Lymphatic System Flashcards
1
Q
helps to distinguish “self” from “nonself”
A
lymphoid system
2
Q
activates the immune system
A
antigens
3
Q
lymphoid system neutralizes and destroys
A
antigens
viruses
bacteria
parasites
virus-infected cells
cells of transplanted organs
cancer cells
4
Q
function of lymphoid system
A
Lymph collection and transport
Transport of fats in the form of lipoproteins
Production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes
defense
5
Q
fluid is found in the blood
A
plasma
6
Q
fluid is found in between the cells of the body
A
instertitial fluid
7
Q
interstitial fluid absorbed by a lymphatic capillary
A
lymph
8
Q
absorbed by the lymphatic capillary
A
lipoproteins
9
Q
lymphatic capillary in the intestines
A
lacteals
10
Q
color of lymph in the lacteals
A
chyle (creamy white)
11
Q
lymph in the lacteals
A
chyle
12
Q
indicates presence of free-fatty acids
A
chyle
13
Q
primary lymphoid organ because it is the site for blood cells synthesis
A
bone marrows
14
Q
lymphoid organs include
A
thymus
spleen
bone marrow
lymph nodes
mouth
tonsils
peyer’s patches
appendix
15
Q
components of lymphatic system
A
lymphoid organs
lymphatic vessels
lymph
16
Q
describe how the lymphatic vessels drain lymph into the subclavian veins
A
Lymphatic capillaries -> lymph node -> lymphatic vessels -> lymphatic ducts (right and left [thoracic] duct)-> subclavian veins
17
Q
where lymph is drained from the left and right lymphatic ducts
A
subclavian vein
18
Q
swelling caused by too much fluid trapped in the body’s tissues
A
edema
19
Q
primary (central) lymphoid organ responsible for lymphocyte production
A
bone marrow and thymus
20
Q
produces blood cells and b-cells mature here
A
bone marrow
21
Q
where t-cells mature
A
thymus
22
Q
secondary (peripheral lymphoid organs) where lymphocytes and antigens interact to initiate an immune response
A
spleen
lymph nodes
MALT
23
Q
MALT means
A
mucosa associated lymphatic tissues
24
Q
MALT includes
A
Tonsils
Peyer’s Patches
Appendix
25
found in the medullary cavities of bones
Bone marrow
26
type of bone marrow
red bone marrow
yellow bone marrow
27
functions in hemopoiesis
RBM
28
found within the shaft of the long bone
YBM
29
functions of bone marrow
hemopoiesis
phagocytosis of cellular debris/degenerating cells
storage and recycling of FE
production of antibodies (B cells -> plasma cells)
30
1st lymphoid organ to develop
thymus
31
Bilobed lymphoid organ
thymus
32
atrophies with age
thymus
33
why does thymus atrophies with age
fatty infiltration
lymphocyte depletion
34
color of thymus at birth
pinkish-gray
35
weight of thymus at birth
10-15g
36
maximum weight of thymus by puberty
30-40g
37
color of thymus as one ages (extensive fatty infiltration)
yellow
38
function of thymus
thymic education of thymocytes
Proliferation of clones of mature naïve T cells to supply the circulating lymphocyte pool and peripheral tissues
Secretion of thymosin and other soluble factors which regulate T cell maturation, proliferation, and function within the thymus and peripheral tissue
39
this percent of T cells survive their education
1-3 percent
40
hormone that regulates T cell maturation
thymosin
41
are the “in-line biological filters”
lymph nodes
42
Functions in defense against microorganisms and spread of tumor cells
lymph nodes
43
lymph node in the neck
cervical lymph node
44
lymph node above the clavicle
supraclavicular lymph node
45
lymph node in the armpits
axillary lymph note
46
ymph node in the abdomen
abdominal lymph node
47
lymph node in the groin
inguinal lymph node
48
lymph node in the femur
femoral lymph node
49
congregate in cortex when fighting off pathogen
lymphocytes
50
are concentrated in the medulla and cleanse lymph
macrophages
51
In the medulla there are two parts:
macrophages
reticular cells
52
function of lymph nodes
biological fitler of lymph
lymphocyte proliferation
transformation of B cells to plasma cells
53
largest lymphoid organ, only organ that intervenes with circulation
spleen
54
graveyard for RBCs
spleen
55
function in Phagocytosis of bacteria and worn-out RBCs and platelets
spleen
56
functions in immunity by acting as the site of B cell proliferation into plasma cells
spleen
57
Acts as the major site of antibody production
spleen
58
Stores and releases blood in times of demand, such as during hemorrhage
spleen
59
During fetal development participates in blood cell formation
spleen
60
Functions in protection against bacteria and other pathogens
MALT
61
include tonsils, peyer's patches of small intestine, lymphoid aggregations
MALT
62
– mucous membrane that lines body cavities that opens to the outside
mucosa
63
are small lumps of hardened material that can form in the tonsils
tonsillolith
64
Are for general body protection, cells do not remember and proliferate
non-specific defenses
65
examples include barriers to entry or mechanical barriers
skin and mucous membranes
66
In the large intestine this normal flora is found
e-coli
67
e coli
escherichia coli
68
found in the vagina, maintains the slightly acidic pH of the vagina
lactobacilli
69
Antimicrobial molecules such as:
oil from sebaceous gland
lysozymes from mucous membranes
stomach acidic pH
70
Inflammatory responses
redness
heat
swelling
pain
71
vasodilator and encourages blood to go to a certain area
histamine
72
attract other WBCs in the infected site
cytokines
73
not only release cytokines, and eat pathogens, they also go back to the body tissues and insert themselves into the secondary lymphoid organs to activate other cells
macrophages and dendritic cells
74
Inhibits growth of some microorganisms
fevers
75
Promote accelerated tissue repair
fever
76
Facilitates phagocytosis of pathogens
fever
77
Stimulates immune cells to divide rapidly
fever
78
Increases production of viral-fighting interferons
fever
79
are big granulocytes
NK cells
80
Roam and patrol the body in search of target cells
NK cells
81
Releases proteins in the form of Granzymes and perforin
NK cells
82
tell the cell to undergo apoptosis
granzymes
83
poke holes in the cell to cause necrosis
perforins
84
produced by the body
autoantigens
85
can bind to a mast cell to stimulate more inflammatory chemicals (e.g. histamine and heparin)
complement proteins
86
produced and secreted by virus-infected cells
interferons
87
virus-infected cell helps other healthy cells by signaling the production of proteins against the virus
interferon framing
88
specific defenses RRR
recognize, respond, remember
89
can be foreign antigens or auto-antigen (self-antigen)
antigen
90
have antigen receptors
B and T cells
91
has a BCR (B cell receptor)
B cells
92
has a TCR (T cell receptor)
T cell
93
happens during maturation that there are specific B and/or T cells for any possible antigen people are likely to encounter during a lifetime
diversification
94
two types of immunity
antibody mediated immunity
cell-mediated immunity
95
the immunity of a person is because of antibodies
Antibody mediated immunity (B cells)
96
actual works of cells (T-cells) for immunity
cell-mediated immunity
97
humoral immunity wherein there is a clonal selection modal as it applies to B cells
b cells and antibody mediated immunity
98
Surface of receptors are ___ to the surface of the antigen
complementary
99
where the antigen chooses the b cell to be activated
antibody-mediated immunity
100
will undergo mitosis when the antigen is binded to the surface of the receptors to create
b cell
101
b cell will undergo mitosis when the antigen is binded to the surface of the receptors to create:
plasma cell
memory b cell
102
releases antibodies and undergo apoptosis
plasma cell
103
b cell that survives and remember the antigen
memory b cell
104
can be engulfed by phagocytes (eosinophils)
antibody-antigen complexes
105
in clonal selection theory, this will selects which lymphocyte will undergo clonal expansion and produce more lymphocytes
antigen
106
antibodies that activate phagocytosis, neutralizes antigens, protects newborn
Immunoglobulin-G (IgG)
107
present in fetal circulation in pregnant women
Immunoglobulin-G (IgG)
108
present in B lymphocyte surface (as a monomer)
IgM
109
first antibodies to be produced in an initial immune response; activates complement
IgM
110
structure is a monomer and is about 80% in the serum
IgG
111
structure is a pentamer and is about 5-10% in the serum
IgM
112
structure is a dimer or trimer with a secretory component and is about 10-15% in the serum
IgA
113
present in secretions (saliva, milk, tears, etc)
IgA
114
type of antibody that protects the surfaces of mucosa
IgA
115
antibody that is a monomer and is 0.2% in the serum
Igd
116
antibody that is a monomer and is 0.002% in the serum
IgE
117
antibody class present in the surface of B lymphocytes
IgD
118
type of antibody that functions as a receptor to antigens trigerring initial B cell activation
IgD
119
bound to the surface of mast cells and basophils
IgE
120
participates in allergy and destruction of parasitic worms
IgE
121
nutrient-rich first milk produced by breast during pregnancy
colostrum
122
kind of immunity where person produces own antibodies or thru immunization
active immunity
123
Long-lived immunity
active immunity
124
person is given prepared antibodies
passive immunity
125
short-live immunity
passive immunity
126
example is the antigens from breast milk
passive immunity
127
used in the emergency treatment of rabies, measles, tetanus, diphtheria, botulism, hepatitis A, and snakebites
artificial passive immunity
128
determine if B or T cell
antibody-mediated immunity against pathogens
B cell
129
determine if B or T cell
produced and mature in bone marow
B cell
130
determine if B or T cell
reside in lymph nodes and spleen; circulate in blood and lymph
b cell
131
determine if B or T cell
directly recognize antigen and undergo clonal selection
b cell
132
determine if B or T cell
clonal expansion produces antibody secreting plasma cells as well as memory b cells
b cell
133
determine if B or T cell
antigen must be presented by an antigen-presenting cell (APC)
T cell
134
where the antigen is first linked in the plasma membrane
histocompatibility complex protein
135
signaling chemicals that stimulate various immune cells
cytokines
136
if the antigen is presented in this groove, the T cell becomes a cytotoxic T cell
MHC I
137
if the antigen is presented in this groove, the T cell becomes a helper T cell
MHC II
138
capable of releasing granzymes and perforins (forms the membrane attack complex
cytotoxic t cell
139
destroy antigen-bearing cells, contains perforins and granzymes
cytotoxic t cell
140
regulate immunity by secreting cytokines
helper t cells
141
‘remember’ and ready to react to antigens in the future
memory t cells
142
identify if B or T cells
Cell-mediated immunity against virus-infected cells and cancer cells
t cells
143
identify if B or T cells
produced in bone marrow; mature in thymus
T cells
144
identify if B or T cells
antigen must be presented in groove of an MHC protein
t cells
145
destroy non-self antigen-bearing cells
cyototoxic t cells
146
secrete cytokines, which control immune response
helper t cells
147
composed of dendritic cells and macrophages
antigen-presenting cells (APC)
148
responsible for specific immunity
lymphyocytes
149
produce specific antibodies
plasma cells
150
produces plasma cells and memory B cells
b cells
151
ready to produce antibodies
memory cells
152
regulate immune response' produce cytotoxic t cell, helper t cell, memory t cell
t cells
153
kills virus-infected and tumor cells
cytotoxic t cells
154
regulate immunity
helper t cells
155
ready to react to antigens in the future
memory t cells
156
phagocytize pathogens; inflammatory resposne and specific immunity
macrophages
157
phagocytize pathogens; inflammatory response and spefific immunity
dendritic cells
