Lymphatic System Flashcards
helps to distinguish “self” from “nonself”
lymphoid system
activates the immune system
antigens
lymphoid system neutralizes and destroys
antigens
viruses
bacteria
parasites
virus-infected cells
cells of transplanted organs
cancer cells
function of lymphoid system
Lymph collection and transport
Transport of fats in the form of lipoproteins
Production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes
defense
fluid is found in the blood
plasma
fluid is found in between the cells of the body
instertitial fluid
interstitial fluid absorbed by a lymphatic capillary
lymph
absorbed by the lymphatic capillary
lipoproteins
lymphatic capillary in the intestines
lacteals
color of lymph in the lacteals
chyle (creamy white)
lymph in the lacteals
chyle
indicates presence of free-fatty acids
chyle
primary lymphoid organ because it is the site for blood cells synthesis
bone marrows
lymphoid organs include
thymus
spleen
bone marrow
lymph nodes
mouth
tonsils
peyer’s patches
appendix
components of lymphatic system
lymphoid organs
lymphatic vessels
lymph
describe how the lymphatic vessels drain lymph into the subclavian veins
Lymphatic capillaries -> lymph node -> lymphatic vessels -> lymphatic ducts (right and left [thoracic] duct)-> subclavian veins
where lymph is drained from the left and right lymphatic ducts
subclavian vein
swelling caused by too much fluid trapped in the body’s tissues
edema
primary (central) lymphoid organ responsible for lymphocyte production
bone marrow and thymus
produces blood cells and b-cells mature here
bone marrow
where t-cells mature
thymus
secondary (peripheral lymphoid organs) where lymphocytes and antigens interact to initiate an immune response
spleen
lymph nodes
MALT
MALT means
mucosa associated lymphatic tissues
MALT includes
Tonsils
Peyer’s Patches
Appendix
found in the medullary cavities of bones
Bone marrow
type of bone marrow
red bone marrow
yellow bone marrow
functions in hemopoiesis
RBM
found within the shaft of the long bone
YBM
functions of bone marrow
hemopoiesis
phagocytosis of cellular debris/degenerating cells
storage and recycling of FE
production of antibodies (B cells -> plasma cells)
1st lymphoid organ to develop
thymus
Bilobed lymphoid organ
thymus
atrophies with age
thymus
why does thymus atrophies with age
fatty infiltration
lymphocyte depletion
color of thymus at birth
pinkish-gray
weight of thymus at birth
10-15g
maximum weight of thymus by puberty
30-40g
color of thymus as one ages (extensive fatty infiltration)
yellow
function of thymus
thymic education of thymocytes
Proliferation of clones of mature naïve T cells to supply the circulating lymphocyte pool and peripheral tissues
Secretion of thymosin and other soluble factors which regulate T cell maturation, proliferation, and function within the thymus and peripheral tissue
this percent of T cells survive their education
1-3 percent
hormone that regulates T cell maturation
thymosin
are the “in-line biological filters”
lymph nodes
Functions in defense against microorganisms and spread of tumor cells
lymph nodes
lymph node in the neck
cervical lymph node
lymph node above the clavicle
supraclavicular lymph node
lymph node in the armpits
axillary lymph note
ymph node in the abdomen
abdominal lymph node
lymph node in the groin
inguinal lymph node
lymph node in the femur
femoral lymph node
congregate in cortex when fighting off pathogen
lymphocytes
are concentrated in the medulla and cleanse lymph
macrophages
In the medulla there are two parts:
macrophages
reticular cells
function of lymph nodes
biological fitler of lymph
lymphocyte proliferation
transformation of B cells to plasma cells
largest lymphoid organ, only organ that intervenes with circulation
spleen
graveyard for RBCs
spleen
function in Phagocytosis of bacteria and worn-out RBCs and platelets
spleen
functions in immunity by acting as the site of B cell proliferation into plasma cells
spleen
Acts as the major site of antibody production
spleen
Stores and releases blood in times of demand, such as during hemorrhage
spleen
During fetal development participates in blood cell formation
spleen
Functions in protection against bacteria and other pathogens
MALT
include tonsils, peyer’s patches of small intestine, lymphoid aggregations
MALT
– mucous membrane that lines body cavities that opens to the outside
mucosa
are small lumps of hardened material that can form in the tonsils
tonsillolith
Are for general body protection, cells do not remember and proliferate
non-specific defenses
examples include barriers to entry or mechanical barriers
skin and mucous membranes
In the large intestine this normal flora is found
e-coli
e coli
escherichia coli
found in the vagina, maintains the slightly acidic pH of the vagina
lactobacilli
Antimicrobial molecules such as:
oil from sebaceous gland
lysozymes from mucous membranes
stomach acidic pH
Inflammatory responses
redness
heat
swelling
pain
vasodilator and encourages blood to go to a certain area
histamine
attract other WBCs in the infected site
cytokines
not only release cytokines, and eat pathogens, they also go back to the body tissues and insert themselves into the secondary lymphoid organs to activate other cells
macrophages and dendritic cells
Inhibits growth of some microorganisms
fevers
Promote accelerated tissue repair
fever
Facilitates phagocytosis of pathogens
fever
Stimulates immune cells to divide rapidly
fever
Increases production of viral-fighting interferons
fever
are big granulocytes
NK cells
Roam and patrol the body in search of target cells
NK cells
Releases proteins in the form of Granzymes and perforin
NK cells
tell the cell to undergo apoptosis
granzymes
poke holes in the cell to cause necrosis
perforins
produced by the body
autoantigens
can bind to a mast cell to stimulate more inflammatory chemicals (e.g. histamine and heparin)
complement proteins
produced and secreted by virus-infected cells
interferons
virus-infected cell helps other healthy cells by signaling the production of proteins against the virus
interferon framing
specific defenses RRR
recognize, respond, remember
can be foreign antigens or auto-antigen (self-antigen)
antigen
have antigen receptors
B and T cells
has a BCR (B cell receptor)
B cells
has a TCR (T cell receptor)
T cell
happens during maturation that there are specific B and/or T cells for any possible antigen people are likely to encounter during a lifetime
diversification
two types of immunity
antibody mediated immunity
cell-mediated immunity
the immunity of a person is because of antibodies
Antibody mediated immunity (B cells)
actual works of cells (T-cells) for immunity
cell-mediated immunity
humoral immunity wherein there is a clonal selection modal as it applies to B cells
b cells and antibody mediated immunity
Surface of receptors are ___ to the surface of the antigen
complementary
where the antigen chooses the b cell to be activated
antibody-mediated immunity
will undergo mitosis when the antigen is binded to the surface of the receptors to create
b cell
b cell will undergo mitosis when the antigen is binded to the surface of the receptors to create:
plasma cell
memory b cell
releases antibodies and undergo apoptosis
plasma cell
b cell that survives and remember the antigen
memory b cell
can be engulfed by phagocytes (eosinophils)
antibody-antigen complexes
in clonal selection theory, this will selects which lymphocyte will undergo clonal expansion and produce more lymphocytes
antigen
antibodies that activate phagocytosis, neutralizes antigens, protects newborn
Immunoglobulin-G (IgG)
present in fetal circulation in pregnant women
Immunoglobulin-G (IgG)
present in B lymphocyte surface (as a monomer)
IgM
first antibodies to be produced in an initial immune response; activates complement
IgM
structure is a monomer and is about 80% in the serum
IgG
structure is a pentamer and is about 5-10% in the serum
IgM
structure is a dimer or trimer with a secretory component and is about 10-15% in the serum
IgA
present in secretions (saliva, milk, tears, etc)
IgA
type of antibody that protects the surfaces of mucosa
IgA
antibody that is a monomer and is 0.2% in the serum
Igd
antibody that is a monomer and is 0.002% in the serum
IgE
antibody class present in the surface of B lymphocytes
IgD
type of antibody that functions as a receptor to antigens trigerring initial B cell activation
IgD
bound to the surface of mast cells and basophils
IgE
participates in allergy and destruction of parasitic worms
IgE
nutrient-rich first milk produced by breast during pregnancy
colostrum
kind of immunity where person produces own antibodies or thru immunization
active immunity
Long-lived immunity
active immunity
person is given prepared antibodies
passive immunity
short-live immunity
passive immunity
example is the antigens from breast milk
passive immunity
used in the emergency treatment of rabies, measles, tetanus, diphtheria, botulism, hepatitis A, and snakebites
artificial passive immunity
determine if B or T cell
antibody-mediated immunity against pathogens
B cell
determine if B or T cell
produced and mature in bone marow
B cell
determine if B or T cell
reside in lymph nodes and spleen; circulate in blood and lymph
b cell
determine if B or T cell
directly recognize antigen and undergo clonal selection
b cell
determine if B or T cell
clonal expansion produces antibody secreting plasma cells as well as memory b cells
b cell
determine if B or T cell
antigen must be presented by an antigen-presenting cell (APC)
T cell
where the antigen is first linked in the plasma membrane
histocompatibility complex protein
signaling chemicals that stimulate various immune cells
cytokines
if the antigen is presented in this groove, the T cell becomes a cytotoxic T cell
MHC I
if the antigen is presented in this groove, the T cell becomes a helper T cell
MHC II
capable of releasing granzymes and perforins (forms the membrane attack complex
cytotoxic t cell
destroy antigen-bearing cells, contains perforins and granzymes
cytotoxic t cell
regulate immunity by secreting cytokines
helper t cells
‘remember’ and ready to react to antigens in the future
memory t cells
identify if B or T cells
Cell-mediated immunity against virus-infected cells and cancer cells
t cells
identify if B or T cells
produced in bone marrow; mature in thymus
T cells
identify if B or T cells
antigen must be presented in groove of an MHC protein
t cells
destroy non-self antigen-bearing cells
cyototoxic t cells
secrete cytokines, which control immune response
helper t cells
composed of dendritic cells and macrophages
antigen-presenting cells (APC)
responsible for specific immunity
lymphyocytes
produce specific antibodies
plasma cells
produces plasma cells and memory B cells
b cells
ready to produce antibodies
memory cells
regulate immune response’ produce cytotoxic t cell, helper t cell, memory t cell
t cells
kills virus-infected and tumor cells
cytotoxic t cells
regulate immunity
helper t cells
ready to react to antigens in the future
memory t cells
phagocytize pathogens; inflammatory resposne and specific immunity
macrophages
phagocytize pathogens; inflammatory response and spefific immunity
dendritic cells
