Respiratory System Flashcards
two types of respiration
direct
indirect
happens between the environment and lungs
external respiration
two types of indirect respiration
external
internal
characteristic of a good respiratory organ in terms of its surface and thickness
thin and moist surface
characteristic of a good respiratory organ in terms of its surface area
large surface area
characteristic of a good respiratory organ in terms of its vascularity
highly vascularized
characteristic of a good respiratory organ in terms of its elasticity
highly elastic
characteristic of a good respiratory organ in terms of its permeability
permeable
invertebrate respiratory structures include the following:
cell membrane
epidermis
tracheal system
respiratory organ in amoeba
cell membrane
respiratory organs for more complex invertebrates
epidermis
respiratory structures of arthropods
tracheal system
tiny opening in ants and grasshoppers
spiracle
branches to become tracheoles
trachea
will terminate to go to the cells
tracheoles
vertebrate respiratory structures
skin respiration
tidal ventilation mechanism
respiratory structures utilized by amphibians
skin respiration
amphibians include
frogs
toads
salamanders
caecilian
used by fishes in respiration, extension of pharynx (throat)
gills
gill cover of fishes
operculum
fishes exhibit these
countercurrent exchange
able to pick up 80 to 90 percent O2 in water
blood
two-way respiratory system
tidal ventilation system
in them, there is a one-way ventilation system
birds
in their respiratory structure, there is a higher partial pressure of oxygen with each breath
birds
three parts of pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
respiratory tract above the true vocal cords to the nose
upper respiratory tract
respiratory tract below the true vocal cords (trachea to bronchi)
lower respiratory tract
how many lobar bronchi in the right lung
3 lobar bronchi
how many lobar bronchi in the left lung
2 lobar bronchi
three lobes of the right lung
superior
middle
inferior
two lobes of the left lung
superior
inferior
segmental bronchus after secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchus
how many tertiary bronchi in total
18
how many tertiary bronchi in the right lung
10
how many tertiary bronchioles in the left lung
8
describe the respiration occuring starting from the bronchioles to the alveoli
bronchioles - terminal bronchiole - respiratory bronchiole - alveolar duct - alveoli
respiratory parts in the respiratory system (3)
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar duct
alveoli
part of the respiratory system starting from the mouth to terminal bronchioles
conducting parts
approximately # of alveoli
300 million
total cross-sectional area of the lungs
50-70m^2
part of the lung that has a cardiac notch for the heart
left lung
1 RBC contains how many hemoglobin
250-280 million
Hemoglobin can carry how much oxygen
4 oxygen
O2 + Hb = ?
HBO2 (oxyhemoglobin)
CO2 + HB = ?
HbCO2 (carbaminohemoglobin)
how carbon dioxide is expired (4 steps)
Cells produce CO2
CO2 is dissolved in interstitial fluid
30% is transported as HbCO2
70% is transported as HCO3
HCO3 is what
carbonate
– muscles in between ribs
intercostal muscles
Intrapulmonary volume ____ in inspiration
increases
relation of IPV and IPP
IPV increases IPP decreases
IPV decreases IPP increases (inspiration or expiration)?
(expiration)
occurs during sleeping, abnormally slow breathing rate
bradypnea
faster respiratory rate
tachypnea
a common condition in which your breathing stops
apnea
supplies the body with the required oxygen (O2) upon inhalation and removes from it the metabolic waste product, carbon dioxide (CO2)
respiratory system
its availability allows for the continuous oxidation of nutrient molecules during aerobic respiration resulting in the adequate production of ATP
oxygen
require to perform and maintain all their metabolic processes
atp
occurs across different respiratory surfaces depending on the body structure and respiratory needs of animals
respiration
refers to the process by which exchange of gases occurs across a respiratory surface
respiration
refers to the animal’s gas exchange site where oxygen diffuses across cell membranes into the animal and where carbon dioxide diffuses into the outside environment
respiratory surface
two types of respiration
direct
indirect
process where exchange of gases between the organism and the environment occurs across the body surface of organism
direct respiration
Exemplified by the protozoa and flatworms
direct respiration
process where exchange of gases occurs across a respiratory surface that is located within the body of the organism
indirect respiration
Exemplified by vertebrates
indirect respiration
phases of indirect respiration
external respiration
internal respiration
Gas exchange between environment and respiratory surface
external respiration/breathing
gas exchange between blood cells and body cells
internal respiration
Invertebrate respiratory surfaces include
plasma membrane
skin/integument
tracheae
used by single celled protists and some multicellular invertebrates
plasma membrane
Invertebrates that exhibit plasma membrane respiration
protozoa
flatworms
hydra sp
used by organisms that live in water in damp places
skin integument
invertebrates that exhibit skin/integument respiration
annelids
in them, the skin is lined with a single layer of cells through which oxygen diffuses into a network of capillaries underneath the skin
earthworms
in them, the skin is lined with a single layer of cells through which oxygen diffuses into a network of capillaries underneath the skin
earthworms
in them, the skin is lined with a single layer of cells through which oxygen diffuses into a network of capillaries underneath the skin
earthworms
used by terrestrial arthropods
tracheae respiration
tracheae respiration is an extensive system of internal tubes that open externally through holes called
spiracles
smallest end channels that are less than 1 um in diameter
tracheoles
tracheoles that sink into cell membranes of the body cells end up here
tiny air capillaries
branch throughout the body, exchanging gas directly with body cells and requiring no assistance from circulatory system
tracheae
these respiratory organs among invertebrates may be classified into internal and external
gills
highly branched and folded elaborations of the body surface that provide a large surface area for gas exchange with water
external gills
Found in larval amphibians and many insect species
external gills
are found in arthropods and fishes
internal gills
there are two types of lungs in invertebrates:
book lung
pulmonated lung
paired invaginations of the ventral body wall that are folded into a series of leaf-like lamellae
book lung
where air enters the book lung and circulates between lamellae
spiracle
where respiratory gases diffuse between these moving along the lamellae and the air in the air chamber (invertebrates)
hemolymph
used by land snails and slugs
pulmonated lung
a pore where the pulmonated lung is opened to the outside
pneumostome
used by frogs, toads, lungless salamanders, and newts to breathe
cutaneous body surface
used by adult fishes to breathe
internal lamellar gills
internal lamellar gills has how many gill arches and rows of gill filaments
four gill arches
eight rows of gill filaments (two rows in each gill arch)
bear rows of evenly spaced folds (lamellae)
gill filaments
the actual gas exchange surface in gills
lamellae
gas exchange mechanism where the blood flow across the lamellae is in the direction opposite to the water flow to the lamellae
countercurrent exhcange mechanism
as two fluids pass each other, their opposite flow maintain a _____ that facilitate the transfer of the substance
diffusion gradient
the water that passes over the gills first encounter ____ hat are transporting blood of low oxygen concentration in to the body
afferent vessels
because of this pressure of oxygen is lower than the blood in water, oxygen diffuses into the blood
partial pressure
where water passes through these carrying blood relatively high in oxygen from deep within the body
efferent vessels
diffuses into the water because its concentration (pressure) is higher in the blood than in the water
carbon dioxide
used by many amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
lungs
can be efficiently ventilated by movements of respiratory muscle
vertebrate lungs
the human respiratory system is lined by these from the nasal cavity all the way to the lungs
moist mucus-secreting epithelium
two components of the nose
external nares
nasal cavity
the only opening of the respiratory system to the outside through which air passes in and out of the body
external nares
air from the environment is filtered, warmed, humidified, and sampled for odor as it passes through its spaces
nasal cavity
air can also be drawn through this, but breathing through this does not allow to be processed by nasal cavity
mouth
common passageway for food and air
pharynx
also called throat
pharynx
contains the vocal cords, the air passage leading to the trachea
larynx
also called voice box or Adam’s apple
larynx
mucous membrane folds supported by elastic ligaments
vocal cords
stretched across the glottis
elastic ligaments
opening leading to the larynx
glottis
what makes the sounds when the air passes through the glottis
vibration
tube held open by c-shaped rings of cartilages
trachea
also called windpipe
trachea
the trachea is provided with these to keep the lungs clean by sweeping mucus and debris towards the throat
ciliated epithelium
paired tubes, formed as trachea divides that lead separately into the right and left lungs
bronchi
maintains the shape of the bronchi, which eventually disappears as bronchi divide and produce thinner and smaller air passage
cartilage
bronchi is divided into
primary
secondary
tertiary
thinnest and smallest air passage within the lungs that lead via alveolar ducts to the air sacs
bronchioles
called air sacs, makes up the lungs
alveoli
reside in the chest cavity, which is bounded on the top by the shoulder girdle, on the side by the rib cage, and the bottom by the diaphragm
lungs
highly elastic, cone-shaped organs
lungs
lines the lungs
visceral pleura
thin, domed sheet of muscle
diaphragm
the lobe is further divided into these, each of which has a bronchiole serving many alveoli
lobules
lungs are generally made up of these (2)
air sacs
capillaries
consist of simple squamous epithelium also called alveoli
air sacs/alveolar sacs
surrounds the air sacs whose walls are lined with thin endothelium
capillaries
occurs between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries
gas exchange
lungs are provided with these
surfactant
type of ventilation in dead-end sacs
tidal
alternation of inhalation and exhalation providing the lungs with oxygen-rich air and removing the carbon dioxide-rich gas mixture that remains after gas exchange occurred in the alveoli
breathing
contract to expand the volume of pleural cavities by lifting the ribs up and outward
intercostal muscles
its contraction expands the volume of the thoracic and pleural cavities by pulling itself down
diaphragm
Flattens upon contraction
diaphragm
during inhalation what happens to the lungs
expand
what enlarges during inhalation
pleural cavity (rib cage)
thoracic cavity (chest cavity)
what pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure, creating a vacuum
negative pressure
Reduces the volume of the pleural thoracic cavity by pulling the ribs down and inward
relaxation of internal intercostal muscles
Reduces the volume of thoracic cavity by moving up i.e. assuming the original dome-shaped appearance
relaxation of the diaphragm
Air pressure inside lungs is (higher/lower) atmospheric pressure during exhalation
higher
what does the elastic lungs do during exhalation
deflate and push air out of the airways
maximum volume of air that can be moved in and out during a single breath
vital capacity
average vital capacity amount
3,500-4,000cc
Sum of tidal, complemental, and supplemental air
vital capacity
amount of air moved in and out with each breath when we are at rest
tidal volume
how much cc of air in a tidal volume
500
amount inhaled and exhaled can be increased by this
deep breathing
amount of air that is taken during deepest inspiration
inspiratory reserve volume/complemental air
how many cc of air in a complemental air
1500-1800cc
amount of air that is given off during the most forcible expiration
expiratory reserve volume/supplemental air
how many cc of air in a supplemental air
about 1500-1800cc
volume of air that remains in the lungs after the most forcible expiration/exhalation possible
residual volume
how many cc of air in a residual volume
1000-1200cc
composed of residual volume + supplemental air
reserved air
about how many cc in reserved air
3000cc
amount of air that is left in the lungs after the removal of supplemental and residual air
minimal air
when these collapse, air is trapped within the lungs
small bronchi
sum of residual volume, expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume
total lung capacity
amount of total lung capacity in cc
4,500-5,200cc
Have anterior and posterior air sacs that allow to flow unidirectionally through the lungs, rather than having to flow in and out through the same air ways, as it does in mammalian lungs
bird lungs
Expand and contract less during breathing cycles than mammalian lungs do
bird lungs
Contract during inhalation and expand during exhalation
bird lungs
regulates breathing
autonomic nervous system
increase in response to the greater demand of exchange of gases to meet the organism’s O2 need and CO2 elimination
depth and frequency of breathing
where the breathing control centers are located
medulla oblongata
nerves from the medulla’s control center signal this and the rib muscles to contract during inhalation
diaphragm
Between inhalations, this muscle relax and the body exhales
diaphragm
the medulla’s control center also monitors this characteristic of the blood and of the cerebrospinal fluid, thereby regulating the amount of CO2 to be eliminated from the body
pH
as CO2 increases in the blood, the blood pH ___
drops
the CO2 reacts with this in the blood to form carbonic acid
water
lowers pH of the blood and cerebrospinal fluid
carbonic acid
what does the breathing control centers in the medulla do to regulate the pH
increased breathing rate and depth
purge the blood of so much CO2 that the control centers temporary cease to send signals to the rib muscles and diaphragm
hyperventilation
breathing resumes when CO2 levels ___ enough to stimulate breathing centers again
increases
breathing control centers usually respond directly to this
co2 levels
respiratory rate from birth to six months
30 to 60 breaths per minute
respiratory rate after six months of birth
24-30 breaths per minute
respiratory rate from 1-5yo
20-30 breaths per minute
respiratory rate from 6-12yo
12-20bpm
respiratory rate of over 12 to adults
14-18bpm
alveoli fill with pus and fluid, making gas exchange difficult
pneumonia
fibrous connective tissue builds up in the lungs, reducing their elasticityp
pulmonary fibrosis
tubercles encapsulate and elasticity of lungs is reduced
pulmonary tuberculosis
alveoli burst and fuse into enlarged air spaces. Surface area for gas exchange is reduced
emphysema
airways are inflamed due to infection (acute) or due to an irritant (chronic). Coughing brings up mucus and pus
bronchitis
airways are inflamed due to irritation, and bronchioles constrict due to muscle spa
ashtma
- The following serves as temporary storage of certain substances/materials, except?
a. Gall bladder
b. Large intestine
c. Esophagus
d. Stomach
esophagus
- These are the folds of the stomach which increase surface are for digestion and limited absorption
a. Villi
b. Haustra
c. Microvilli
d. Rugae
rugae
- Exchange of gases happens in all of these, except?
a. Respiratory bronchiole
b. Alveolus
c. Alveolar duct
d. Terminal bronchiole
terminal bronchiole
- Which part of the respiratory system is composed of C-shaped cartilaginous rings and cilia?
a. Pharynx
b. Trachea
c. Larynx
d. Bronchioles
trachea
- Which of the following includes the other two?
a. Large intestine
b. Jejunum
c. Duodenum
d. Small intestine
small intestine
- Food is prevented from entering the trachea by the
a. Saliva
b. Larynx
c. Pharynx
d. Epiglottis
e. Bronchioles
epiglottis
- When the pressure in the lungs fall below atmospheric pressure
a. Nothing will happen
b. Breathing will stop
c. Inspiration will occur
d. Expiration will occur
inspiration will occur
- The entrance and exit of air is called
a. Cellular respiration
b. External respiration
c. Internal respiration
d. Air conditioning
e. Pulmonary ventilation
pulmonary ventilation
- Air still remaining in the respiratory tract and lungs after maximum expiration
a. Residual air
b. Tidal air
c. Supplemental air
d. Complemental air
residual air
- The grasshopper is a terrestrial animal that uses its ___ in respiration
a. Body surface
b. Parapodia
c. Gills
d. Tracheae
e. Lungs
tracheae
- The main mechanical action of the stomach
a. Churning
b. Haustral churning
c. Mass peristalsis
d. Segmentation movement
churning
- In humans, the lungs are caused to inflate when the
a. Rib muscles and diaphragm relax
b. Rib muscles contract
c. Diaphragm muscle contracts
d. Rib muscles and diaphragm contract
e. Diaphragm relaxes
rib muscles and diaphragm contract
- These are examples of gastric juices
a. Nucleases and peptidases
b. Amylase and lipase
c. Pepsin and gastric lipase
d. Pepsin and amylase
pepsin and gastric lipase
- About 70% of carbon dioxide is carried by the blood in what form?
a. Reduced hemoglobin
b. Bicarbonate ions
c. Carbonic acid
d. Carbaminohemoglobin
bicarbonate ions
- Another term for swallowing of food
a. Mastication
b. Micturition
c. Borborygmus
d. Deglutition
deglutition
process of chewing food in the mouth. It involves the mechanical breakdown of food into smaller pieces to increase the surface area for digestion
mastication
is the medical term for the process of urination or voiding of urine from the urinary bladder
micturition
refers to the rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas or fluid in the gastrointestinal trac
borborygmus
- Chemical digestion occurs in the following digestive organ, except?
a. Stomach
b. Mouth
c. Liver
d. Small intestine
liver
- There are how many primary bronchi?
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 2
2
a. Physical digestion of proteins begins in the stomach
b. Chemical digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth
c. Chemical digestion of fats begins in the mouth
d. Protein digestion is completed in large intestine
not true?
a
- All enzymes break down proteins, except?
a. Trypsin
b. Alpha-dextrinase
c. Pepsin
d. Carboxypeptidase
alpha-dextrinase
- The following are events of the digestive process, except?
a. Ingestion
b. Digestion
c. Excretion
d. Adsorption
adsorption
