The Animal Cell Flashcards
another term for plasma membrane
plasmalemma
difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosome in terms of svedberg value
prokaryotic 70s
eukaryotic 80s
difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosome in terms of large SU
prokaryotic 50s
eukaryotic 60s
difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosome in terms of small SU
prokaryotic 30s
eukaryotic 40s
its invention has led to many scientific discoveries
microscope
a tool that is used to study thing that cannot be seen by the naked eye
microscope
some of the first microscopes was made by him
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
Dutch inventor that discovered microbes and drew pictures of them
Leeuwenhoek
English scientist that was the fisrt person to see cells in 1665
Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
what Hooke used with a simple microscope to see cells from the bark of a cork oak tree
Cork
what Hooke called the cells he saw in the microscope
Compartment cells
Scottish scientist that observed that many cells seemed to have dark structure near the center
Robert Brown
the dark structure in the center of the cell
Nucleus
stated that all plants are made of cells
Matthias Schleiden
discovered that animals are made up of cells too
Theodor Schwann
German physician that stated cells arise from the division of pre-existing cell
Rudolf Virchow
forms the basic framework in which biologist have tried to understand living things
cell concept
basic building blocks of an organism
cell
how many cell does have a human body have
20 to 30 trillion cells
the smallest cell, a bacterium 0.2 micrometer (um) in diameter
mycoplasma
equal to one millionth of a meter
micrometer
how any Mycoplasma cells are only as wide as a diameter of a human hair
10 thousand mycoplasma cells
largest cells
egg of birds
what part of the giraffe is among the largest cell
nerve cells that run down the neck of a giraffe
how long are the nerve cells of a giraffe
3m in length
as the cell increases in size, its volume increases __ than its surface area
faster
how much does the surface area increases when the diameter increases 10x
100x
how much does the volume of a cell increases when the diameter increases 10x
1000x
creates a problem for the cell because it will have a difficult time getting oxygen and nutrients in and waste products out
surface-to-volume relationship
re more efficient in performing metabolic functions
smaller cells
have their nuclear materials mixed with the protoplasm and containing single chromosomes
prokaryotic cells
means before
pro
means nucleus
karyon
size of a bacteria
1 to 10um
what can be found in a prokaryotic’s cytoplasm
ribosome, thylakoids, and inumerable enzymes
have a distinct nucleus containing multiple chromatin enclosed by a nuclear membrane
eukaryotic cell
means true
eu
rectangular and comparatively larger than animal cell
plant cell
what plant and animal cell shares, “body organs” of the cell
organelles
floating particles in the cell (cytoplasm)
proteins
the inside of the cell
cytoplasm
thick liquid inside the cell
cytosol
“skin” around the cell, keep inside in and outside out
cell membrane
gives the cell structure
cytoskeleton
organelles, create energy for the cell, powerhouse of the cell
mitochondria
make new protein
ribosomes
has two types: rough and smooth
endoplasmic reticulum
has translocon pores
rough endoplasmic reticulum
does not have translocon pores
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes attach to these pores and push proteins onto the ER
translocon pores
sorts, packages, and ships protein
golgi apparatus
blobs where proteins are packaged
vesicles
protein with “feet”, pulls along the vesicles
kinesin
almost like train tracks where the vesicle walks in
microtubule
not permanent, can get taken apart and put together in diff. locations depending on the needs of the cell
microtubule
process where microtubules are being built and assembled from smaller parts
polymerization
proteins that make up the polymerization process
tubulin
microtubules are coming apart
depolymerization
contains DNA
nucleus
holes where the RNA leaves the nucleus
nuclear pore
cells garbage trucks and recycling centers breaks down protein
proteasome
three basic structures that cells of plants, animals, and related organisms have in common:
cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm
gives strength, shape, and protection to the cell
plasma membrane
regulates traffic flow of materials between the interior of the cell and its environment
plasma membrane
some membrane is provided with this at the atypical surface to increase area for absorption
microvilli
carbohydrate protein/carbohydrate-lipid complex acted as a cell coat for cell interaction that are sometimes present in some membranes
glycocalyx
plant cells have this, providing strength and rigidity of the cell
cell wall
gives support and resist outside pressures
cell wall
made of polysaccharide cellulose
cell wall
in fungi, cell wall is composed of this
chitin
not solid and they allow products to pass through them
cell walls
composes the plasma membrane with proteins arranged at random on the outer half, inner half of the lipid, or extend through
phospholipid bilayer
structure of phospholipid bilayer that was proposed in 1972
fluid mosaic model
two scientists who proposed the fluid mosaic model
Garth Nicholson
Jonathan Singer
nature of the membrane that allows the mobility of lipids and proteins within the membrane
semi-fluid
phospholipid molecule is composed of:
phosphate group
two fatty acid tails
which part of the phospholipid molecule is hydrophilic and polar
phosphate group
when immersed in water, the hydrophobic and nonpolar tail will force the structure into what
bilayer
where the water-loving heads are “protecting” the water fearing tails
bilayer
lack a true nucleus
prokaryotic cells
have a distinct nucleus
eukaryotic cells
linear units that contains the DNA
chromosomes
when DNA appear in non-linear units
chromatins
dense organelle that is found within the nucleus
nucleolus
formed inside before leaving into the cytoplasm
Ribosomes
surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells
nuclear membrane
double membrane, similar to the plasma membrane that consists of lipid layers
nuclear membrane
allow the nucleus to communicate with the cytoplasm and direct the activities of the cell
nuclear pore
governor of the cell
nucleus
area between the nucleus and plasma membrane
cytoplasm
contains many important structures, physiologically active organelles, which are permanent sub-cellular structures performing metabolic functions
cytoplasm
temporary sub-cellular structures performing non-metabolic functions
inclusions
example of inclusions
vacuoles
pigments
crystals
fat droplets
foreign particles
commonly referred to as the “ER”, series of membranes that is continuous with the nuclear membrane and can extend throughout the cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum
two different types of ER depending on the presence of ribosomes attached to it:
rough ER, smooth ER
organelles where amino acids are bound together
ribosomes
commonly the site of protein synthesis within the cell
ribosomes
cylinder-like organelles composed of microtubules only found in animal cells
centrioles
also called golgi body, series of sacs that appear to be flattened and curled at the edges
golgi apparatus
processed and packaged at the golgi apparatus to send to the right addresses
proteins and lipids
often bulge and break away from drop-like sacs
outside sacs
drop-like sacs
secretory vesicles
produce vesicles, which contain mature proteins or lipids
trans face of golgi apparatus
is the end of the organelle where substances enter from the endoplasmic reticulum for processing
cis face of golgi apparatus
comes from golgi apparatus, also a drop-like sac that move about in the cytoplasm
lysosome
located in the lysosome used for digestion
enzyme
site for cellular respiration in which most of the energy by the cell is produced
mitochondrion
formed using the energy released by the mitochondria
ATP
green plant cells contain this double-membrane organelle
chloroplasts
main function of chloroplast
photosynthesis
pigment that makes the chloroplast green
chlorophyll
cytoskeleton is made up of:
microtubule
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
means empty space
vacuole
membrane-bound inclusions in the cytoplasm for storage of substances (water and food)
vacuole
tend to be larger in cells, plays an important role in osmotic pressure in animals, important in intracellular digestion and exretion of waste product
vacuole
defining characteristics of a plant cell
cellulosic cell wall
polysaccharides that makes up the cell walls
cellulose
firm structure that is formed by the crystallization of cellulose
microfibril
fiber-like strand that wrap the whole cell particularly the plasma membrane
microfibril
assist the addition of cellulose molecules into the microfibril layer
intrinsic proteins
produce a polysaccharide called hemicellulose
dictyosomes
transported through a vesicle, outward the cell membrane and released toward the microfibrils as “glue” that will keep the crystallized cellulose together
hemicellulose
sticky substance that glues cell walls of two different plant cells
middle lamella
polysaccharide that composes the middle lamella
pectin
can be present in advanced and higher plants that is located between the primary cell wall and plasma membrane and is thicker due to the presence of lignin
secondary cell wall
resistant to chemicals, fungal, or bacterial attacks
lignin
permanent once formed and deposited, never degraded
primary and secondary cell wall
all biological membranes are composed of _____ and _____
phospholipid molecule layers and proteins
the plasma membrane is what percent protein and lipid molecule
60% protein, 40% lipid molecule
most of the proteins have these that expose themselves into the surfaces of the cell membrane
hydrophilic regions
reasons why the plasma membrane is called fluid-mosaic
various heterogenous proteins
molecules that have a hydrophilic and hydrophobic part
ampipathic
green plant cell membranes contain these
double-membrane chloroplasts
chloroplast cells are green because of this pigment
chlorophyll
have an outer and inner membrane (ex include chloroplast, chromoplast, leucoplast)
plastids
example of a plastid where the inner membrane is extensive and highly folded
chloroplasts
single membrane found inside the chloroplast
thylakoid
multiple membranes of flattened thylakoid vesicles that are stacked
grana
provides room for many copies of each enzyme (chloroplast)
inner membrane
part of the membrane lipid layer of chloroplasts
photosynthetic pigment
interconnected by thylakoid membranes and the liquid stroma
grana
number of chloroplasts in green algae remains ___
constant
range of the number of chloroplasts in higher plants
30 to 200
how big are chloroplasts
4 to 5 micrometers
plants growing in shade have ___ chloroplast
larger
plate-shaped chloroplast
chlorella
cup shaped chloroplast
chlamydomonas
ribbon shaped and spirally-ciled
spirogyra
star shaped
zygnema
spherical or ovoidal
higher plants
disc-shaped, surrounds the chloroplast
chloroplast envelop
which membrane of the chloroplast is freely permeable
outer membrane
which membrane of the chloroplast is selectively permeable
inner membrane
proteins that regulate the passage of molecules like sugars in and out of the molecule
integral membrane proteins
encloses a protein-rich substance called stroma (chloroplast)
inner membrane
the fluid inside contains a host of enzymes, plastid, DNA, RNA, and ribosomes
stroma
membrane system within the stroma
thylakoids
chloroplast is divided into three distinct internal compartments
intermembrane space
stroma
thylakoid lumen
space between inner and outer membranes of the chloroplast envelope
intermembrane space
lies inside the envelope but outside the thylakoid membrane
stroma
network of membrane-bound flattened discs
thylakoid membrane
membranes of thylakoids
fret membranes
tubular membranes that interconnects the grana
inter-granal lamellae
how many granal clusters does a chloroplast have
10 to 30
how many thylakoids in a single granum
20 to 60
granules that are responsible for capturing photons of solar electromagnetic radiation and act as photosynthetic units
quantasomes
multi-protein complex in larger granules
photosystem II (PS II)
multi-protein complex in smaller granules
photosystem I (PS I)
photosystem I (PS I)
synthesizes ATP
ATP synthase
has much higher protein concentrations, more viscous than cytosol
matrix
occurs in the matrix
krebs cycle
one adult plant has this that takes up 30% of the cell’s volume
vacuole
make and store needed compounds
plastids
started as a bacteria that were absorbed into plant cells
plastids and mitochondria
most important of all plastids, light -> sugar & oxygen
chloroplasts
organelles in animals do not give the cell shape
vacuole
scientist that reported thin slices of cork and other plant materials contained minute partitions separating cavities that are eventually named cells
Robert Hooke
discovered the microscope and “free cells” with nucleus
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
discovered the cell substance (protoplasm)
Dujardin
stated that many living bodies must have parts of cellular tissue or formed by such tissue
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
described the nucleus as the central feature in plant cells, discovered the movement of microscopic particles
Robert Brown
stated that cells were the unit of structure in animals
Theodor Schwann
concluded that cells come only from other cells
Rudolf Virchow
stated that cells ensure continuity between one generation through mitosis
Alexander Flemming
who proposed the cell theory
Rudolf Virchow and Theodor Schwann
difference of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
prokaryotes have cell walls, only plant cells in eukaryotes have cell walls
prokaryotes does not have nucleus, nuclear membrane, nucleolus
prokaryotes only have ribosomes and cilia and flagella
prokaryotes have single, circular, w/o associated proteins in chromosomes
prokaryotes have RNA and DNA as its genetic material
why does cell volume work to limit cell size
as the cell enlargens, its volume increases more rapidly than its surface area does. Larger cell has a greater need for exchange of nutrients and wastes with the environment.
what cells can get large due to their elongated shape
muscle cells and neurons
three structural parts of an animal cell
plasma membrane
cytosol
nucleus
gatekeeper of the cell, outer limiting membrane in animal cells
plasma membrane
thick-semi fluid portion of the cytoplasm
cytosol
other term for cytosol
intracellular fluid
large, double membrane organelle that contains the chromosomal DNA of a eukaryotic cell
nucleus
highly organized stuctures with characteristic shapes that are highly specialized for specific cellular activities
organelles
temporary structures that contain secretions and storage products of the cell
inclusions
functions of cell membrane
-acts as separation between the internal components of the cell from the extracellular environment
-allows passage of selected molecules, regulating the exchange of substances between the cell’s protoplasm
-communicates with other cells
described the molecular arrangement of the plasma membrane and other membranes in living organisms
fluid mosaic model
pattern of many small pieces fitted together
mosaic
proteins are flowing like what in a sea of lipids
icebergs
percent of phospholipids in the cell membrane
75 percent
form the bilayer, the arrangement occurs because it is ampipathic
phospholipid bilayer
what part faces the watery cytosol and ECF
phosphate head
amphipathic occurring only on the membrane layer facing the ECF
glycolipids
what percent is glycolipid in the cell membrane
5 percent
function of glycolipids
adhesion among cells and tissues
cell-to-cel recognition and communicaton
exposed on brain and nerve cell membranes as antigens
gangliosides
serve as antigens on surfaces of RBCs for blood group interaction
glycosphingolipids
located among the phospholipids in both sides of the bilayer, strengthen the membrane but decrease its flexibility
cholesterol
how many percent is cholesterol in the membrane
20 percent
two types of membrane proteins in plasma membrane
integral and peripheral
extend across the phospholipid bilayer among the fatty acid tails, mostly glycoproteins
intrinsic/integral proteins
loosely attached to the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane and are easily separated from it
extrinsic/peripheral proteins
determine what functions a cell can perform
membrane proteins and glycoproteins
function of proteins
channel
cell identity markers
cytoskeleton anchor
transporter
enzymes
receptor
function of proteins that allows passage of specific molecules (K+ Cl-) to move through the pore
channel
function of proteins that carries specific substance across
transporter
function of proteins that catalyzes different reactions
enzymes
example of a transporter protein
amino acids
example of a enyzme protein
adenylyl cyclase
converts ATP to cAMP
adenylyl cyclase
function of protein that distinguishes cell from other cells
cell identity markers
example of cell identity marker protein
glycosphingolipids
function of proteins that recognizes specific molecules (e.g. hormones) and alter cell’s function in some ways
receptors
function of protein that attaches filaments and tubules inside the cell to the cell membrane to stabilize the structure and shape of the cells
cytoskeleton anchor
usually spherical or oval organelle and is the largest structure in the cell
nucleus
contains the hereditary units of the cell which control cellular structure and direct many cellular activities
nucleus
example of body cells that do not have a nucleus
mature RBCs
what fibers contain several nuclei
skeletal muscle fibers
separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
nuclear membrane
allow most ions and water-soluble molecules to shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm
nuclear pore (water-filled)
about ten times large in diameter than channels in the plasma membrane and thus permit larger passage of large molecules such as RNA and various proteins
nuclear pore
nucleus unside a nucleus
nucleoli
aggregation of proteins, DNA, and RNA that are not bounded by a membrane
nucleoli
disperse and disappear during cell division and reorganize once new cells are formed
nucleoli
sites of assembly of ribosomes which can contain rRNA
nucleoli
type of RNA that plays a key role in protein synthesis
rRNA
loosely packed DNA and associated proteins
chromatin
process where DNA and certain proteins condense and coil into rod-shaped bodies
cell division
tightly packed DNA during cell division
chromosomes
through an electron microscope, chromatin appears like
beads on a string
each bead consists of double-stranded DNA wrapped twice around a core of 8 proteins
nucleosome
8 proteins where the nucleosome is wrapped twice around in
histones
strings between heads, which folds an adjacent nucleosomes together
linker DNA
histones that promote the folding of nucleosome into a large diameter structure
chromatin fiber
before cell division, DNA duplicates and chromatin strands subsequently shorten and turn into this
chromatids
pair of chromatids make a
chromosome
specialized structures that have characteristic appearances and specific roles in growth, maintenance, repair, and control
organelles
contains numerous ER and golgi complex to meet its function of production and secretion of bile
liver cell
do not have mitochondria that would consume oxygen
mature red blood cell
universally present within animal cells except in mature red blood cells
mitochondria
capable of self-replication i.e. they have to divide to increase in number in response to cellular need for ATP and cell division
mitochondria
mitochondrion consists of two membran es:
outer mitochondrial and inner mitochondrial membrane
which membrane of the mitochondria is smooth
outer mitochondrial membrane
which membrane of the mitochondria is arrange in a series of folds
inner mitochondrial membrane
series of folds in mitochondria
cristae
central cavity of a mitochondrion that is enclosed by the inner membrane and cristae
matrix
tiny spheres that contain rRNA and several ribosomal proteins
ribosomes
two types of ribosomes
free and attached ribosomes
manufacture proteins for domestic use
free ribosomes
manufacture proteins for export use
attached ribosomes
example of free proteins
membrane proteins and enzymes (catalase)
form perixosomes
catalase
example of attached proteins
secretory proteins (enzymes and hormones)
system of membrane-enclosed channels of varying shapes called cistern/cisternae
endoplasmic reticulum
function of rough endoplasmic reticulum
protein synthesis
glycosylation
addition of carbohydrate groups to glycoproteins
glycosylation
function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
lipid synthesis
drug detoxification
carbohydrate metabolism
calcium storage
addition of OH groups increasing solubility of hydrophobic drugs in water so they can easily be exerted from the body
hydroxylation
breakdown of glycogen by glucose-6-phosphatase
carbohydrate metabolism
stores and releases calcium during relaxation and contraction respectively
sacroplasmic reticulum
what do muscle cells do to calcium when it relaxes
reduces
what do muscle cells do to calcium when it contracts
stores
membrane-bound enzyme that breaks down glycogen
glucose-6-phosphatase
difference between cristae and cisternae
cristae (mitochondria), cisternae (endoplasmic reticulum, golgi)
cristae (contains proteins, including ATP and cytochrome), cisternae (enzymes)
located near the nucleus, consists of 4-6 flattened sacs called cisternae stacked upon each other like a pile of plates with expanded bulges in the end
golgi complex
shuttle protein and lipid products among the cisterns for further processing and modification
vesicles
route of proteins to be exported
ribosomes -> RER -> transport vesicles -> golgi complex -> secretory vesicles -> released via exocytosis
membrane-enclosed vesicles that form in the Golgi complex
lysosomes
function of lysosomes
intracellular digestion
autophagy
autolysis
extracellular digestion
function of lysosomes where enzymes digest bacteria and other substances
intracellular digestion
examples of intracellular digestion
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis
vesicles that arise during phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and endocytosis
phagosomes (phagocytic vesicles)
pinocytic vesicles
endosomes
function of lysosomes where the cell’s own structure are recycled
autophagy
function of lysosomes wherein it acts as “suicide bags” during apoptosis
autolysis
cells themselves die in order to go about normal development
apoptosis
function of lysosomes where lysosomal enzymes released at the sites of injury help digest cellular debris, which prepares the injured area for effective repair
extracellular digestion
imilar in structure to lysosomes and is capable of self-replication like mitochondria
peroxisomes
found in numerous kidney and liver cells
peroxisomes
functions of peroxisomes
hydrogen peroxide metabolism
detoxification of harmful compounds
oxidation of fatty acids
generate hydrogen peroxide
oxidase
degrades hydrogen peroxide
catalase
detoxifies methanol, ethanol, formic acid, formaldehyde, nitrites, phenols
catalase
shorten fatty acids in preparation for subsequent metabolism in mitochondrion to produce acetyl coenzyme A
peroxisomes
complex internal network of filamentous proteins in cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
Q
cellular shape and has a capability to carry out coordinated movements
cytoskeleton
responsible for the movement of whole cells such as phagocytes and movement of organelles and chemicals within the cells
cytoskeleton
three main types of protein filaments
microtubules
intermediate filaments
microfilaments
hollow cylindrical structures about 25nm in diameter
microtubules
Q
protein that assembles microtubules
tubulin
functions of microtubules
support and shape cells with microfilaments
acts as “conveyor belts”, “road”, or “tracts”
assist in movement of pseudopods
form structure of flagella, cilia and centrioless
composed of rope-like protein strands which are 8-12nm in diameter
A
intermediate filaments
exceptionally strong and tough and are resistance to tensile forces and are relatively insoluble
intermediate filaments
functions of intermediate filaments
mechanical stability due to plectin crossbridges
structural reinforcement inside cells
holds organelles in place
associate closely with microtubules to give shape to the cell
bind intermediate filaments together, also binds microtubules and microfilaments
plectin
twisted double strands, each consisting of a string of protein (actin) subunits about 8nm in diameter
microfilaments
function of microfilaments
plays a key role in contractility and motility
slide past one another to produce contraction (shortening) of muscle fiber
A
muscle tissue
what are the thin filaments and thick filaments in muscle tissues
actin filaments (thin), myosin filaments (thick)
actin in non-muscle cells provide support and shape to assist in:
cell movement (phagocytic)
movement within cell (phagocytosis and phinocytosis)
latin for eyelash
cilia
latin for whip
flagella
slender extensions of the plasma membrane
cilia and flagella
how many fused pairs of microtubules does cilia and flagella have
9 fused pair
how many unfused pairs of microtubules does cilia and flagella have
2 unfused pair
Q
difference between cilia and flagella in length
50-75 micrometer long (flagella)
10-25 micrometer long (cilia)
difference between cilia and flagella in number
few (flagella)
numerous (cilia)
difference between cilia and flagella in motion
undulate and continuous bending (flagella)
stiff rowing during the Powerstroke (cilia)
without distinct power and return strokes (flagella)
flexible return stroke that brings it to original position (cilia)
difference between cilia and flagella in direction of force
perpendicular to the plasma membrane (flagella)
parallel to the plasma membrane (cilia)
example of flagellated cells
sperm cells
cells that propel substances along their surfaces
ciliated cells
examples of ciliated cells
gills of oysters
oviducts of females
respiratory tracts of most land vertebrates
dense area of cytoplasmic material near the nucleus
centrosome
pair of cylindrical structures found within the centrosome
centrioles
each centriole is composed of:
nine clusters of three microtubules arranged in a circular pattern
function of centrioles
centers for organizing microtubules in nondividing cell
organizes the mitotic spindle during cell division
fluid-filled sacs surrounded by single membrane
vacuoles
temporary features of the cell, formed during phagocytosis
food vacuole
freshwater organisms have this in order to withstand a hypotonic environment
contractile vacuoles
