Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fundamentals of Zoology > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

function of muscular system (4)

A

movement
stabilization of body position
organ volume regulation
thermogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

three types of muscle tissues

A

skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cell membrane of a muscle cell

A

sarcolemma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cytoplasm of a muscle cell

A

sarcoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

functional unit of a skeletal muscle

A

sarcomere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

outermost covering of a muscle

A

epimysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

bundle of muscles

A

fascicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

covers the fasciculi

A

perimysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

myo means

A

fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

one fascicle is made up of these

A

myofibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

bundle of thin and thick filaments

A

myofibril

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

thick filaments

A

myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

thin filaments

A

actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

each head has a ATP binding site and actin-binding site

A

myosin head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

myosin protein is made up of

A

myosin tail
myosin head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

circle-shaped in thin filaments, most numerous out of the proteins in thin filament

A

actin proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

rope-like structure in thin filaments

A

tropomyosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

round-like structures in thin filaments

A

troponin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

red, attaches to the second protein, the tropomyosin

A

troponin T (TnT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

violet

A

troponin C (TnC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

blue

A

troponin I (TnI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

binds to the troponin C, abundant in bones

A

calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

exposed after calcium binds to troponin C

A

myosin-binding site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

said to be regulatory since when the calcium is bound to the said complex, it exposes the myosin-binding sites in actin filaments

A

troponin-tropomyosin complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

boundary of a sarcomere

A

z-line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

light bond, I means “isotropic” contains thin filaments

A

I bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

dark bond, A means “anisotropic”, contains both thin and thick filaments

A

a bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

contains the thick filaments

A

H zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

bisects the A bond and connects the thick filaments together

A

M zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Two tubular systems associated with a sarcomere

A

transverse tubule
sarcoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

at right angle to the sarcolemma

A

transverse tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

just like the ER, but found within the muscle

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Stores the calcium ions

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

composes the triad along with the transverse tubule

A

terminal cisternae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

association of one transverse tubule and two terminal cisternae of two adjacent sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

triad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

three types of neurons

A

sensory
association
motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

neuron associated with a muscle

A

motor neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

senses motor impulses from CNS to the muscle which results in contraction

A

motor neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

communication between a motor neuron and the muscle

A

NMJ (neuromuscular junction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

axon further divides into these

A

axon terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

end of the muscle

A

motor end plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

end of the muscle

A

motor end plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

end of the muscle

A

motor end plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

gap between the motor neuron and motor-end plate of a muscle

A

synaptic cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

gap between the motor neuron and motor-end plate of a muscle

A

synaptic cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

needed for muscle contraction

A

nerve impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

opens when nerve impulses arrive

A

calcium channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

causes the release of neurotransmitters inside the synaptic vesicles

A

influx of calcium ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

contain acetylcholine (ACh)

A

synaptic vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

neurotransmitter that transmits the impulses from the motor neuron to the muscle

A

acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

its charge (outside + charge, inside – charge)

A

resting membrane potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what happens to the membrane when the positive charged ions enter the inside of the muscle

A

depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

enters the muscle cell

A

sodium ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

where the impulse travels after depolarization

A

T tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

when impusles arrive

A

calcium release channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

released after impulses opens the calcium release channels

A

calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

provide the force essential for movement in all animals

A

muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

use their endoskeleton in conjunction with muscles to move

A

vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

usually elicited in response to the information provided by the central nervous system (CNS)

A

movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

in vertebrates, these move the body

A

striated skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

move materials through tubular organs and change the size of tubular openings

A

smooth muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

produces the beating of the heart

A

cardiac muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

three pincipal kinds of animal movement

A

amoeboid movement
ciliary and flagellar movement
muscular movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

exhibited by amoebas, many wandering cells of higher animals (white blood cells and embryonic mesenchyme)

A

amoeboid movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

change their shape by sending out and withdrawing pseudopodia from any point on the cell surface

A

amoeboid cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

exhibited by protozoans and all major groups of animals, except nematodes and arthropods

A

ciliary movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

responsible for moving small animals such as protozoa through their aquatic habitat or in propelling fluids and materials across the epithelial surface of larger animals

A

cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Lines respiratory airways and prevent contaminants trapped in the mucus from reaching the lungs by sweeping mucus towards the throat

A

cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

sweeping action of ciliated cells lining the female reproductive tract facilitates the conduction of these towards the oviducts and eventually to the uterus

A

egg cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

exhibited by flagellated protozoa, animal spermatozoa, and sponges

A

flagellar movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

whip-like structure longer than a cilium and usually present in singly or in small numbers at one end of a cell

A

flagellum

71
Q

are structurally the same and only differ in their beating pattern

A

cilia and flagella

72
Q

beats symmetrically with snake-like undulation

A

flagellum

73
Q

Water is propelled parallel to the long axis of this

A

flagellum

74
Q

beats asymmetrically with a fast power stroke in one direction followed by a slow recovery during which the it
bends as it returns to its original position

A

cilium

75
Q

in these, the water is propelled parallel to the ciliated surface

A

cilium

76
Q

brought about by the contraction of muscle cells or fibers;

A

muscular movement

77
Q

muscle fibers do this as they contract

A

shorten

78
Q

exhibited by the rest of the members of the animal kingdom

A

muscular movement

79
Q

type of invertebrate muscle

A

bivalve molluscan muscles
insect flight muscle

80
Q

capable of rapid contraction due to the presence of sliding thin and thick filaments, which aid the invertebrate to snap shut it valves when under stressed or disturbed condition

A

striated muscles

81
Q

capable of slow yet long-lasting contraction, due to the intermediate filaments

A

smooth muscles

82
Q

aid the invertebrate to keep it valves tightly shut for hours or even days

A

intermediate filaments

83
Q

fibrillar muscle contracts at frequencies greater than 1,000 beats per second

A

insect flight muscle

84
Q

named this because it is attached to the skeleton and makes possible the movement of trunk; and other obdy parts

A

skeletal muscle

85
Q

consists skeletal muscles, which are large, striated, cylindrical and multinucleated cells that develop through the fusion of many individual cells

A

muscle fibers

86
Q

muscle fibers bundled together by a connective tissue

A

fascicle

87
Q

where most skeletal muscles taper, where they connect to bones by tendons

A

ends

88
Q

contract powerfully and quickly but fatigue more quickly than does smooth muscle

A

skeletal muscles

89
Q

skeletal muscles are also called this because they are stimulated by motor fibers and are under conscious cerebral control

A

voluntary muscles

90
Q

also called heart muscle, is striated, uninucleated, and is composed of branching cell fibers that give cardiac muscle an ability to resist tearing, making heart walls tolerant of high pressures

A

cardiac muscle

91
Q

provides strong mechanical adhesions between adjacent cardiac muscle cells, contains gap junctions for rapid conduction of impulses

A

intercalated disk

92
Q

are tissues that cardiac muscle share characteristics with

A

skeletal and smooth

93
Q

characteristics of skeletal muscle that cardiac muscle shares

A

fast acting and striated

94
Q

characteristics of smooth muscle that cardiac muscle shares

A

involuntary

95
Q

specialized cardiac muscle cells that enables muscle contraction

A

pacemaker cells

96
Q

Initiate the rhythmic contractions of the heart

A

pacemaker cells

97
Q

non-striated with long, tapering single-nucleated cells that are found encircling the walls of hollow, internal organs

A

smooth muscle

98
Q

in smooth muscles, are not obvious when cells are viewed under light microscope since filaments of actin and myosin are not as regularly arranged unliked in striated muscle type

A

contractile machinery

99
Q

primary function of smooth muscle

A

movement of material
peristalsis
sustained contraction

100
Q

series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract

A

peristalsis

101
Q

regulation of the opening of certain organs (e.g. arteries)

A

sustained contraction

102
Q

usually slow acting and can maintain prolonged contractions with very little energy expenditure

A

smooth muscle

103
Q

controls the smooth muscle, thus its contractions are involuntary and unconscious

A

autonomic nervous system

104
Q

function of muscles that rely on the integrative functioning of bones, joints and skeletal muscles

A

movement

105
Q

function of muscles where there is a maintenance of posture

A

stabilization of body positions

106
Q

contracts to maintain the upright position of the head

A

sternocleidomastoid

107
Q

function of muscles where there is exemplified regulation of contents of urinary bladder, gall blader, heart, etc.

A

organ volume regulation

108
Q

function of muscles where contraction generates 85% of body heat

A

thermogenesis

109
Q

how much body heat is generated by muscles

A

85 percent

110
Q

structure of striated muscle that is covered by epimysium and consist of many fascicles/fasciculi

A

muscle

111
Q

joined together by perimysium and consist of many myofibers

A

perimysium

112
Q

joined together by endomysium; actually a muscle cell covered by sarcolemma; consist of many myofibrils

A

myofibers

113
Q

made up of myofilaments (thin and thick filaments)

A

myofibrils

114
Q

thin filaments are made up of 3 proteins

A

actin
troponin
tropomyosin

115
Q

possess the myosin binding sites which are covered by troponin-tropomyosin complex during muscle relaxation

A

actin proteins

116
Q

covers the myosin binding sites of thin filaments

A

troponin-tropomyosin

117
Q

made up of myosin proteins organized into heads (crossbridges) and tails

A

thick filaments (myosin)

118
Q

bind to the myosin binding sites on actin molecules during muscle contraction

A

myosin heads

119
Q

organized to become the functional unit of a muscle

A

thin and thick filaments

120
Q

functional unit of a muscle

A

sarcomere

121
Q

formed from the organization of thin and thick filaments into units

A

sarcomere

122
Q

overlapping banded structures of sarcomere create these among skeletal and cardiac muscles

A

striations

123
Q

parts of a sarcomere

A

z lines
a bands
m line
i bands
elastic filaments

124
Q

bind sarcomeres together on one side; boundaries of a sarcomere

A

z lines

125
Q

also called dark bands; made up of thick filaments and portions of thin filaments

A

a bands

126
Q

bisects the A bands and connect them to one another

A

m lines

127
Q

also called light bands; made up of thin filaments only

A

i bands

128
Q

composed of protein titin/connectin which anchors the thick filaments to the Z discs to stabilize their positions

A

elastic filament

129
Q

Two tubular system associated with the sarcomere

A

transverse tubule
sarcoplasmic reticulum

130
Q

actually an invagination of the sarcolemma covering the myofiber

A

transverse (T) tubule

131
Q

penetrates into the cell and runs between the SR; where nerve impulses travel towards the interior of the cell

A

transverse (T) tubule

132
Q

releases Ca2+ during contraction, and sequesters the same during relaxation

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

133
Q

generation and travel of action potentials/nerve impulses to here

A

axon terminal

134
Q

nerve impulses cause entrance of these into the axon terminal and release of neurotransmitters

A

calcium ions

135
Q

neurotransmitters that are released from the synaptic vesicles through exocytosis

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

136
Q

binding of ACh here located in the motor end plate of the sarcolemma

A

receptors

137
Q

there is a generation and travel of action potentials here when ACh bind to receptors

A

transverse tubule

138
Q

what happens when there is an opening of the channels in the terminal cisternae of the SR

A

release of calcium ions/calcium flood

139
Q

where Ca2+ binds to expose the myosin binding sites

A

troponin-tropomyosin complex

140
Q

this undergo a conformational change in their shape and slide away from the chain of the actin proteins, thus exposing the myosin binding sites

A

regulatory proteins

141
Q

charged with energy from ATP, bind to the myosin binding sites on actin proteins

A

myosin heads

142
Q

perform powerstroke and pull on actin threads towards the center of the sarcomere

A

myosin molecules

143
Q

move toward the M line when myosin molecules pull on actin threads

A

i bands

144
Q

these shorten to generate force when the myosin molecules pull on actin threads

A

sarcomeres

145
Q

slide inward when the myosin molecules pull on these

A

actin threads

146
Q

come toward each other when the myosin molecules pull on actin threads

A

z discs

147
Q

characteristic of thin and thick filaments that do not change

A

length

148
Q

what slide when myosin molecules pull on actin threads

A

filaments

149
Q

synaptic cleft that breaks down ACh and returns it to the axon terminal

A

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

150
Q

binds to myosin heads and the myosin heads detach from the myosin binding sites on actin molecules

A

ATP

151
Q

detaches from the troponin-tropomyosin complex and this protein regulatory complex slides back covering the myosin building sites on actin molecules

A

calcium

152
Q

where Ca2+ is sequestered back by Ca2+ active transport pumps

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

153
Q

number of muscles in vertebrates

A

620 muscles

154
Q

fibers are diagonal to the midline

A

oblique

155
Q

fibers are parallel to the midline

A

rectus

156
Q

fibers are perpendicular to the middle

A

transverse

157
Q

– shortest
– longest
– largest
– smalles
– larger
– smaller

A

brevis – shortest
longus – longest
maximus – largest
minimus – smalles
major – larger
minor – smaller

158
Q

– two head
– three heads
– four heads

A

biceps – two head
triceps – three heads
quadriceps – four heads

159
Q

diamond-shaped

A

rhomboideus

160
Q

saw-toothed

A

serratus

161
Q

triangular

A

deltoid

162
Q

trapezoid

A

trapezius

163
Q

originates on the sternum and clavicle, inserts on mastoid process of the temporal bone

A

sternocleidomasteoid

164
Q

originates on thyroid cartilage of larynx, inserts on greater horn of hyoid bone

A

thyrohyoid

165
Q

bends a part

A

flexor

166
Q

straightens a part

A

extensor

167
Q

move a part away from the midline

A

abductor

168
Q

move a part towards the midline

A

adductor

169
Q

raises a part

A

levator

170
Q

lowers a part

A

depressor

171
Q

turns palm upward

A

supinator

172
Q

turns palm downward

A

pronator

173
Q

decreases the size of an opening

A

sphincter

174
Q

makes a part more rigid

A

tensor

175
Q

rotates a part

A

rotator

Fundamentals of Zoology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions