membrane-bound inclusions in the cytoplasm for storage of substances (water and food)

A

vacuole

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115
Q

tend to be larger in cells, plays an important role in osmotic pressure in animals, important in intracellular digestion and exretion of waste product

A

vacuole

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116
Q

defining characteristics of a plant cell

A

cellulosic cell wall

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117
Q

polysaccharides that makes up the cell walls

A

cellulose

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118
Q

firm structure that is formed by the crystallization of cellulose

A

microfibril

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119
Q

fiber-like strand that wrap the whole cell particularly the plasma membrane

A

microfibril

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120
Q

assist the addition of cellulose molecules into the microfibril layer

A

intrinsic proteins

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121
Q

produce a polysaccharide called hemicellulose

A

dictyosomes

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122
Q

transported through a vesicle, outward the cell membrane and released toward the microfibrils as “glue” that will keep the crystallized cellulose together

A

hemicellulose

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123
Q

sticky substance that glues cell walls of two different plant cells

A

middle lamella

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124
Q

polysaccharide that composes the middle lamella

A

pectin

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125
Q

can be present in advanced and higher plants that is located between the primary cell wall and plasma membrane and is thicker due to the presence of lignin

A

secondary cell wall

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126
Q

resistant to chemicals, fungal, or bacterial attacks

A

lignin

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127
Q

permanent once formed and deposited, never degraded

A

primary and secondary cell wall

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128
Q

all biological membranes are composed of _____ and _____

A

phospholipid molecule layers and proteins

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129
Q

the plasma membrane is what percent protein and lipid molecule

A

60% protein, 40% lipid molecule

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130
Q

most of the proteins have these that expose themselves into the surfaces of the cell membrane

A

hydrophilic regions

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131
Q

reasons why the plasma membrane is called fluid-mosaic

A

various heterogenous proteins

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132
Q

molecules that have a hydrophilic and hydrophobic part

A

ampipathic

133
Q

green plant cell membranes contain these

A

double-membrane chloroplasts

134
Q

chloroplast cells are green because of this pigment

A

chlorophyll

135
Q

have an outer and inner membrane (ex include chloroplast, chromoplast, leucoplast)

A

plastids

136
Q

example of a plastid where the inner membrane is extensive and highly folded

A

chloroplasts

137
Q

single membrane found inside the chloroplast

A

thylakoid

138
Q

multiple membranes of flattened thylakoid vesicles that are stacked

A

grana

139
Q

provides room for many copies of each enzyme (chloroplast)

A

inner membrane

140
Q

part of the membrane lipid layer of chloroplasts

A

photosynthetic pigment

141
Q

interconnected by thylakoid membranes and the liquid stroma

A

grana

142
Q

number of chloroplasts in green algae remains ___

A

constant

143
Q

range of the number of chloroplasts in higher plants

A

30 to 200

144
Q

how big are chloroplasts

A

4 to 5 micrometers

145
Q

plants growing in shade have ___ chloroplast

A

larger

146
Q

plate-shaped chloroplast

A

chlorella

147
Q

cup shaped chloroplast

A

chlamydomonas

148
Q

ribbon shaped and spirally-ciled

A

spirogyra

149
Q

star shaped

A

zygnema

150
Q

spherical or ovoidal

A

higher plants

151
Q

disc-shaped, surrounds the chloroplast

A

chloroplast envelop

152
Q

which membrane of the chloroplast is freely permeable

A

outer membrane

153
Q

which membrane of the chloroplast is selectively permeable

A

inner membrane

154
Q

proteins that regulate the passage of molecules like sugars in and out of the molecule

A

integral membrane proteins

155
Q

encloses a protein-rich substance called stroma (chloroplast)

A

inner membrane

156
Q

the fluid inside contains a host of enzymes, plastid, DNA, RNA, and ribosomes

A

stroma

157
Q

membrane system within the stroma

A

thylakoids

158
Q

chloroplast is divided into three distinct internal compartments

A

intermembrane space
stroma
thylakoid lumen

159
Q

space between inner and outer membranes of the chloroplast envelope

A

intermembrane space

160
Q

lies inside the envelope but outside the thylakoid membrane

A

stroma

161
Q

network of membrane-bound flattened discs

A

thylakoid membrane

162
Q

membranes of thylakoids

A

fret membranes

163
Q

tubular membranes that interconnects the grana

A

inter-granal lamellae

164
Q

how many granal clusters does a chloroplast have

A

10 to 30

165
Q

how many thylakoids in a single granum

A

20 to 60

166
Q

granules that are responsible for capturing photons of solar electromagnetic radiation and act as photosynthetic units

A

quantasomes

167
Q

multi-protein complex in larger granules

A

photosystem II (PS II)

168
Q

multi-protein complex in smaller granules

A

photosystem I (PS I)

photosystem I (PS I)

169
Q

synthesizes ATP

A

ATP synthase

170
Q

has much higher protein concentrations, more viscous than cytosol

A

matrix

171
Q

occurs in the matrix

A

krebs cycle

172
Q

one adult plant has this that takes up 30% of the cell’s volume

A

vacuole

173
Q

make and store needed compounds

A

plastids

174
Q

started as a bacteria that were absorbed into plant cells

A

plastids and mitochondria

175
Q

most important of all plastids, light -> sugar & oxygen

A

chloroplasts

176
Q

organelles in animals do not give the cell shape

A

vacuole

177
Q

scientist that reported thin slices of cork and other plant materials contained minute partitions separating cavities that are eventually named cells

A

Robert Hooke

178
Q

discovered the microscope and “free cells” with nucleus

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

179
Q

discovered the cell substance (protoplasm)

A

Dujardin

180
Q

stated that many living bodies must have parts of cellular tissue or formed by such tissue

A

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

181
Q

described the nucleus as the central feature in plant cells, discovered the movement of microscopic particles

A

Robert Brown

182
Q

stated that cells were the unit of structure in animals

A

Theodor Schwann

183
Q

concluded that cells come only from other cells

A

Rudolf Virchow

184
Q

stated that cells ensure continuity between one generation through mitosis

A

Alexander Flemming

185
Q

who proposed the cell theory

A

Rudolf Virchow and Theodor Schwann

186
Q

difference of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes have cell walls, only plant cells in eukaryotes have cell walls
prokaryotes does not have nucleus, nuclear membrane, nucleolus
prokaryotes only have ribosomes and cilia and flagella
prokaryotes have single, circular, w/o associated proteins in chromosomes
prokaryotes have RNA and DNA as its genetic material

187
Q

why does cell volume work to limit cell size

A

as the cell enlargens, its volume increases more rapidly than its surface area does. Larger cell has a greater need for exchange of nutrients and wastes with the environment.

188
Q

what cells can get large due to their elongated shape

A

muscle cells and neurons

189
Q

three structural parts of an animal cell

A

plasma membrane
cytosol
nucleus

190
Q

gatekeeper of the cell, outer limiting membrane in animal cells

A

plasma membrane

191
Q

thick-semi fluid portion of the cytoplasm

A

cytosol

192
Q

other term for cytosol

A

intracellular fluid

193
Q

large, double membrane organelle that contains the chromosomal DNA of a eukaryotic cell

A

nucleus

194
Q

highly organized stuctures with characteristic shapes that are highly specialized for specific cellular activities

A

organelles

195
Q

temporary structures that contain secretions and storage products of the cell

A

inclusions

196
Q

functions of cell membrane

A

-acts as separation between the internal components of the cell from the extracellular environment
-allows passage of selected molecules, regulating the exchange of substances between the cell’s protoplasm
-communicates with other cells

197
Q

described the molecular arrangement of the plasma membrane and other membranes in living organisms

A

fluid mosaic model

198
Q

pattern of many small pieces fitted together

A

mosaic

199
Q

proteins are flowing like what in a sea of lipids

A

icebergs

200
Q

percent of phospholipids in the cell membrane

A

75 percent

201
Q

form the bilayer, the arrangement occurs because it is ampipathic

A

phospholipid bilayer

202
Q

what part faces the watery cytosol and ECF

A

phosphate head

203
Q

amphipathic occurring only on the membrane layer facing the ECF

A

glycolipids

204
Q

what percent is glycolipid in the cell membrane

A

5 percent

205
Q

function of glycolipids

A

adhesion among cells and tissues
cell-to-cel recognition and communicaton

206
Q

exposed on brain and nerve cell membranes as antigens

A

gangliosides

207
Q

serve as antigens on surfaces of RBCs for blood group interaction

A

glycosphingolipids

208
Q

located among the phospholipids in both sides of the bilayer, strengthen the membrane but decrease its flexibility

A

cholesterol

209
Q

how many percent is cholesterol in the membrane

A

20 percent

210
Q

two types of membrane proteins in plasma membrane

A

integral and peripheral

211
Q

extend across the phospholipid bilayer among the fatty acid tails, mostly glycoproteins

A

intrinsic/integral proteins

212
Q

loosely attached to the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane and are easily separated from it

A

extrinsic/peripheral proteins

213
Q

determine what functions a cell can perform

A

membrane proteins and glycoproteins

214
Q

function of proteins

A

channel
cell identity markers
cytoskeleton anchor
transporter
enzymes
receptor

215
Q

function of proteins that allows passage of specific molecules (K+ Cl-) to move through the pore

A

channel

216
Q

function of proteins that carries specific substance across

A

transporter

217
Q

function of proteins that catalyzes different reactions

A

enzymes

218
Q

example of a transporter protein

A

amino acids

219
Q

example of a enyzme protein

A

adenylyl cyclase

220
Q

converts ATP to cAMP

A

adenylyl cyclase

221
Q

function of protein that distinguishes cell from other cells

A

cell identity markers

222
Q

example of cell identity marker protein

A

glycosphingolipids

223
Q

function of proteins that recognizes specific molecules (e.g. hormones) and alter cell’s function in some ways

A

receptors

224
Q

function of protein that attaches filaments and tubules inside the cell to the cell membrane to stabilize the structure and shape of the cells

A

cytoskeleton anchor

225
Q

usually spherical or oval organelle and is the largest structure in the cell

A

nucleus

226
Q

contains the hereditary units of the cell which control cellular structure and direct many cellular activities

A

nucleus

227
Q

example of body cells that do not have a nucleus

A

mature RBCs

228
Q

what fibers contain several nuclei

A

skeletal muscle fibers

229
Q

separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

A

nuclear membrane

230
Q

allow most ions and water-soluble molecules to shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm

A

nuclear pore (water-filled)

231
Q

about ten times large in diameter than channels in the plasma membrane and thus permit larger passage of large molecules such as RNA and various proteins

A

nuclear pore

232
Q

nucleus unside a nucleus

A

nucleoli

233
Q

aggregation of proteins, DNA, and RNA that are not bounded by a membrane

A

nucleoli

234
Q

disperse and disappear during cell division and reorganize once new cells are formed

A

nucleoli

235
Q

sites of assembly of ribosomes which can contain rRNA

A

nucleoli

236
Q

type of RNA that plays a key role in protein synthesis

A

rRNA

237
Q

loosely packed DNA and associated proteins

A

chromatin

238
Q

process where DNA and certain proteins condense and coil into rod-shaped bodies

A

cell division

239
Q

tightly packed DNA during cell division

A

chromosomes

240
Q

through an electron microscope, chromatin appears like

A

beads on a string

241
Q

each bead consists of double-stranded DNA wrapped twice around a core of 8 proteins

A

nucleosome

242
Q

8 proteins where the nucleosome is wrapped twice around in

A

histones

243
Q

strings between heads, which folds an adjacent nucleosomes together

A

linker DNA

244
Q

histones that promote the folding of nucleosome into a large diameter structure

A

chromatin fiber

245
Q

before cell division, DNA duplicates and chromatin strands subsequently shorten and turn into this

A

chromatids

246
Q

pair of chromatids make a

A

chromosome

247
Q

specialized structures that have characteristic appearances and specific roles in growth, maintenance, repair, and control

A

organelles

248
Q

contains numerous ER and golgi complex to meet its function of production and secretion of bile

A

liver cell

249
Q

do not have mitochondria that would consume oxygen

A

mature red blood cell

250
Q

universally present within animal cells except in mature red blood cells

A

mitochondria

251
Q

capable of self-replication i.e. they have to divide to increase in number in response to cellular need for ATP and cell division

A

mitochondria

252
Q

mitochondrion consists of two membran es:

A

outer mitochondrial and inner mitochondrial membrane

253
Q

which membrane of the mitochondria is smooth

A

outer mitochondrial membrane

254
Q

which membrane of the mitochondria is arrange in a series of folds

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

255
Q

series of folds in mitochondria

A

cristae

256
Q

central cavity of a mitochondrion that is enclosed by the inner membrane and cristae

A

matrix

257
Q

tiny spheres that contain rRNA and several ribosomal proteins

A

ribosomes

258
Q

two types of ribosomes

A

free and attached ribosomes

259
Q

manufacture proteins for domestic use

A

free ribosomes

260
Q

manufacture proteins for export use

A

attached ribosomes

261
Q

example of free proteins

A

membrane proteins and enzymes (catalase)

262
Q

form perixosomes

A

catalase

263
Q

example of attached proteins

A

secretory proteins (enzymes and hormones)

264
Q

system of membrane-enclosed channels of varying shapes called cistern/cisternae

A

endoplasmic reticulum

265
Q

function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

protein synthesis
glycosylation

266
Q

addition of carbohydrate groups to glycoproteins

A

glycosylation

267
Q

function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

lipid synthesis
drug detoxification
carbohydrate metabolism
calcium storage

268
Q

addition of OH groups increasing solubility of hydrophobic drugs in water so they can easily be exerted from the body

A

hydroxylation

269
Q

breakdown of glycogen by glucose-6-phosphatase

A

carbohydrate metabolism

270
Q

stores and releases calcium during relaxation and contraction respectively

A

sacroplasmic reticulum

271
Q

what do muscle cells do to calcium when it relaxes

A

reduces

272
Q

what do muscle cells do to calcium when it contracts

A

stores

273
Q

membrane-bound enzyme that breaks down glycogen

A

glucose-6-phosphatase

274
Q

difference between cristae and cisternae

A

cristae (mitochondria), cisternae (endoplasmic reticulum, golgi)
cristae (contains proteins, including ATP and cytochrome), cisternae (enzymes)

275
Q

located near the nucleus, consists of 4-6 flattened sacs called cisternae stacked upon each other like a pile of plates with expanded bulges in the end

A

golgi complex

276
Q

shuttle protein and lipid products among the cisterns for further processing and modification

A

vesicles

277
Q

route of proteins to be exported

A

ribosomes -> RER -> transport vesicles -> golgi complex -> secretory vesicles -> released via exocytosis

278
Q

membrane-enclosed vesicles that form in the Golgi complex

A

lysosomes

279
Q

function of lysosomes

A

intracellular digestion
autophagy
autolysis
extracellular digestion

280
Q

function of lysosomes where enzymes digest bacteria and other substances

A

intracellular digestion

281
Q

examples of intracellular digestion

A

phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis

282
Q

vesicles that arise during phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and endocytosis

A

phagosomes (phagocytic vesicles)
pinocytic vesicles
endosomes

283
Q

function of lysosomes where the cell’s own structure are recycled

A

autophagy

284
Q

function of lysosomes wherein it acts as “suicide bags” during apoptosis

A

autolysis

285
Q

cells themselves die in order to go about normal development

A

apoptosis

286
Q

function of lysosomes where lysosomal enzymes released at the sites of injury help digest cellular debris, which prepares the injured area for effective repair

A

extracellular digestion

287
Q

imilar in structure to lysosomes and is capable of self-replication like mitochondria

A

peroxisomes

288
Q

found in numerous kidney and liver cells

A

peroxisomes

289
Q

functions of peroxisomes

A

hydrogen peroxide metabolism
detoxification of harmful compounds
oxidation of fatty acids

290
Q

generate hydrogen peroxide

A

oxidase

291
Q

degrades hydrogen peroxide

A

catalase

292
Q

detoxifies methanol, ethanol, formic acid, formaldehyde, nitrites, phenols

A

catalase

293
Q

shorten fatty acids in preparation for subsequent metabolism in mitochondrion to produce acetyl coenzyme A

A

peroxisomes

294
Q

complex internal network of filamentous proteins in cytoplasm

A

cytoskeleton

295
Q

Q
cellular shape and has a capability to carry out coordinated movements

A

cytoskeleton

296
Q

responsible for the movement of whole cells such as phagocytes and movement of organelles and chemicals within the cells

A

cytoskeleton

297
Q

three main types of protein filaments

A

microtubules
intermediate filaments
microfilaments

298
Q

hollow cylindrical structures about 25nm in diameter

A

microtubules

299
Q

Q
protein that assembles microtubules

A

tubulin

300
Q

functions of microtubules

A

support and shape cells with microfilaments
acts as “conveyor belts”, “road”, or “tracts”
assist in movement of pseudopods
form structure of flagella, cilia and centrioless

301
Q

composed of rope-like protein strands which are 8-12nm in diameter

A

A

intermediate filaments

302
Q

exceptionally strong and tough and are resistance to tensile forces and are relatively insoluble

A

intermediate filaments

303
Q

functions of intermediate filaments

A

mechanical stability due to plectin crossbridges
structural reinforcement inside cells
holds organelles in place
associate closely with microtubules to give shape to the cell

304
Q

bind intermediate filaments together, also binds microtubules and microfilaments

A

plectin

305
Q

twisted double strands, each consisting of a string of protein (actin) subunits about 8nm in diameter

A

microfilaments

306
Q

function of microfilaments

A

plays a key role in contractility and motility

307
Q

slide past one another to produce contraction (shortening) of muscle fiber

A

A

muscle tissue

308
Q

what are the thin filaments and thick filaments in muscle tissues

A

actin filaments (thin), myosin filaments (thick)

309
Q

actin in non-muscle cells provide support and shape to assist in:

A

cell movement (phagocytic)
movement within cell (phagocytosis and phinocytosis)

310
Q

latin for eyelash

A

cilia

311
Q

latin for whip

A

flagella

312
Q

slender extensions of the plasma membrane

A

cilia and flagella

313
Q

how many fused pairs of microtubules does cilia and flagella have

A

9 fused pair

314
Q

how many unfused pairs of microtubules does cilia and flagella have

A

2 unfused pair

315
Q

Q
difference between cilia and flagella in length

A

50-75 micrometer long (flagella)
10-25 micrometer long (cilia)

316
Q

difference between cilia and flagella in number

A

few (flagella)
numerous (cilia)

317
Q

difference between cilia and flagella in motion

A

undulate and continuous bending (flagella)
stiff rowing during the Powerstroke (cilia)

without distinct power and return strokes (flagella)
flexible return stroke that brings it to original position (cilia)

318
Q

difference between cilia and flagella in direction of force

A

perpendicular to the plasma membrane (flagella)
parallel to the plasma membrane (cilia)

319
Q

example of flagellated cells

A

sperm cells

320
Q

cells that propel substances along their surfaces

A

ciliated cells

321
Q

examples of ciliated cells

A

gills of oysters
oviducts of females
respiratory tracts of most land vertebrates

322
Q

dense area of cytoplasmic material near the nucleus

A

centrosome

323
Q

pair of cylindrical structures found within the centrosome

A

centrioles

324
Q

each centriole is composed of:

A

nine clusters of three microtubules arranged in a circular pattern

325
Q

function of centrioles

A

centers for organizing microtubules in nondividing cell
organizes the mitotic spindle during cell division

326
Q

fluid-filled sacs surrounded by single membrane

A

vacuoles

327
Q

temporary features of the cell, formed during phagocytosis

A

food vacuole

328
Q

freshwater organisms have this in order to withstand a hypotonic environment

A

contractile vacuoles

Fundamentals of Zoology (23 decks)

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