Muscular System Flashcards
1
Q
function of muscular system (4)
A
movement
stabilization of body position
organ volume regulation
thermogenesis
2
Q
three types of muscle tissues
A
skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
3
Q
cell membrane of a muscle cell
A
sarcolemma
4
Q
cytoplasm of a muscle cell
A
sarcoplasm
5
Q
functional unit of a skeletal muscle
A
sarcomere
6
Q
outermost covering of a muscle
A
epimysium
7
Q
bundle of muscles
A
fascicle
8
Q
covers the fasciculi
A
perimysium
9
Q
myo means
A
fibers
10
Q
one fascicle is made up of these
A
myofibers
11
Q
bundle of thin and thick filaments
A
myofibril
12
Q
thick filaments
A
myosin
13
Q
thin filaments
A
actin
14
Q
each head has a ATP binding site and actin-binding site
A
myosin head
15
Q
myosin protein is made up of
A
myosin tail
myosin head
16
Q
circle-shaped in thin filaments, most numerous out of the proteins in thin filament
A
actin proteins
17
Q
rope-like structure in thin filaments
A
tropomyosin
18
Q
round-like structures in thin filaments
A
troponin
19
Q
red, attaches to the second protein, the tropomyosin
A
troponin T (TnT)
20
Q
violet
A
troponin C (TnC)
21
Q
blue
A
troponin I (TnI)
22
Q
binds to the troponin C, abundant in bones
A
calcium
23
Q
exposed after calcium binds to troponin C
A
myosin-binding site
24
Q
said to be regulatory since when the calcium is bound to the said complex, it exposes the myosin-binding sites in actin filaments
A
troponin-tropomyosin complex
25
boundary of a sarcomere
z-line
26
light bond, I means “isotropic” contains thin filaments
I bond
27
dark bond, A means “anisotropic”, contains both thin and thick filaments
a bond
28
contains the thick filaments
H zone
29
bisects the A bond and connects the thick filaments together
M zone
30
Two tubular systems associated with a sarcomere
transverse tubule
sarcoplasmic reticulum
31
at right angle to the sarcolemma
transverse tubule
32
just like the ER, but found within the muscle
sarcoplasmic reticulum
33
Stores the calcium ions
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
34
composes the triad along with the transverse tubule
terminal cisternae
35
association of one transverse tubule and two terminal cisternae of two adjacent sarcoplasmic reticulum
triad
36
three types of neurons
sensory
association
motor
37
neuron associated with a muscle
motor neuron
38
senses motor impulses from CNS to the muscle which results in contraction
motor neuron
39
communication between a motor neuron and the muscle
NMJ (neuromuscular junction)
40
axon further divides into these
axon terminals
41
end of the muscle
motor end plate
41
end of the muscle
motor end plate
42
end of the muscle
motor end plate
43
gap between the motor neuron and motor-end plate of a muscle
synaptic cleft
44
gap between the motor neuron and motor-end plate of a muscle
synaptic cleft
45
needed for muscle contraction
nerve impulses
46
opens when nerve impulses arrive
calcium channels
47
causes the release of neurotransmitters inside the synaptic vesicles
influx of calcium ions
48
contain acetylcholine (ACh)
synaptic vesicles
49
neurotransmitter that transmits the impulses from the motor neuron to the muscle
acetylcholine
50
its charge (outside + charge, inside – charge)
resting membrane potential
51
what happens to the membrane when the positive charged ions enter the inside of the muscle
depolarization
52
enters the muscle cell
sodium ion
53
where the impulse travels after depolarization
T tubule
54
when impusles arrive
calcium release channels
55
released after impulses opens the calcium release channels
calcium
56
provide the force essential for movement in all animals
muscles
57
use their endoskeleton in conjunction with muscles to move
vertebrates
58
usually elicited in response to the information provided by the central nervous system (CNS)
movement
59
in vertebrates, these move the body
striated skeletal muscles
60
move materials through tubular organs and change the size of tubular openings
smooth muscles
61
produces the beating of the heart
cardiac muscle
62
three pincipal kinds of animal movement
amoeboid movement
ciliary and flagellar movement
muscular movement
63
exhibited by amoebas, many wandering cells of higher animals (white blood cells and embryonic mesenchyme)
amoeboid movement
64
change their shape by sending out and withdrawing pseudopodia from any point on the cell surface
amoeboid cells
65
exhibited by protozoans and all major groups of animals, except nematodes and arthropods
ciliary movement
66
responsible for moving small animals such as protozoa through their aquatic habitat or in propelling fluids and materials across the epithelial surface of larger animals
cilia
67
Lines respiratory airways and prevent contaminants trapped in the mucus from reaching the lungs by sweeping mucus towards the throat
cilia
68
sweeping action of ciliated cells lining the female reproductive tract facilitates the conduction of these towards the oviducts and eventually to the uterus
egg cell
69
exhibited by flagellated protozoa, animal spermatozoa, and sponges
flagellar movement
70
whip-like structure longer than a cilium and usually present in singly or in small numbers at one end of a cell
flagellum
71
are structurally the same and only differ in their beating pattern
cilia and flagella
72
beats symmetrically with snake-like undulation
flagellum
73
Water is propelled parallel to the long axis of this
flagellum
74
beats asymmetrically with a fast power stroke in one direction followed by a slow recovery during which the it
bends as it returns to its original position
cilium
75
in these, the water is propelled parallel to the ciliated surface
cilium
76
brought about by the contraction of muscle cells or fibers;
muscular movement
77
muscle fibers do this as they contract
shorten
78
exhibited by the rest of the members of the animal kingdom
muscular movement
79
type of invertebrate muscle
bivalve molluscan muscles
insect flight muscle
80
capable of rapid contraction due to the presence of sliding thin and thick filaments, which aid the invertebrate to snap shut it valves when under stressed or disturbed condition
striated muscles
81
capable of slow yet long-lasting contraction, due to the intermediate filaments
smooth muscles
82
aid the invertebrate to keep it valves tightly shut for hours or even days
intermediate filaments
83
fibrillar muscle contracts at frequencies greater than 1,000 beats per second
insect flight muscle
84
named this because it is attached to the skeleton and makes possible the movement of trunk; and other obdy parts
skeletal muscle
85
consists skeletal muscles, which are large, striated, cylindrical and multinucleated cells that develop through the fusion of many individual cells
muscle fibers
86
muscle fibers bundled together by a connective tissue
fascicle
87
where most skeletal muscles taper, where they connect to bones by tendons
ends
88
contract powerfully and quickly but fatigue more quickly than does smooth muscle
skeletal muscles
89
skeletal muscles are also called this because they are stimulated by motor fibers and are under conscious cerebral control
voluntary muscles
90
also called heart muscle, is striated, uninucleated, and is composed of branching cell fibers that give cardiac muscle an ability to resist tearing, making heart walls tolerant of high pressures
cardiac muscle
91
provides strong mechanical adhesions between adjacent cardiac muscle cells, contains gap junctions for rapid conduction of impulses
intercalated disk
92
are tissues that cardiac muscle share characteristics with
skeletal and smooth
93
characteristics of skeletal muscle that cardiac muscle shares
fast acting and striated
94
characteristics of smooth muscle that cardiac muscle shares
involuntary
95
specialized cardiac muscle cells that enables muscle contraction
pacemaker cells
96
Initiate the rhythmic contractions of the heart
pacemaker cells
97
non-striated with long, tapering single-nucleated cells that are found encircling the walls of hollow, internal organs
smooth muscle
98
in smooth muscles, are not obvious when cells are viewed under light microscope since filaments of actin and myosin are not as regularly arranged unliked in striated muscle type
contractile machinery
99
primary function of smooth muscle
movement of material
peristalsis
sustained contraction
100
series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract
peristalsis
101
regulation of the opening of certain organs (e.g. arteries)
sustained contraction
102
usually slow acting and can maintain prolonged contractions with very little energy expenditure
smooth muscle
103
controls the smooth muscle, thus its contractions are involuntary and unconscious
autonomic nervous system
104
function of muscles that rely on the integrative functioning of bones, joints and skeletal muscles
movement
105
function of muscles where there is a maintenance of posture
stabilization of body positions
106
contracts to maintain the upright position of the head
sternocleidomastoid
107
function of muscles where there is exemplified regulation of contents of urinary bladder, gall blader, heart, etc.
organ volume regulation
108
function of muscles where contraction generates 85% of body heat
thermogenesis
109
how much body heat is generated by muscles
85 percent
110
structure of striated muscle that is covered by epimysium and consist of many fascicles/fasciculi
muscle
111
joined together by perimysium and consist of many myofibers
perimysium
112
joined together by endomysium; actually a muscle cell covered by sarcolemma; consist of many myofibrils
myofibers
113
made up of myofilaments (thin and thick filaments)
myofibrils
114
thin filaments are made up of 3 proteins
actin
troponin
tropomyosin
115
possess the myosin binding sites which are covered by troponin-tropomyosin complex during muscle relaxation
actin proteins
116
covers the myosin binding sites of thin filaments
troponin-tropomyosin
117
made up of myosin proteins organized into heads (crossbridges) and tails
thick filaments (myosin)
118
bind to the myosin binding sites on actin molecules during muscle contraction
myosin heads
119
organized to become the functional unit of a muscle
thin and thick filaments
120
functional unit of a muscle
sarcomere
121
formed from the organization of thin and thick filaments into units
sarcomere
122
overlapping banded structures of sarcomere create these among skeletal and cardiac muscles
striations
123
parts of a sarcomere
z lines
a bands
m line
i bands
elastic filaments
124
bind sarcomeres together on one side; boundaries of a sarcomere
z lines
125
also called dark bands; made up of thick filaments and portions of thin filaments
a bands
126
bisects the A bands and connect them to one another
m lines
127
also called light bands; made up of thin filaments only
i bands
128
composed of protein titin/connectin which anchors the thick filaments to the Z discs to stabilize their positions
elastic filament
129
Two tubular system associated with the sarcomere
transverse tubule
sarcoplasmic reticulum
130
actually an invagination of the sarcolemma covering the myofiber
transverse (T) tubule
131
penetrates into the cell and runs between the SR; where nerve impulses travel towards the interior of the cell
transverse (T) tubule
132
releases Ca2+ during contraction, and sequesters the same during relaxation
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
133
generation and travel of action potentials/nerve impulses to here
axon terminal
134
nerve impulses cause entrance of these into the axon terminal and release of neurotransmitters
calcium ions
135
neurotransmitters that are released from the synaptic vesicles through exocytosis
acetylcholine (ACh)
136
binding of ACh here located in the motor end plate of the sarcolemma
receptors
137
there is a generation and travel of action potentials here when ACh bind to receptors
transverse tubule
138
what happens when there is an opening of the channels in the terminal cisternae of the SR
release of calcium ions/calcium flood
139
where Ca2+ binds to expose the myosin binding sites
troponin-tropomyosin complex
140
this undergo a conformational change in their shape and slide away from the chain of the actin proteins, thus exposing the myosin binding sites
regulatory proteins
141
charged with energy from ATP, bind to the myosin binding sites on actin proteins
myosin heads
142
perform powerstroke and pull on actin threads towards the center of the sarcomere
myosin molecules
143
move toward the M line when myosin molecules pull on actin threads
i bands
144
these shorten to generate force when the myosin molecules pull on actin threads
sarcomeres
145
slide inward when the myosin molecules pull on these
actin threads
146
come toward each other when the myosin molecules pull on actin threads
z discs
147
characteristic of thin and thick filaments that do not change
length
148
what slide when myosin molecules pull on actin threads
filaments
149
synaptic cleft that breaks down ACh and returns it to the axon terminal
acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
150
binds to myosin heads and the myosin heads detach from the myosin binding sites on actin molecules
ATP
151
detaches from the troponin-tropomyosin complex and this protein regulatory complex slides back covering the myosin building sites on actin molecules
calcium
152
where Ca2+ is sequestered back by Ca2+ active transport pumps
sarcoplasmic reticulum
153
number of muscles in vertebrates
620 muscles
154
fibers are diagonal to the midline
oblique
155
fibers are parallel to the midline
rectus
156
fibers are perpendicular to the middle
transverse
157
– shortest
– longest
– largest
– smalles
– larger
– smaller
brevis – shortest
longus – longest
maximus – largest
minimus – smalles
major – larger
minor – smaller
158
– two head
– three heads
– four heads
biceps – two head
triceps – three heads
quadriceps – four heads
159
diamond-shaped
rhomboideus
160
saw-toothed
serratus
161
triangular
deltoid
162
trapezoid
trapezius
163
originates on the sternum and clavicle, inserts on mastoid process of the temporal bone
sternocleidomasteoid
164
originates on thyroid cartilage of larynx, inserts on greater horn of hyoid bone
thyrohyoid
165
bends a part
flexor
166
straightens a part
extensor
167
move a part away from the midline
abductor
168
move a part towards the midline
adductor
169
raises a part
levator
170
lowers a part
depressor
171
turns palm upward
supinator
172
turns palm downward
pronator
173
decreases the size of an opening
sphincter
174
makes a part more rigid
tensor
175
rotates a part
rotator
