The Animal Cell Flashcards
1
Q
another term for plasma membrane
A
plasmalemma
2
Q
difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosome in terms of svedberg value
A
prokaryotic 70s
eukaryotic 80s
3
Q
difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosome in terms of large SU
A
prokaryotic 50s
eukaryotic 60s
4
Q
difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosome in terms of small SU
A
prokaryotic 30s
eukaryotic 40s
5
Q
its invention has led to many scientific discoveries
A
microscope
6
Q
a tool that is used to study thing that cannot be seen by the naked eye
A
microscope
7
Q
some of the first microscopes was made by him
A
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
8
Q
Dutch inventor that discovered microbes and drew pictures of them
A
Leeuwenhoek
9
Q
English scientist that was the fisrt person to see cells in 1665
A
Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
10
Q
what Hooke used with a simple microscope to see cells from the bark of a cork oak tree
A
Cork
11
Q
what Hooke called the cells he saw in the microscope
A
Compartment cells
12
Q
Scottish scientist that observed that many cells seemed to have dark structure near the center
A
Robert Brown
13
Q
the dark structure in the center of the cell
A
Nucleus
14
Q
stated that all plants are made of cells
A
Matthias Schleiden
15
Q
discovered that animals are made up of cells too
A
Theodor Schwann
16
Q
German physician that stated cells arise from the division of pre-existing cell
A
Rudolf Virchow
17
Q
forms the basic framework in which biologist have tried to understand living things
A
cell concept
18
Q
basic building blocks of an organism
A
cell
19
Q
how many cell does have a human body have
A
20 to 30 trillion cells
20
Q
the smallest cell, a bacterium 0.2 micrometer (um) in diameter
A
mycoplasma
21
Q
equal to one millionth of a meter
A
micrometer
22
Q
how any Mycoplasma cells are only as wide as a diameter of a human hair
A
10 thousand mycoplasma cells
23
Q
largest cells
A
egg of birds
24
Q
what part of the giraffe is among the largest cell
A
nerve cells that run down the neck of a giraffe
25
how long are the nerve cells of a giraffe
3m in length
26
as the cell increases in size, its volume increases __ than its surface area
faster
27
how much does the surface area increases when the diameter increases 10x
100x
28
how much does the volume of a cell increases when the diameter increases 10x
1000x
29
creates a problem for the cell because it will have a difficult time getting oxygen and nutrients in and waste products out
surface-to-volume relationship
30
re more efficient in performing metabolic functions
smaller cells
31
have their nuclear materials mixed with the protoplasm and containing single chromosomes
prokaryotic cells
32
means before
pro
33
means nucleus
karyon
34
size of a bacteria
1 to 10um
35
what can be found in a prokaryotic's cytoplasm
ribosome, thylakoids, and inumerable enzymes
36
have a distinct nucleus containing multiple chromatin enclosed by a nuclear membrane
eukaryotic cell
37
means true
eu
38
rectangular and comparatively larger than animal cell
plant cell
39
what plant and animal cell shares, “body organs” of the cell
organelles
40
floating particles in the cell (cytoplasm)
proteins
41
the inside of the cell
cytoplasm
42
thick liquid inside the cell
cytosol
43
“skin” around the cell, keep inside in and outside out
cell membrane
44
gives the cell structure
cytoskeleton
45
organelles, create energy for the cell, powerhouse of the cell
mitochondria
46
make new protein
ribosomes
47
has two types: rough and smooth
endoplasmic reticulum
48
has translocon pores
rough endoplasmic reticulum
49
does not have translocon pores
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
50
ribosomes attach to these pores and push proteins onto the ER
translocon pores
51
sorts, packages, and ships protein
golgi apparatus
52
blobs where proteins are packaged
vesicles
53
protein with “feet”, pulls along the vesicles
kinesin
54
almost like train tracks where the vesicle walks in
microtubule
55
not permanent, can get taken apart and put together in diff. locations depending on the needs of the cell
microtubule
56
process where microtubules are being built and assembled from smaller parts
polymerization
57
proteins that make up the polymerization process
tubulin
58
microtubules are coming apart
depolymerization
59
contains DNA
nucleus
60
holes where the RNA leaves the nucleus
nuclear pore
61
cells garbage trucks and recycling centers breaks down protein
proteasome
62
three basic structures that cells of plants, animals, and related organisms have in common:
cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm
63
gives strength, shape, and protection to the cell
plasma membrane
64
regulates traffic flow of materials between the interior of the cell and its environment
plasma membrane
65
some membrane is provided with this at the atypical surface to increase area for absorption
microvilli
66
carbohydrate protein/carbohydrate-lipid complex acted as a cell coat for cell interaction that are sometimes present in some membranes
glycocalyx
67
plant cells have this, providing strength and rigidity of the cell
cell wall
68
gives support and resist outside pressures
cell wall
69
made of polysaccharide cellulose
cell wall
70
in fungi, cell wall is composed of this
chitin
71
not solid and they allow products to pass through them
cell walls
72
composes the plasma membrane with proteins arranged at random on the outer half, inner half of the lipid, or extend through
phospholipid bilayer
73
structure of phospholipid bilayer that was proposed in 1972
fluid mosaic model
74
two scientists who proposed the fluid mosaic model
Garth Nicholson
Jonathan Singer
75
nature of the membrane that allows the mobility of lipids and proteins within the membrane
semi-fluid
76
phospholipid molecule is composed of:
phosphate group
two fatty acid tails
77
which part of the phospholipid molecule is hydrophilic and polar
phosphate group
78
when immersed in water, the hydrophobic and nonpolar tail will force the structure into what
bilayer
79
where the water-loving heads are “protecting” the water fearing tails
bilayer
80
lack a true nucleus
prokaryotic cells
81
have a distinct nucleus
eukaryotic cells
82
linear units that contains the DNA
chromosomes
83
when DNA appear in non-linear units
chromatins
84
dense organelle that is found within the nucleus
nucleolus
85
formed inside before leaving into the cytoplasm
Ribosomes
86
surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells
nuclear membrane
87
double membrane, similar to the plasma membrane that consists of lipid layers
nuclear membrane
88
allow the nucleus to communicate with the cytoplasm and direct the activities of the cell
nuclear pore
89
governor of the cell
nucleus
90
area between the nucleus and plasma membrane
cytoplasm
91
contains many important structures, physiologically active organelles, which are permanent sub-cellular structures performing metabolic functions
cytoplasm
92
temporary sub-cellular structures performing non-metabolic functions
inclusions
93
example of inclusions
vacuoles
pigments
crystals
fat droplets
foreign particles
94
commonly referred to as the “ER”, series of membranes that is continuous with the nuclear membrane and can extend throughout the cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum
95
two different types of ER depending on the presence of ribosomes attached to it:
rough ER, smooth ER
96
organelles where amino acids are bound together
ribosomes
97
commonly the site of protein synthesis within the cell
ribosomes
98
cylinder-like organelles composed of microtubules only found in animal cells
centrioles
99
also called golgi body, series of sacs that appear to be flattened and curled at the edges
golgi apparatus
100
processed and packaged at the golgi apparatus to send to the right addresses
proteins and lipids
101
often bulge and break away from drop-like sacs
outside sacs
102
drop-like sacs
secretory vesicles
103
produce vesicles, which contain mature proteins or lipids
trans face of golgi apparatus
104
is the end of the organelle where substances enter from the endoplasmic reticulum for processing
cis face of golgi apparatus
105
comes from golgi apparatus, also a drop-like sac that move about in the cytoplasm
lysosome
106
located in the lysosome used for digestion
enzyme
107
site for cellular respiration in which most of the energy by the cell is produced
mitochondrion
108
formed using the energy released by the mitochondria
ATP
109
green plant cells contain this double-membrane organelle
chloroplasts
110
main function of chloroplast
photosynthesis
111
pigment that makes the chloroplast green
chlorophyll
112
cytoskeleton is made up of:
microtubule
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
113
means empty space
vacuole
114
membrane-bound inclusions in the cytoplasm for storage of substances (water and food)
vacuole
115
tend to be larger in cells, plays an important role in osmotic pressure in animals, important in intracellular digestion and exretion of waste product
vacuole
116
defining characteristics of a plant cell
cellulosic cell wall
117
polysaccharides that makes up the cell walls
cellulose
118
firm structure that is formed by the crystallization of cellulose
microfibril
119
fiber-like strand that wrap the whole cell particularly the plasma membrane
microfibril
120
assist the addition of cellulose molecules into the microfibril layer
intrinsic proteins
121
produce a polysaccharide called hemicellulose
dictyosomes
122
transported through a vesicle, outward the cell membrane and released toward the microfibrils as “glue” that will keep the crystallized cellulose together
hemicellulose
123
sticky substance that glues cell walls of two different plant cells
middle lamella
124
polysaccharide that composes the middle lamella
pectin
125
can be present in advanced and higher plants that is located between the primary cell wall and plasma membrane and is thicker due to the presence of lignin
secondary cell wall
126
resistant to chemicals, fungal, or bacterial attacks
lignin
127
permanent once formed and deposited, never degraded
primary and secondary cell wall
128
all biological membranes are composed of _____ and _____
phospholipid molecule layers and proteins
129
the plasma membrane is what percent protein and lipid molecule
60% protein, 40% lipid molecule
130
most of the proteins have these that expose themselves into the surfaces of the cell membrane
hydrophilic regions
131
reasons why the plasma membrane is called fluid-mosaic
various heterogenous proteins
132
molecules that have a hydrophilic and hydrophobic part
ampipathic
133
green plant cell membranes contain these
double-membrane chloroplasts
134
chloroplast cells are green because of this pigment
chlorophyll
135
have an outer and inner membrane (ex include chloroplast, chromoplast, leucoplast)
plastids
136
example of a plastid where the inner membrane is extensive and highly folded
chloroplasts
137
single membrane found inside the chloroplast
thylakoid
138
multiple membranes of flattened thylakoid vesicles that are stacked
grana
139
provides room for many copies of each enzyme (chloroplast)
inner membrane
140
part of the membrane lipid layer of chloroplasts
photosynthetic pigment
141
interconnected by thylakoid membranes and the liquid stroma
grana
142
number of chloroplasts in green algae remains ___
constant
143
range of the number of chloroplasts in higher plants
30 to 200
144
how big are chloroplasts
4 to 5 micrometers
145
plants growing in shade have ___ chloroplast
larger
146
plate-shaped chloroplast
chlorella
147
cup shaped chloroplast
chlamydomonas
148
ribbon shaped and spirally-ciled
spirogyra
149
star shaped
zygnema
150
spherical or ovoidal
higher plants
151
disc-shaped, surrounds the chloroplast
chloroplast envelop
152
which membrane of the chloroplast is freely permeable
outer membrane
153
which membrane of the chloroplast is selectively permeable
inner membrane
154
proteins that regulate the passage of molecules like sugars in and out of the molecule
integral membrane proteins
155
encloses a protein-rich substance called stroma (chloroplast)
inner membrane
156
the fluid inside contains a host of enzymes, plastid, DNA, RNA, and ribosomes
stroma
157
membrane system within the stroma
thylakoids
158
chloroplast is divided into three distinct internal compartments
intermembrane space
stroma
thylakoid lumen
159
space between inner and outer membranes of the chloroplast envelope
intermembrane space
160
lies inside the envelope but outside the thylakoid membrane
stroma
161
network of membrane-bound flattened discs
thylakoid membrane
162
membranes of thylakoids
fret membranes
163
tubular membranes that interconnects the grana
inter-granal lamellae
164
how many granal clusters does a chloroplast have
10 to 30
165
how many thylakoids in a single granum
20 to 60
166
granules that are responsible for capturing photons of solar electromagnetic radiation and act as photosynthetic units
quantasomes
167
multi-protein complex in larger granules
photosystem II (PS II)
168
multi-protein complex in smaller granules
photosystem I (PS I)
photosystem I (PS I)
169
synthesizes ATP
ATP synthase
170
has much higher protein concentrations, more viscous than cytosol
matrix
171
occurs in the matrix
krebs cycle
172
one adult plant has this that takes up 30% of the cell’s volume
vacuole
173
make and store needed compounds
plastids
174
started as a bacteria that were absorbed into plant cells
plastids and mitochondria
175
most important of all plastids, light -> sugar & oxygen
chloroplasts
176
organelles in animals do not give the cell shape
vacuole
177
scientist that reported thin slices of cork and other plant materials contained minute partitions separating cavities that are eventually named cells
Robert Hooke
178
discovered the microscope and “free cells” with nucleus
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
179
discovered the cell substance (protoplasm)
Dujardin
180
stated that many living bodies must have parts of cellular tissue or formed by such tissue
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
181
described the nucleus as the central feature in plant cells, discovered the movement of microscopic particles
Robert Brown
182
stated that cells were the unit of structure in animals
Theodor Schwann
183
concluded that cells come only from other cells
Rudolf Virchow
184
stated that cells ensure continuity between one generation through mitosis
Alexander Flemming
185
who proposed the cell theory
Rudolf Virchow and Theodor Schwann
186
difference of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
prokaryotes have cell walls, only plant cells in eukaryotes have cell walls
prokaryotes does not have nucleus, nuclear membrane, nucleolus
prokaryotes only have ribosomes and cilia and flagella
prokaryotes have single, circular, w/o associated proteins in chromosomes
prokaryotes have RNA and DNA as its genetic material
187
why does cell volume work to limit cell size
as the cell enlargens, its volume increases more rapidly than its surface area does. Larger cell has a greater need for exchange of nutrients and wastes with the environment.
188
what cells can get large due to their elongated shape
muscle cells and neurons
189
three structural parts of an animal cell
plasma membrane
cytosol
nucleus
190
gatekeeper of the cell, outer limiting membrane in animal cells
plasma membrane
191
thick-semi fluid portion of the cytoplasm
cytosol
192
other term for cytosol
intracellular fluid
193
large, double membrane organelle that contains the chromosomal DNA of a eukaryotic cell
nucleus
194
highly organized stuctures with characteristic shapes that are highly specialized for specific cellular activities
organelles
195
temporary structures that contain secretions and storage products of the cell
inclusions
196
functions of cell membrane
-acts as separation between the internal components of the cell from the extracellular environment
-allows passage of selected molecules, regulating the exchange of substances between the cell’s protoplasm
-communicates with other cells
197
described the molecular arrangement of the plasma membrane and other membranes in living organisms
fluid mosaic model
198
pattern of many small pieces fitted together
mosaic
199
proteins are flowing like what in a sea of lipids
icebergs
200
percent of phospholipids in the cell membrane
75 percent
201
form the bilayer, the arrangement occurs because it is ampipathic
phospholipid bilayer
202
what part faces the watery cytosol and ECF
phosphate head
203
amphipathic occurring only on the membrane layer facing the ECF
glycolipids
204
what percent is glycolipid in the cell membrane
5 percent
205
function of glycolipids
adhesion among cells and tissues
cell-to-cel recognition and communicaton
206
exposed on brain and nerve cell membranes as antigens
gangliosides
207
serve as antigens on surfaces of RBCs for blood group interaction
glycosphingolipids
208
located among the phospholipids in both sides of the bilayer, strengthen the membrane but decrease its flexibility
cholesterol
209
how many percent is cholesterol in the membrane
20 percent
210
two types of membrane proteins in plasma membrane
integral and peripheral
211
extend across the phospholipid bilayer among the fatty acid tails, mostly glycoproteins
intrinsic/integral proteins
212
loosely attached to the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane and are easily separated from it
extrinsic/peripheral proteins
213
determine what functions a cell can perform
membrane proteins and glycoproteins
214
function of proteins
channel
cell identity markers
cytoskeleton anchor
transporter
enzymes
receptor
215
function of proteins that allows passage of specific molecules (K+ Cl-) to move through the pore
channel
216
function of proteins that carries specific substance across
transporter
217
function of proteins that catalyzes different reactions
enzymes
218
example of a transporter protein
amino acids
219
example of a enyzme protein
adenylyl cyclase
220
converts ATP to cAMP
adenylyl cyclase
221
function of protein that distinguishes cell from other cells
cell identity markers
222
example of cell identity marker protein
glycosphingolipids
223
function of proteins that recognizes specific molecules (e.g. hormones) and alter cell’s function in some ways
receptors
224
function of protein that attaches filaments and tubules inside the cell to the cell membrane to stabilize the structure and shape of the cells
cytoskeleton anchor
225
usually spherical or oval organelle and is the largest structure in the cell
nucleus
226
contains the hereditary units of the cell which control cellular structure and direct many cellular activities
nucleus
227
example of body cells that do not have a nucleus
mature RBCs
228
what fibers contain several nuclei
skeletal muscle fibers
229
separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
nuclear membrane
230
allow most ions and water-soluble molecules to shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm
nuclear pore (water-filled)
231
about ten times large in diameter than channels in the plasma membrane and thus permit larger passage of large molecules such as RNA and various proteins
nuclear pore
232
nucleus unside a nucleus
nucleoli
233
aggregation of proteins, DNA, and RNA that are not bounded by a membrane
nucleoli
234
disperse and disappear during cell division and reorganize once new cells are formed
nucleoli
235
sites of assembly of ribosomes which can contain rRNA
nucleoli
236
type of RNA that plays a key role in protein synthesis
rRNA
237
loosely packed DNA and associated proteins
chromatin
238
process where DNA and certain proteins condense and coil into rod-shaped bodies
cell division
239
tightly packed DNA during cell division
chromosomes
240
through an electron microscope, chromatin appears like
beads on a string
241
each bead consists of double-stranded DNA wrapped twice around a core of 8 proteins
nucleosome
242
8 proteins where the nucleosome is wrapped twice around in
histones
243
strings between heads, which folds an adjacent nucleosomes together
linker DNA
244
histones that promote the folding of nucleosome into a large diameter structure
chromatin fiber
245
before cell division, DNA duplicates and chromatin strands subsequently shorten and turn into this
chromatids
246
pair of chromatids make a
chromosome
247
specialized structures that have characteristic appearances and specific roles in growth, maintenance, repair, and control
organelles
248
contains numerous ER and golgi complex to meet its function of production and secretion of bile
liver cell
249
do not have mitochondria that would consume oxygen
mature red blood cell
250
universally present within animal cells except in mature red blood cells
mitochondria
251
capable of self-replication i.e. they have to divide to increase in number in response to cellular need for ATP and cell division
mitochondria
252
mitochondrion consists of two membran es:
outer mitochondrial and inner mitochondrial membrane
253
which membrane of the mitochondria is smooth
outer mitochondrial membrane
254
which membrane of the mitochondria is arrange in a series of folds
inner mitochondrial membrane
255
series of folds in mitochondria
cristae
256
central cavity of a mitochondrion that is enclosed by the inner membrane and cristae
matrix
257
tiny spheres that contain rRNA and several ribosomal proteins
ribosomes
258
two types of ribosomes
free and attached ribosomes
259
manufacture proteins for domestic use
free ribosomes
260
manufacture proteins for export use
attached ribosomes
261
example of free proteins
membrane proteins and enzymes (catalase)
262
form perixosomes
catalase
263
example of attached proteins
secretory proteins (enzymes and hormones)
264
system of membrane-enclosed channels of varying shapes called cistern/cisternae
endoplasmic reticulum
265
function of rough endoplasmic reticulum
protein synthesis
glycosylation
266
addition of carbohydrate groups to glycoproteins
glycosylation
267
function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
lipid synthesis
drug detoxification
carbohydrate metabolism
calcium storage
268
addition of OH groups increasing solubility of hydrophobic drugs in water so they can easily be exerted from the body
hydroxylation
269
breakdown of glycogen by glucose-6-phosphatase
carbohydrate metabolism
270
stores and releases calcium during relaxation and contraction respectively
sacroplasmic reticulum
271
what do muscle cells do to calcium when it relaxes
reduces
272
what do muscle cells do to calcium when it contracts
stores
273
membrane-bound enzyme that breaks down glycogen
glucose-6-phosphatase
274
difference between cristae and cisternae
cristae (mitochondria), cisternae (endoplasmic reticulum, golgi)
cristae (contains proteins, including ATP and cytochrome), cisternae (enzymes)
275
located near the nucleus, consists of 4-6 flattened sacs called cisternae stacked upon each other like a pile of plates with expanded bulges in the end
golgi complex
276
shuttle protein and lipid products among the cisterns for further processing and modification
vesicles
277
route of proteins to be exported
ribosomes -> RER -> transport vesicles -> golgi complex -> secretory vesicles -> released via exocytosis
278
membrane-enclosed vesicles that form in the Golgi complex
lysosomes
279
function of lysosomes
intracellular digestion
autophagy
autolysis
extracellular digestion
280
function of lysosomes where enzymes digest bacteria and other substances
intracellular digestion
281
examples of intracellular digestion
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis
282
vesicles that arise during phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and endocytosis
phagosomes (phagocytic vesicles)
pinocytic vesicles
endosomes
283
function of lysosomes where the cell’s own structure are recycled
autophagy
284
function of lysosomes wherein it acts as “suicide bags” during apoptosis
autolysis
285
cells themselves die in order to go about normal development
apoptosis
286
function of lysosomes where lysosomal enzymes released at the sites of injury help digest cellular debris, which prepares the injured area for effective repair
extracellular digestion
287
imilar in structure to lysosomes and is capable of self-replication like mitochondria
peroxisomes
288
found in numerous kidney and liver cells
peroxisomes
289
functions of peroxisomes
hydrogen peroxide metabolism
detoxification of harmful compounds
oxidation of fatty acids
290
generate hydrogen peroxide
oxidase
291
degrades hydrogen peroxide
catalase
292
detoxifies methanol, ethanol, formic acid, formaldehyde, nitrites, phenols
catalase
293
shorten fatty acids in preparation for subsequent metabolism in mitochondrion to produce acetyl coenzyme A
peroxisomes
294
complex internal network of filamentous proteins in cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
295
Q
cellular shape and has a capability to carry out coordinated movements
cytoskeleton
296
responsible for the movement of whole cells such as phagocytes and movement of organelles and chemicals within the cells
cytoskeleton
297
three main types of protein filaments
microtubules
intermediate filaments
microfilaments
298
hollow cylindrical structures about 25nm in diameter
microtubules
299
Q
protein that assembles microtubules
tubulin
300
functions of microtubules
support and shape cells with microfilaments
acts as “conveyor belts”, “road”, or “tracts”
assist in movement of pseudopods
form structure of flagella, cilia and centrioless
301
composed of rope-like protein strands which are 8-12nm in diameter
A
intermediate filaments
302
exceptionally strong and tough and are resistance to tensile forces and are relatively insoluble
intermediate filaments
303
functions of intermediate filaments
mechanical stability due to plectin crossbridges
structural reinforcement inside cells
holds organelles in place
associate closely with microtubules to give shape to the cell
304
bind intermediate filaments together, also binds microtubules and microfilaments
plectin
305
twisted double strands, each consisting of a string of protein (actin) subunits about 8nm in diameter
microfilaments
306
function of microfilaments
plays a key role in contractility and motility
307
slide past one another to produce contraction (shortening) of muscle fiber
A
muscle tissue
308
what are the thin filaments and thick filaments in muscle tissues
actin filaments (thin), myosin filaments (thick)
309
actin in non-muscle cells provide support and shape to assist in:
cell movement (phagocytic)
movement within cell (phagocytosis and phinocytosis)
310
latin for eyelash
cilia
311
latin for whip
flagella
312
slender extensions of the plasma membrane
cilia and flagella
313
how many fused pairs of microtubules does cilia and flagella have
9 fused pair
314
how many unfused pairs of microtubules does cilia and flagella have
2 unfused pair
315
Q
difference between cilia and flagella in length
50-75 micrometer long (flagella)
10-25 micrometer long (cilia)
316
difference between cilia and flagella in number
few (flagella)
numerous (cilia)
317
difference between cilia and flagella in motion
undulate and continuous bending (flagella)
stiff rowing during the Powerstroke (cilia)
without distinct power and return strokes (flagella)
flexible return stroke that brings it to original position (cilia)
318
difference between cilia and flagella in direction of force
perpendicular to the plasma membrane (flagella)
parallel to the plasma membrane (cilia)
319
example of flagellated cells
sperm cells
320
cells that propel substances along their surfaces
ciliated cells
321
examples of ciliated cells
gills of oysters
oviducts of females
respiratory tracts of most land vertebrates
322
dense area of cytoplasmic material near the nucleus
centrosome
323
pair of cylindrical structures found within the centrosome
centrioles
324
each centriole is composed of:
nine clusters of three microtubules arranged in a circular pattern
325
function of centrioles
centers for organizing microtubules in nondividing cell
organizes the mitotic spindle during cell division
326
fluid-filled sacs surrounded by single membrane
vacuoles
327
temporary features of the cell, formed during phagocytosis
food vacuole
328
freshwater organisms have this in order to withstand a hypotonic environment
contractile vacuoles
