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Fundamentals of Zoology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

two types of respiration

A

direct
indirect

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2
Q

happens between the environment and lungs

A

external respiration

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3
Q

two types of indirect respiration

A

external
internal

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4
Q

characteristic of a good respiratory organ in terms of its surface and thickness

A

thin and moist surface

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5
Q

characteristic of a good respiratory organ in terms of its surface area

A

large surface area

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6
Q

characteristic of a good respiratory organ in terms of its vascularity

A

highly vascularized

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7
Q

characteristic of a good respiratory organ in terms of its elasticity

A

highly elastic

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8
Q

characteristic of a good respiratory organ in terms of its permeability

A

permeable

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9
Q

invertebrate respiratory structures include the following:

A

cell membrane
epidermis
tracheal system

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10
Q

respiratory organ in amoeba

A

cell membrane

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11
Q

respiratory organs for more complex invertebrates

A

epidermis

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12
Q

respiratory structures of arthropods

A

tracheal system

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13
Q

tiny opening in ants and grasshoppers

A

spiracle

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14
Q

branches to become tracheoles

A

trachea

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15
Q

will terminate to go to the cells

A

tracheoles

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16
Q

vertebrate respiratory structures

A

skin respiration
tidal ventilation mechanism

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17
Q

respiratory structures utilized by amphibians

A

skin respiration

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18
Q

amphibians include

A

frogs
toads
salamanders
caecilian

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19
Q

used by fishes in respiration, extension of pharynx (throat)

A

gills

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20
Q

gill cover of fishes

A

operculum

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21
Q

fishes exhibit these

A

countercurrent exchange

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22
Q

able to pick up 80 to 90 percent O2 in water

A

blood

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23
Q

two-way respiratory system

A

tidal ventilation system

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24
Q

in them, there is a one-way ventilation system

A

birds

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25
Q

in their respiratory structure, there is a higher partial pressure of oxygen with each breath

A

birds

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26
Q

three parts of pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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27
Q

respiratory tract above the true vocal cords to the nose

A

upper respiratory tract

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28
Q

respiratory tract below the true vocal cords (trachea to bronchi)

A

lower respiratory tract

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29
Q

how many lobar bronchi in the right lung

A

3 lobar bronchi

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30
Q

how many lobar bronchi in the left lung

A

2 lobar bronchi

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31
Q

three lobes of the right lung

A

superior
middle
inferior

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32
Q

two lobes of the left lung

A

superior
inferior

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33
Q

segmental bronchus after secondary bronchi

A

tertiary bronchus

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34
Q

how many tertiary bronchi in total

A

18

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35
Q

how many tertiary bronchi in the right lung

A

10

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36
Q

how many tertiary bronchioles in the left lung

A

8

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37
Q

describe the respiration occuring starting from the bronchioles to the alveoli

A

bronchioles - terminal bronchiole - respiratory bronchiole - alveolar duct - alveoli

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38
Q

respiratory parts in the respiratory system (3)

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar duct
alveoli

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39
Q

part of the respiratory system starting from the mouth to terminal bronchioles

A

conducting parts

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40
Q

approximately # of alveoli

A

300 million

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41
Q

total cross-sectional area of the lungs

A

50-70m^2

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42
Q

part of the lung that has a cardiac notch for the heart

A

left lung

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43
Q

1 RBC contains how many hemoglobin

A

250-280 million

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44
Q

Hemoglobin can carry how much oxygen

A

4 oxygen

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45
Q

O2 + Hb = ?

A

HBO2 (oxyhemoglobin)

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46
Q

CO2 + HB = ?

A

HbCO2 (carbaminohemoglobin)

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47
Q

how carbon dioxide is expired (4 steps)

A

Cells produce CO2
CO2 is dissolved in interstitial fluid
30% is transported as HbCO2
70% is transported as HCO3

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48
Q

HCO3 is what

A

carbonate

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49
Q

– muscles in between ribs

A

intercostal muscles

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50
Q

Intrapulmonary volume ____ in inspiration

A

increases

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51
Q

relation of IPV and IPP

A

IPV increases IPP decreases

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52
Q

IPV decreases IPP increases (inspiration or expiration)?

A

(expiration)

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53
Q

occurs during sleeping, abnormally slow breathing rate

A

bradypnea

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54
Q

faster respiratory rate

A

tachypnea

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55
Q

a common condition in which your breathing stops

A

apnea

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56
Q

supplies the body with the required oxygen (O2) upon inhalation and removes from it the metabolic waste product, carbon dioxide (CO2)

A

respiratory system

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57
Q

its availability allows for the continuous oxidation of nutrient molecules during aerobic respiration resulting in the adequate production of ATP

A

oxygen

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58
Q

require to perform and maintain all their metabolic processes

A

atp

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59
Q

occurs across different respiratory surfaces depending on the body structure and respiratory needs of animals

A

respiration

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60
Q

refers to the process by which exchange of gases occurs across a respiratory surface

A

respiration

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61
Q

refers to the animal’s gas exchange site where oxygen diffuses across cell membranes into the animal and where carbon dioxide diffuses into the outside environment

A

respiratory surface

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62
Q

two types of respiration

A

direct
indirect

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63
Q

process where exchange of gases between the organism and the environment occurs across the body surface of organism

A

direct respiration

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64
Q

Exemplified by the protozoa and flatworms

A

direct respiration

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65
Q

process where exchange of gases occurs across a respiratory surface that is located within the body of the organism

A

indirect respiration

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66
Q

Exemplified by vertebrates

A

indirect respiration

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67
Q

phases of indirect respiration

A

external respiration
internal respiration

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68
Q

Gas exchange between environment and respiratory surface

A

external respiration/breathing

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69
Q

gas exchange between blood cells and body cells

A

internal respiration

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70
Q

Invertebrate respiratory surfaces include

A

plasma membrane
skin/integument
tracheae

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71
Q

used by single celled protists and some multicellular invertebrates

A

plasma membrane

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72
Q

Invertebrates that exhibit plasma membrane respiration

A

protozoa
flatworms
hydra sp

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73
Q

used by organisms that live in water in damp places

A

skin integument

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74
Q

invertebrates that exhibit skin/integument respiration

A

annelids

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75
Q

in them, the skin is lined with a single layer of cells through which oxygen diffuses into a network of capillaries underneath the skin

A

earthworms

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76
Q

in them, the skin is lined with a single layer of cells through which oxygen diffuses into a network of capillaries underneath the skin

A

earthworms

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77
Q

in them, the skin is lined with a single layer of cells through which oxygen diffuses into a network of capillaries underneath the skin

A

earthworms

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78
Q

used by terrestrial arthropods

A

tracheae respiration

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79
Q

tracheae respiration is an extensive system of internal tubes that open externally through holes called

A

spiracles

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80
Q

smallest end channels that are less than 1 um in diameter

A

tracheoles

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81
Q

tracheoles that sink into cell membranes of the body cells end up here

A

tiny air capillaries

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82
Q

branch throughout the body, exchanging gas directly with body cells and requiring no assistance from circulatory system

A

tracheae

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83
Q

these respiratory organs among invertebrates may be classified into internal and external

A

gills

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84
Q

highly branched and folded elaborations of the body surface that provide a large surface area for gas exchange with water

A

external gills

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85
Q

Found in larval amphibians and many insect species

A

external gills

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86
Q

are found in arthropods and fishes

A

internal gills

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87
Q

there are two types of lungs in invertebrates:

A

book lung
pulmonated lung

88
Q

paired invaginations of the ventral body wall that are folded into a series of leaf-like lamellae

A

book lung

89
Q

where air enters the book lung and circulates between lamellae

A

spiracle

90
Q

where respiratory gases diffuse between these moving along the lamellae and the air in the air chamber (invertebrates)

A

hemolymph

91
Q

used by land snails and slugs

A

pulmonated lung

92
Q

a pore where the pulmonated lung is opened to the outside

A

pneumostome

93
Q

used by frogs, toads, lungless salamanders, and newts to breathe

A

cutaneous body surface

94
Q

used by adult fishes to breathe

A

internal lamellar gills

95
Q

internal lamellar gills has how many gill arches and rows of gill filaments

A

four gill arches
eight rows of gill filaments (two rows in each gill arch)

96
Q

bear rows of evenly spaced folds (lamellae)

A

gill filaments

97
Q

the actual gas exchange surface in gills

A

lamellae

98
Q

gas exchange mechanism where the blood flow across the lamellae is in the direction opposite to the water flow to the lamellae

A

countercurrent exhcange mechanism

99
Q

as two fluids pass each other, their opposite flow maintain a _____ that facilitate the transfer of the substance

A

diffusion gradient

100
Q

the water that passes over the gills first encounter ____ hat are transporting blood of low oxygen concentration in to the body

A

afferent vessels

101
Q

because of this pressure of oxygen is lower than the blood in water, oxygen diffuses into the blood

A

partial pressure

102
Q

where water passes through these carrying blood relatively high in oxygen from deep within the body

A

efferent vessels

103
Q

diffuses into the water because its concentration (pressure) is higher in the blood than in the water

A

carbon dioxide

104
Q

used by many amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

A

lungs

105
Q

can be efficiently ventilated by movements of respiratory muscle

A

vertebrate lungs

106
Q

the human respiratory system is lined by these from the nasal cavity all the way to the lungs

A

moist mucus-secreting epithelium

107
Q

two components of the nose

A

external nares
nasal cavity

108
Q

the only opening of the respiratory system to the outside through which air passes in and out of the body

A

external nares

109
Q

air from the environment is filtered, warmed, humidified, and sampled for odor as it passes through its spaces

A

nasal cavity

110
Q

air can also be drawn through this, but breathing through this does not allow to be processed by nasal cavity

A

mouth

111
Q

common passageway for food and air

A

pharynx

112
Q

also called throat

A

pharynx

113
Q

contains the vocal cords, the air passage leading to the trachea

A

larynx

114
Q

also called voice box or Adam’s apple

A

larynx

115
Q

mucous membrane folds supported by elastic ligaments

A

vocal cords

116
Q

stretched across the glottis

A

elastic ligaments

117
Q

opening leading to the larynx

A

glottis

118
Q

what makes the sounds when the air passes through the glottis

A

vibration

119
Q

tube held open by c-shaped rings of cartilages

A

trachea

120
Q

also called windpipe

A

trachea

121
Q

the trachea is provided with these to keep the lungs clean by sweeping mucus and debris towards the throat

A

ciliated epithelium

122
Q

paired tubes, formed as trachea divides that lead separately into the right and left lungs

A

bronchi

123
Q

maintains the shape of the bronchi, which eventually disappears as bronchi divide and produce thinner and smaller air passage

A

cartilage

124
Q

bronchi is divided into

A

primary
secondary
tertiary

125
Q

thinnest and smallest air passage within the lungs that lead via alveolar ducts to the air sacs

A

bronchioles

126
Q

called air sacs, makes up the lungs

A

alveoli

127
Q

reside in the chest cavity, which is bounded on the top by the shoulder girdle, on the side by the rib cage, and the bottom by the diaphragm

A

lungs

128
Q

highly elastic, cone-shaped organs

A

lungs

129
Q

lines the lungs

A

visceral pleura

130
Q

thin, domed sheet of muscle

A

diaphragm

131
Q

the lobe is further divided into these, each of which has a bronchiole serving many alveoli

A

lobules

132
Q

lungs are generally made up of these (2)

A

air sacs
capillaries

133
Q

consist of simple squamous epithelium also called alveoli

A

air sacs/alveolar sacs

134
Q

surrounds the air sacs whose walls are lined with thin endothelium

A

capillaries

135
Q

occurs between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries

A

gas exchange

136
Q

lungs are provided with these

A

surfactant

137
Q

type of ventilation in dead-end sacs

A

tidal

138
Q

alternation of inhalation and exhalation providing the lungs with oxygen-rich air and removing the carbon dioxide-rich gas mixture that remains after gas exchange occurred in the alveoli

A

breathing

139
Q

contract to expand the volume of pleural cavities by lifting the ribs up and outward

A

intercostal muscles

140
Q

its contraction expands the volume of the thoracic and pleural cavities by pulling itself down

A

diaphragm

141
Q

Flattens upon contraction

A

diaphragm

142
Q

during inhalation what happens to the lungs

A

expand

143
Q

what enlarges during inhalation

A

pleural cavity (rib cage)
thoracic cavity (chest cavity)

144
Q

what pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure, creating a vacuum

A

negative pressure

145
Q

Reduces the volume of the pleural thoracic cavity by pulling the ribs down and inward

A

relaxation of internal intercostal muscles

146
Q

Reduces the volume of thoracic cavity by moving up i.e. assuming the original dome-shaped appearance

A

relaxation of the diaphragm

147
Q

Air pressure inside lungs is (higher/lower) atmospheric pressure during exhalation

A

higher

148
Q

what does the elastic lungs do during exhalation

A

deflate and push air out of the airways

149
Q

maximum volume of air that can be moved in and out during a single breath

A

vital capacity

150
Q

average vital capacity amount

A

3,500-4,000cc

151
Q

Sum of tidal, complemental, and supplemental air

A

vital capacity

152
Q

amount of air moved in and out with each breath when we are at rest

A

tidal volume

153
Q

how much cc of air in a tidal volume

A

500

154
Q

amount inhaled and exhaled can be increased by this

A

deep breathing

155
Q

amount of air that is taken during deepest inspiration

A

inspiratory reserve volume/complemental air

156
Q

how many cc of air in a complemental air

A

1500-1800cc

157
Q

amount of air that is given off during the most forcible expiration

A

expiratory reserve volume/supplemental air

158
Q

how many cc of air in a supplemental air

A

about 1500-1800cc

159
Q

volume of air that remains in the lungs after the most forcible expiration/exhalation possible

A

residual volume

160
Q

how many cc of air in a residual volume

A

1000-1200cc

161
Q

composed of residual volume + supplemental air

A

reserved air

162
Q

about how many cc in reserved air

A

3000cc

163
Q

amount of air that is left in the lungs after the removal of supplemental and residual air

A

minimal air

164
Q

when these collapse, air is trapped within the lungs

A

small bronchi

165
Q

sum of residual volume, expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume

A

total lung capacity

166
Q

amount of total lung capacity in cc

A

4,500-5,200cc

167
Q

Have anterior and posterior air sacs that allow to flow unidirectionally through the lungs, rather than having to flow in and out through the same air ways, as it does in mammalian lungs

A

bird lungs

168
Q

Expand and contract less during breathing cycles than mammalian lungs do

A

bird lungs

169
Q

Contract during inhalation and expand during exhalation

A

bird lungs

170
Q

regulates breathing

A

autonomic nervous system

171
Q

increase in response to the greater demand of exchange of gases to meet the organism’s O2 need and CO2 elimination

A

depth and frequency of breathing

172
Q

where the breathing control centers are located

A

medulla oblongata

173
Q

nerves from the medulla’s control center signal this and the rib muscles to contract during inhalation

A

diaphragm

174
Q

Between inhalations, this muscle relax and the body exhales

A

diaphragm

175
Q

the medulla’s control center also monitors this characteristic of the blood and of the cerebrospinal fluid, thereby regulating the amount of CO2 to be eliminated from the body

A

pH

176
Q

as CO2 increases in the blood, the blood pH ___

A

drops

177
Q

the CO2 reacts with this in the blood to form carbonic acid

A

water

178
Q

lowers pH of the blood and cerebrospinal fluid

A

carbonic acid

179
Q

what does the breathing control centers in the medulla do to regulate the pH

A

increased breathing rate and depth

180
Q

purge the blood of so much CO2 that the control centers temporary cease to send signals to the rib muscles and diaphragm

A

hyperventilation

181
Q

breathing resumes when CO2 levels ___ enough to stimulate breathing centers again

A

increases

182
Q

breathing control centers usually respond directly to this

A

co2 levels

183
Q

respiratory rate from birth to six months

A

30 to 60 breaths per minute

184
Q

respiratory rate after six months of birth

A

24-30 breaths per minute

185
Q

respiratory rate from 1-5yo

A

20-30 breaths per minute

186
Q

respiratory rate from 6-12yo

A

12-20bpm

187
Q

respiratory rate of over 12 to adults

A

14-18bpm

188
Q

alveoli fill with pus and fluid, making gas exchange difficult

A

pneumonia

189
Q

fibrous connective tissue builds up in the lungs, reducing their elasticityp

A

pulmonary fibrosis

190
Q

tubercles encapsulate and elasticity of lungs is reduced

A

pulmonary tuberculosis

191
Q

alveoli burst and fuse into enlarged air spaces. Surface area for gas exchange is reduced

A

emphysema

192
Q

airways are inflamed due to infection (acute) or due to an irritant (chronic). Coughing brings up mucus and pus

A

bronchitis

193
Q

airways are inflamed due to irritation, and bronchioles constrict due to muscle spa

A

ashtma

194
Q
  1. The following serves as temporary storage of certain substances/materials, except?
    a. Gall bladder
    b. Large intestine
    c. Esophagus
    d. Stomach
A

esophagus

195
Q
  1. These are the folds of the stomach which increase surface are for digestion and limited absorption
    a. Villi
    b. Haustra
    c. Microvilli
    d. Rugae
A

rugae

196
Q
  1. Exchange of gases happens in all of these, except?
    a. Respiratory bronchiole
    b. Alveolus
    c. Alveolar duct
    d. Terminal bronchiole
A

terminal bronchiole

197
Q
  1. Which part of the respiratory system is composed of C-shaped cartilaginous rings and cilia?
    a. Pharynx
    b. Trachea
    c. Larynx
    d. Bronchioles
A

trachea

198
Q
  1. Which of the following includes the other two?
    a. Large intestine
    b. Jejunum
    c. Duodenum
    d. Small intestine
A

small intestine

199
Q
  1. Food is prevented from entering the trachea by the
    a. Saliva
    b. Larynx
    c. Pharynx
    d. Epiglottis
    e. Bronchioles
A

epiglottis

200
Q
  1. When the pressure in the lungs fall below atmospheric pressure
    a. Nothing will happen
    b. Breathing will stop
    c. Inspiration will occur
    d. Expiration will occur
A

inspiration will occur

201
Q
  1. The entrance and exit of air is called
    a. Cellular respiration
    b. External respiration
    c. Internal respiration
    d. Air conditioning
    e. Pulmonary ventilation
A

pulmonary ventilation

202
Q
  1. Air still remaining in the respiratory tract and lungs after maximum expiration
    a. Residual air
    b. Tidal air
    c. Supplemental air
    d. Complemental air
A

residual air

203
Q
  1. The grasshopper is a terrestrial animal that uses its ___ in respiration
    a. Body surface
    b. Parapodia
    c. Gills
    d. Tracheae
    e. Lungs
A

tracheae

204
Q
  1. The main mechanical action of the stomach
    a. Churning
    b. Haustral churning
    c. Mass peristalsis
    d. Segmentation movement
A

churning

205
Q
  1. In humans, the lungs are caused to inflate when the
    a. Rib muscles and diaphragm relax
    b. Rib muscles contract
    c. Diaphragm muscle contracts
    d. Rib muscles and diaphragm contract
    e. Diaphragm relaxes
A

rib muscles and diaphragm contract

206
Q
  1. These are examples of gastric juices
    a. Nucleases and peptidases
    b. Amylase and lipase
    c. Pepsin and gastric lipase
    d. Pepsin and amylase
A

pepsin and gastric lipase

207
Q
  1. About 70% of carbon dioxide is carried by the blood in what form?
    a. Reduced hemoglobin
    b. Bicarbonate ions
    c. Carbonic acid
    d. Carbaminohemoglobin
A

bicarbonate ions

208
Q
  1. Another term for swallowing of food
    a. Mastication
    b. Micturition
    c. Borborygmus
    d. Deglutition
A

deglutition

209
Q

process of chewing food in the mouth. It involves the mechanical breakdown of food into smaller pieces to increase the surface area for digestion

A

mastication

210
Q

is the medical term for the process of urination or voiding of urine from the urinary bladder

A

micturition

211
Q

refers to the rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas or fluid in the gastrointestinal trac

A

borborygmus

212
Q
  1. Chemical digestion occurs in the following digestive organ, except?
    a. Stomach
    b. Mouth
    c. Liver
    d. Small intestine
A

liver

213
Q
  1. There are how many primary bronchi?
    a. 3
    b. 4
    c. 5
    d. 2
A

2

214
Q

a. Physical digestion of proteins begins in the stomach
b. Chemical digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth
c. Chemical digestion of fats begins in the mouth
d. Protein digestion is completed in large intestine

not true?

A

a

215
Q
  1. All enzymes break down proteins, except?
    a. Trypsin
    b. Alpha-dextrinase
    c. Pepsin
    d. Carboxypeptidase
A

alpha-dextrinase

216
Q
  1. The following are events of the digestive process, except?
    a. Ingestion
    b. Digestion
    c. Excretion
    d. Adsorption
A

adsorption

Fundamentals of Zoology (23 decks)

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