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Fundamentals of Zoology > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

helps to distinguish “self” from “nonself”

A

lymphoid system

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2
Q

activates the immune system

A

antigens

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3
Q

lymphoid system neutralizes and destroys

A

antigens
viruses
bacteria
parasites
virus-infected cells
cells of transplanted organs
cancer cells

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4
Q

function of lymphoid system

A

Lymph collection and transport
Transport of fats in the form of lipoproteins
Production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes
defense

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5
Q

fluid is found in the blood

A

plasma

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6
Q

fluid is found in between the cells of the body

A

instertitial fluid

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7
Q

interstitial fluid absorbed by a lymphatic capillary

A

lymph

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8
Q

absorbed by the lymphatic capillary

A

lipoproteins

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9
Q

lymphatic capillary in the intestines

A

lacteals

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10
Q

color of lymph in the lacteals

A

chyle (creamy white)

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11
Q

lymph in the lacteals

A

chyle

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12
Q

indicates presence of free-fatty acids

A

chyle

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13
Q

primary lymphoid organ because it is the site for blood cells synthesis

A

bone marrows

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14
Q

lymphoid organs include

A

thymus
spleen
bone marrow
lymph nodes
mouth
tonsils
peyer’s patches
appendix

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15
Q

components of lymphatic system

A

lymphoid organs
lymphatic vessels
lymph

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16
Q

describe how the lymphatic vessels drain lymph into the subclavian veins

A

Lymphatic capillaries -> lymph node -> lymphatic vessels -> lymphatic ducts (right and left [thoracic] duct)-> subclavian veins

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17
Q

where lymph is drained from the left and right lymphatic ducts

A

subclavian vein

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18
Q

swelling caused by too much fluid trapped in the body’s tissues

A

edema

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19
Q

primary (central) lymphoid organ responsible for lymphocyte production

A

bone marrow and thymus

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20
Q

produces blood cells and b-cells mature here

A

bone marrow

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21
Q

where t-cells mature

A

thymus

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22
Q

secondary (peripheral lymphoid organs) where lymphocytes and antigens interact to initiate an immune response

A

spleen
lymph nodes
MALT

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23
Q

MALT means

A

mucosa associated lymphatic tissues

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24
Q

MALT includes

A

Tonsils
Peyer’s Patches
Appendix

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25
Q

found in the medullary cavities of bones

A

Bone marrow

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26
Q

type of bone marrow

A

red bone marrow
yellow bone marrow

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27
Q

functions in hemopoiesis

A

RBM

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28
Q

found within the shaft of the long bone

A

YBM

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29
Q

functions of bone marrow

A

hemopoiesis
phagocytosis of cellular debris/degenerating cells
storage and recycling of FE
production of antibodies (B cells -> plasma cells)

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30
Q

1st lymphoid organ to develop

A

thymus

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31
Q

Bilobed lymphoid organ

A

thymus

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32
Q

atrophies with age

A

thymus

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33
Q

why does thymus atrophies with age

A

fatty infiltration
lymphocyte depletion

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34
Q

color of thymus at birth

A

pinkish-gray

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35
Q

weight of thymus at birth

A

10-15g

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36
Q

maximum weight of thymus by puberty

A

30-40g

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37
Q

color of thymus as one ages (extensive fatty infiltration)

A

yellow

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38
Q

function of thymus

A

thymic education of thymocytes

Proliferation of clones of mature naïve T cells to supply the circulating lymphocyte pool and peripheral tissues

Secretion of thymosin and other soluble factors which regulate T cell maturation, proliferation, and function within the thymus and peripheral tissue

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39
Q

this percent of T cells survive their education

A

1-3 percent

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40
Q

hormone that regulates T cell maturation

A

thymosin

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41
Q

are the “in-line biological filters”

A

lymph nodes

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42
Q

Functions in defense against microorganisms and spread of tumor cells

A

lymph nodes

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43
Q

lymph node in the neck

A

cervical lymph node

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44
Q

lymph node above the clavicle

A

supraclavicular lymph node

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45
Q

lymph node in the armpits

A

axillary lymph note

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46
Q

ymph node in the abdomen

A

abdominal lymph node

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47
Q

lymph node in the groin

A

inguinal lymph node

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48
Q

lymph node in the femur

A

femoral lymph node

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49
Q

congregate in cortex when fighting off pathogen

A

lymphocytes

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50
Q

are concentrated in the medulla and cleanse lymph

A

macrophages

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51
Q

In the medulla there are two parts:

A

macrophages
reticular cells

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52
Q

function of lymph nodes

A

biological fitler of lymph
lymphocyte proliferation
transformation of B cells to plasma cells

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53
Q

largest lymphoid organ, only organ that intervenes with circulation

A

spleen

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54
Q

graveyard for RBCs

A

spleen

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55
Q

function in Phagocytosis of bacteria and worn-out RBCs and platelets

A

spleen

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56
Q

functions in immunity by acting as the site of B cell proliferation into plasma cells

A

spleen

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57
Q

Acts as the major site of antibody production

A

spleen

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58
Q

Stores and releases blood in times of demand, such as during hemorrhage

A

spleen

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59
Q

During fetal development participates in blood cell formation

A

spleen

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60
Q

Functions in protection against bacteria and other pathogens

A

MALT

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61
Q

include tonsils, peyer’s patches of small intestine, lymphoid aggregations

A

MALT

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62
Q

– mucous membrane that lines body cavities that opens to the outside

A

mucosa

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63
Q

are small lumps of hardened material that can form in the tonsils

A

tonsillolith

64
Q

Are for general body protection, cells do not remember and proliferate

A

non-specific defenses

65
Q

examples include barriers to entry or mechanical barriers

A

skin and mucous membranes

66
Q

In the large intestine this normal flora is found

A

e-coli

67
Q

e coli

A

escherichia coli

68
Q

found in the vagina, maintains the slightly acidic pH of the vagina

A

lactobacilli

69
Q

Antimicrobial molecules such as:

A

oil from sebaceous gland
lysozymes from mucous membranes
stomach acidic pH

70
Q

Inflammatory responses

A

redness
heat
swelling
pain

71
Q

vasodilator and encourages blood to go to a certain area

A

histamine

72
Q

attract other WBCs in the infected site

A

cytokines

73
Q

not only release cytokines, and eat pathogens, they also go back to the body tissues and insert themselves into the secondary lymphoid organs to activate other cells

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

74
Q

Inhibits growth of some microorganisms

A

fevers

75
Q

Promote accelerated tissue repair

A

fever

76
Q

Facilitates phagocytosis of pathogens

A

fever

77
Q

Stimulates immune cells to divide rapidly

A

fever

78
Q

Increases production of viral-fighting interferons

A

fever

79
Q

are big granulocytes

A

NK cells

80
Q

Roam and patrol the body in search of target cells

A

NK cells

81
Q

Releases proteins in the form of Granzymes and perforin

A

NK cells

82
Q

tell the cell to undergo apoptosis

A

granzymes

83
Q

poke holes in the cell to cause necrosis

A

perforins

84
Q

produced by the body

A

autoantigens

85
Q

can bind to a mast cell to stimulate more inflammatory chemicals (e.g. histamine and heparin)

A

complement proteins

86
Q

produced and secreted by virus-infected cells

A

interferons

87
Q

virus-infected cell helps other healthy cells by signaling the production of proteins against the virus

A

interferon framing

88
Q

specific defenses RRR

A

recognize, respond, remember

89
Q

can be foreign antigens or auto-antigen (self-antigen)

A

antigen

90
Q

have antigen receptors

A

B and T cells

91
Q

has a BCR (B cell receptor)

A

B cells

92
Q

has a TCR (T cell receptor)

A

T cell

93
Q

happens during maturation that there are specific B and/or T cells for any possible antigen people are likely to encounter during a lifetime

A

diversification

94
Q

two types of immunity

A

antibody mediated immunity
cell-mediated immunity

95
Q

the immunity of a person is because of antibodies

A

Antibody mediated immunity (B cells)

96
Q

actual works of cells (T-cells) for immunity

A

cell-mediated immunity

97
Q

humoral immunity wherein there is a clonal selection modal as it applies to B cells

A

b cells and antibody mediated immunity

98
Q

Surface of receptors are ___ to the surface of the antigen

A

complementary

99
Q

where the antigen chooses the b cell to be activated

A

antibody-mediated immunity

100
Q

will undergo mitosis when the antigen is binded to the surface of the receptors to create

A

b cell

101
Q

b cell will undergo mitosis when the antigen is binded to the surface of the receptors to create:

A

plasma cell
memory b cell

102
Q

releases antibodies and undergo apoptosis

A

plasma cell

103
Q

b cell that survives and remember the antigen

A

memory b cell

104
Q

can be engulfed by phagocytes (eosinophils)

A

antibody-antigen complexes

105
Q

in clonal selection theory, this will selects which lymphocyte will undergo clonal expansion and produce more lymphocytes

A

antigen

106
Q

antibodies that activate phagocytosis, neutralizes antigens, protects newborn

A

Immunoglobulin-G (IgG)

107
Q

present in fetal circulation in pregnant women

A

Immunoglobulin-G (IgG)

108
Q

present in B lymphocyte surface (as a monomer)

A

IgM

109
Q

first antibodies to be produced in an initial immune response; activates complement

A

IgM

110
Q

structure is a monomer and is about 80% in the serum

A

IgG

111
Q

structure is a pentamer and is about 5-10% in the serum

A

IgM

112
Q

structure is a dimer or trimer with a secretory component and is about 10-15% in the serum

A

IgA

113
Q

present in secretions (saliva, milk, tears, etc)

A

IgA

114
Q

type of antibody that protects the surfaces of mucosa

A

IgA

115
Q

antibody that is a monomer and is 0.2% in the serum

A

Igd

116
Q

antibody that is a monomer and is 0.002% in the serum

A

IgE

117
Q

antibody class present in the surface of B lymphocytes

A

IgD

118
Q

type of antibody that functions as a receptor to antigens trigerring initial B cell activation

A

IgD

119
Q

bound to the surface of mast cells and basophils

A

IgE

120
Q

participates in allergy and destruction of parasitic worms

A

IgE

121
Q

nutrient-rich first milk produced by breast during pregnancy

A

colostrum

122
Q

kind of immunity where person produces own antibodies or thru immunization

A

active immunity

123
Q


Long-lived immunity

A

active immunity

124
Q

person is given prepared antibodies

A

passive immunity

125
Q

short-live immunity

A

passive immunity

126
Q

example is the antigens from breast milk

A

passive immunity

127
Q

used in the emergency treatment of rabies, measles, tetanus, diphtheria, botulism, hepatitis A, and snakebites

A

artificial passive immunity

128
Q

determine if B or T cell

antibody-mediated immunity against pathogens

A

B cell

129
Q

determine if B or T cell

produced and mature in bone marow

A

B cell

130
Q

determine if B or T cell

reside in lymph nodes and spleen; circulate in blood and lymph

A

b cell

131
Q

determine if B or T cell

directly recognize antigen and undergo clonal selection

A

b cell

132
Q

determine if B or T cell

clonal expansion produces antibody secreting plasma cells as well as memory b cells

A

b cell

133
Q

determine if B or T cell

antigen must be presented by an antigen-presenting cell (APC)

A

T cell

134
Q

where the antigen is first linked in the plasma membrane

A

histocompatibility complex protein

135
Q

signaling chemicals that stimulate various immune cells

A

cytokines

136
Q

if the antigen is presented in this groove, the T cell becomes a cytotoxic T cell

A

MHC I

137
Q

if the antigen is presented in this groove, the T cell becomes a helper T cell

A

MHC II

138
Q

capable of releasing granzymes and perforins (forms the membrane attack complex

A

cytotoxic t cell

139
Q

destroy antigen-bearing cells, contains perforins and granzymes

A

cytotoxic t cell

140
Q

regulate immunity by secreting cytokines

A

helper t cells

141
Q

‘remember’ and ready to react to antigens in the future

A

memory t cells

142
Q

identify if B or T cells

Cell-mediated immunity against virus-infected cells and cancer cells

A

t cells

143
Q

identify if B or T cells

produced in bone marrow; mature in thymus

A

T cells

144
Q

identify if B or T cells

antigen must be presented in groove of an MHC protein

A

t cells

145
Q

destroy non-self antigen-bearing cells

A

cyototoxic t cells

146
Q

secrete cytokines, which control immune response

A

helper t cells

147
Q

composed of dendritic cells and macrophages

A

antigen-presenting cells (APC)

148
Q

responsible for specific immunity

A

lymphyocytes

149
Q

produce specific antibodies

A

plasma cells

150
Q

produces plasma cells and memory B cells

A

b cells

151
Q

ready to produce antibodies

A

memory cells

152
Q

regulate immune response’ produce cytotoxic t cell, helper t cell, memory t cell

A

t cells

153
Q

kills virus-infected and tumor cells

A

cytotoxic t cells

154
Q

regulate immunity

A

helper t cells

155
Q

ready to react to antigens in the future

A

memory t cells

156
Q

phagocytize pathogens; inflammatory resposne and specific immunity

A

macrophages

157
Q

phagocytize pathogens; inflammatory response and spefific immunity

A

dendritic cells

Fundamentals of Zoology (23 decks)

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