Reproductive System Flashcards
no
gametes involved, can
regenerate themselves
asexual reproduction
what type of asexual reproduction does hydra sp. undergo
budding
what type of asexual reproduction does freshwater sponges does
gemmulation
stem cells in
animals
arheocytes
what type of binary fission does paramecium sp does
transverse fission
what type of binary fission does euglena sp does
longitudinal fission
what type of asexual reproduction does sea star have
fragmentation
exhibited
by Plasmodium sp.
multiple fission (schizogony)
before an
organism is form, there should
be the union of gametes
sexual reproduction
have both male and female
reproductive organs
hermaphroditism
organism that
exhibit monoecy
monoecious
They cannot
reproduce by
themselves
hermaphrodites
seen in worms, leeches
hermaphrodites
bisexual reproduction
dioicous
the mating position of
frogs and toads, in
which the male
clasps the female
about the back
amplexus
primary male reproductive system
testes
contains dartos muscle and cremaster muscle
scrotum
means suspender
cremaster
trace the pathway of sperm starting from the seminiferous tubules to external urethra orifice
Seminiferous tubules -> rete testis ->
converge first part of the duct system
(epididymis) > vas deferens > ejaculatory
duct > prostatic urethra > penile urethra
> external urethra orifice
comma shaped organ,
store sperm for maturation
epididymis
located in between the seminiferous tubules
insterstitial cells
responsible for proper functioning of reproductive organs
insterstitial cell
secondary sexual characteristics
➢ Hair growth on the face in form of
beard and muscle
➢ Heavier musculature
➢ Adam’s apple development
covers the tip of the penis
prepuce
is the process by which individuals produce offspring of their similar kind.
reproduction
There are two methods of reproduction
sexual and asexual
One-celled organisms usually reproduce through
asexual reproduction
sexual. One-celled organisms usually reproduce through asexual method, which
involves single parent, specifically by means of what
cell division
involves two parents and require sex cells or
gametes.
sexual reproduction
function of reproductive system
- produces cells that develop into new individuals
- produces gametes for sexual reproduction
- uses hormones to trigger sexual maturity so that an organism will reproduce
the process by which new individuals of a species are produced and the genetic material is passed from generation to generation
reproduction
two modes of reproduction
asexual
involves single parent
asexual reproduction
absence of special reproductive organs or cells
asexual reproduction
all offspring are identical in phenotype and genotype
asexual reproduction
allows rapid replication but not genetic variability
asexual reproduction
results to a rapid production of large numbers of progeny
asexual reproduction
types of aseuxal reproduction
budding
fission
fragmentation
gemmulation
a special kind of fragmentation
budding
a bud rise from parent’s body and then breaks from
it to form new organism (e.g. Hydra sp.)
budding
parent divides itself to form new individuals
fission
two types of fission
binary
multiple
type of fission where parent divides into two equal parts that grow into individuals which resemble
like the parent (e.g. bacteria, Amoeba sp.,
Euglena sp., Paramecium sp.)
binary
type of fission where nucleus divides repeatedly
resulting to several individuals, sporogony
or schizogony (e.g. protozoans like
Plasmodium sp.)
multiple
multicellular animals break into 2 or more parts,
with each fragment capable of becoming new individual
(e.g. sea star)
fragmentation
process by which a new individual is formed from
aggregated cells enclosed in a cap known as
gemmule (e.g. sponges)
gemmulation
mechanisms for survival of harsh conditions of
winter
gemmulation
which give rise to all cell types of the new sponge, exit through the micropyle
arcehocytes
involves the combination of gametes (sex cells), that is the female egg (ovum) and the male sperm (spermatozoon).
sexual reproduction
result to a generation of variation among organisms
sexual reproduction
may be produced by same or separate
individuals; result to a generation of variation among organisms
gametes
types of sexual reproduction
hermaphroditism
parthenogenesis
bisexual reproduction
animals having both male and female organs
hermaphroditism
exhibit hermaphroditism
earthworms, tapeworms, leeches
sometimes also called monoecious condition
hermaphroditism
hermaphrodites may either be
protogynous or protandrous
an animal is a female in its early life
history and later becomes male
protogynous
are males first in their early life history then females in the latter part
protandrous hermaphrodites
means virgin origin
parthenogenesis
a modification of sexual reproduction in which the
unfertilized egg can be stimulated by some
environmental factors in order to develop to an
individual
parthenogenesis
what animal may be induced by temperature, pH, or mechanical shock to the egg
Xenopus laevis
2 types of parthenogenesis
meiotic
ameiotic
involves meiosis to form haploid ovum
which may or may not be fertilized by male
sperm (e.g. bees and ants)
meiotic parthenogenesis
involves only mitosis to form an egg cell
thereby forms clones of parent (e.g. insects
and crustaceans)
ameiotic parthenogenesis
involves separate male and female individuals
bisexual reproduction
produces only one kind of gamete, either sperm or
egg cell
bisexual reproduction
also called dioecious condition
bisexual reproduction
exhibited by other animals such as nematodes,
mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, and vertebrates
bisexual reproduction
two types of fertilization
external and internal
type of fertilization where embryo develops outside the female’s body
external
type of fertilization where the eggs are commonly shed into the water where they meet the swimming sperm
external
embryo develops inside the female’s body
internal fertilization
the sperms are introduced to female’s body through copulation with the aid of male organ which is the penis
internal fertilization
the egg is retained within the female’s body until after fertilization
internal fertilization
among them , the body cavity is lined with cells where gametes usually comes from.
annelids
vagina of insects
bursa
they reproduce in aquatic environment
fishes
fishes exhibit external fertilization except for
Chondrichthyes or cartilaginous fibers
cartilaginous fishes and sharks are
viviparous
bony fishes are
oviparous and ovoviviparous
are dioecious and fertilization is external
amphibians
during breeding season, the male tends to clasp the female in the process known as ____ in order for the female frog/toad to release mature eggs
as the same time the male discharges fluid containing sperm into the water
amplexus
the development of fertilized egg undergoes two periods in amphibians:
larvae
adult stage
were the first group of vertebrates to exhibit internal fertilization
reptiles
many of them are oviparous while others are
ovoviviparous
reptiles
the presence of extraembryonic membranes and shelled egg provides adaptation of them to live on land, since the egg may be laid in dry areas without drying
reptiles
are oviparous and exhibit internal fertilization
birds
most birds lack a penis, and copulation is through
cloacal kiss
which the seminal fluid from the male is being deposited to the cloaca of female bird
and fertilize the eggs before the shell formation
cloacal kiss
compared to reptiles, the egg shells of them are much thicker allowing bird to sit and warm them until they are being hatched
birds
most birds build what to protect and to rear their young
nest
three patterns of reproduction may be observed in mammals
oviparity
oviviparity
viviparity
observed in monotremes
oviparity
observed in marsupials
ovoviviparity
observed in placental mammals
viviparity
lay eggs, and after being hatched, the young suck milk from the mother
monotremes
example of monotreme
duck-billed platypus
are pouched where they nourish their young after short gestation from the mother
marsupials
in them, there is a prolonged gestation. The embryo in the uterus is being nourished by the food supplied from the placenta
of the mother.
placental mammals
is basically designed to produce and transport
sperm cells
male reproductive system
components of male reproductive system
gonads
ducts
accessory glands
supporting structures
also known as testicles that produce sperm and secrete hormones
testes
are paired oval glands that are suspended outside the abdominal cavity
testes
why are testes suspended outside abdominal cavity
to provide lower temperature for sperm
production
what holds the testes in place
spermatic cord
produce the sperm and the interstitial tissue lying along with the tubules that secrete male sex hormone (testosterone)
seminiferous tubules
constitute 5% of the secretions contained in the seminal fluid
testes
scrotum contains two muscles
dartos muscle
cremaster muscle
muscle of the scrotum that is wrinkling of the skin
dartos muscle
muscle of the scrotum that raises and lowers testes
cremaster muscle
ducts in the male reproductive system
epididymis
vas deferens
ejaculatory ducts
urethra
lies along posterior border of each testis
epididymis
a comma-shaped organ
epididymis
epididymis consist of what
head
body
tail
the head of the epididymis is the superior portion which contains the
efferent duct
the body of the epididymis is the middle portion that
contains the
ductus epididymis
site of sperm maturation and storage
epididymis
a pair of thick-walled tubes which transport sperm
from epididymis to ejaculatory ducts
vas deferens
in mammals, the vas deferens joins the what
urethra
passageway of both seminal fluid and urine
urethra
a portion of each of the vas
deferens is removed in this process
vasectomy
located posterior to the urinary bladder formed by
the union of seminal vesicle and vas deferens
ejaculatory ducts
conduct sperm and seminal fluid into the prostatic
urethra prior to ejaculation
ejaculatory duct
Conducts semen and/or urine to the outside of the
body
urethra
accessory gland include
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral or cowper’s gland
located behind the bladder which secrete alkaline,
viscous fluid containing fructose, prostaglandin, and fibrinogen
seminal vesicles
viscous fluid contain these for ATP production
fructose
viscous fluid contains this for sperm motility and viability
prostaglandin
viscous fluid contains this for coagulation of semen after ejaculation
fibrinogen
alkaline nature of secretion neutralizes what
acid in female tract
seminal vesicles secretion are about what percent of the total volume of seminal fluid
60 percent
about the size of a chestnut
prostate gland
secrete water, cholesterol, and enzymes
prostate gland
prostate gland secretion make up what of the semen
25 percent
secretion from this gland contribute to the
sperm motility and viability
prostate gland
paired and about the size of peas which secrete
alkaline substance and mucus which lubricates the
urethra for the ejaculation of semen and lubricates
the penis prior to sexual intercourse
bulbourethral or cowper’s gland
secretions also neutralize acidity of urethra
bulbourethral or cowper’s gland
bulbourethral or cowper’s gland constitue how much of the seminal fluid volume
> 5%
supporting structure of the male reproductive system
penis
male copulatory organ
penis
transports urine during urination via urethra and
semen during ejaculation
penis
has a long shaft and an enlarged tip
penis
enlarged tip of the penis
glans penis
covers the glans penis
prepuce or foreskin
penis contain three erectile tissue
corpora cavernosa
corpus spongiosum
becomes erected when the male is sexually aroused
wherein the erectile tissue of this is being filled
with blood`
penis
process of sperm production in the testes
spermatogenesis
initially, the walls of the seminiferous tubules consist of clusters of sperm-forming cells known as
spermatogonia
during puberty, spermatogonia undergo further mitosis to increase its number and to produce
primary spermatocytes
primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis to produce
secondary spermatocytes
secondary spermatocytes enter second meiotic division to produce
spermatids
spermatids, without further division, will become
spermatozoa
released into the seminiferous tubules and then to the epididymis where maturation takes place
spermatozoa
is usually mixed with nutritional and lubricatory secretions from various glands
sperm suspension
the sperm suspension is usually mixed with nutritional and lubricatory secretions from various glands:
seminal vesicle
cowper’s gland
prostrate gland
is produced at a rate of 300 million per day
spermatozoa
once ejaculated, they usually live about how long in the female reproductive tract
72 hours
parts of spermatozoa
head
middle piece
tail
head of the spermatozoa contains nuclear material and dense granule called the
acrosome
acrosome contains enzymes such as
hyaluronidases
proteinases
enzyme that aid the penetration of the sperm into secondary oocyte
hyaluronidases
proteinases
contains mitochondria for energy
middle piece of spermatozoa
to propel for motility
tail of spermatozoa
mixture of sperm and seminal fluid
semen
average volume of semen
2.5-5.0 mL
pH of sperm
7.2-7.6
provides sperm with transportation medium and nutrients
semen
neutralizes hostile acidic environment of the male urethra and female vagina
semen
in semen analysis, the following are tested:
volume
motility of sperm
count
liquefaction
morphology
pH
fructose level
male hormones
androgen
testosterone
stimulate the enlargement of testes and various accessory organs of the reproductive system
androgen and testosterone
for the development of the male secondary sexual
characteristics
androgen and testosterone
are designed for conception, pregnancy and
childbirth.
female reproductive system
components of female reproductive system
primary reproductive organ
internal structures
supporting structures
paired, almond-like in size and shape
measuring about 3.5 cm in length, 2 cm in
width and 1 cm in thickness
ovaries
located to the right and left of the uterus, to
which they are connected by fallopian tubes
ovaries
produce eggs or ova and secrete female
hormones
ovaries
hormones that produces ovaries
estrogen and progesterone
each ovary is attached to three types of
ligaments
broad ligament
suspensory ligament
ovarian ligament
ligament formed by a fold
of peritoneum
broad ligament
ligament that (attaches ovaries to pelvic wall)
suspensory ligament
ligament that attaches ovaries to the uterus
ovarian ligament
internal structures of the female reproductive system
uterine (fallopian) tubes
uterus
vagina
also called oviducts
uterine (fallopian) tubules
possess finger-like projections
fallopian tubes
finger-like projections in fallopian tubes
fimbriae
finger-like projections that sweep over the ovary at the time of ovulation
fimbriae
serve as the passageway of the oocyte from
the ovaries to the uterus
fallopian tubes
where fertilization takes place
uterine (fallopian) tubes
thick-walled, hollow pear-shaped muscular
organ which lies above and is tipped over
the urinary bladder
uterus
houses the developing fetus during
pregnancy
uterus
approximately 7 cm long and 5 cm wide but
is capable of stretching to over 30 cm to
accommodate growing embryo
uterus
its wall is lined externally with thick layer
of smooth muscle ,
uterus
smooth muscle that lines the uterus
myometrium
interior lining of the uterus
endometrium
participates in the formation of placenta
endometrium
three parts of uterus
body
fundus or middle part
cervix
lower portion of the uterus
cervix
other function of uterus
implantation
growth of fetus
site of labor
menses
a muscular tube which connects to the
cervix at one end and opens to the outside of
the body at the other end
vagina
receives the penis during copulation,
passageway of blood during menstrual
cycle and serves as birth canal
vagina
collectively called as vulva or pudendum
external genitalia
the outermost structure which is covered by
skin and pubic hair is the
mons pubis
includes two large hair-covered
folds of skin located externally
vulva
includes two large hair-covered
folds of skin located externally
labia majora
includes two large hair-covered
folds of skin located externally
labia majora
two small folds of vulva
labia minora
located at the anterior portion of the vulva is
an erectile tissue homologous to penis
which is the
clitoris
lying in between the labia minora is a cleft
called as the
vestibule
vestibule include
hymen
vaginal orifice
external urethral office
a ring of tissue which is
ruptured during sexual intercourse
and can be disrupted by physical
activities
hymen
opening of vagina to
outside and is bordered by the
hymen
vaginal orifice
anterior to
vaginal orifice and is the opening of
the urethra to the outside
external urethral orifice
opening of several ducts in the female reproductive system
Skene’s gland
Bartholin’s gland
on either side of external urethral orifice and secrete
mucus; homologous to male prostate gland
paraurethral gland or skene’s gland
on either side of vaginal orifice and also secrete
mucus as a lubricant during sexual
intercourse; homologous to male Cowper’s
glands
greater vestibular or Bartholin’s gland
hormone for ovulation; development of secondary sexual characteristics in female
estrogen
stimulates thickening of endometrium
estrogen and progesterone
follicle development
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
prevents corpus luteum from disintegrating
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophic (HCG)
stimulates uterine contraction and milk ejection after giving birth
oxytocin
stimulates milk production
prolactin
process of development of eggs in female
oogenesis
occurs within the ovary
oogenesis
during the early age of fetal development (bet 2 - 9 months gestation), the germ
cells (oogonia) undergo what to produce primary oocytes
mitosis
by birth, all primary oocytes have been arrested at the end of
prophase
during puberty, only one primary oocyte per month completes what
meiotic division
primary oocyte undergo meiosis I to form what
secondary oocyte and first polar body
the secondary oocyte and the first polar body will undergo second meiotic division to
form an ootid which matures to form the
ovum (egg)
different types of maternal support of embryo
oviparious
ovoviviparous
viviparous
maternal support of embryo wherein the female releases the egg outside her body from which the young later hatches out
oviparous
maternal support of embryo most often exhibited by invertebrates and vertebrates
oviparous
maternal support of embryo in fishes, insect, amphibian, and birds
oviparous
maternal support where female retain the egg to allow it to develop inside her body, while the embryo
derives all its nourishment form the stored yolk
ovoviviparous
maternal support of embryo seen in insects, annelids, fishes, and reptiles
ovoviviparous
maternal support of the egg develops in the oviduct or uterus where the embryo derives its
nourishment directly from the mother
viviparous
maternal support seen in mammals and elasmobranch fishes
viviparous
The female reproductive cycle normally ranges from
24-35 days
average female reproductive cycle
28 days
female reproductive cycle is divided into three phases
menstrual phase
preovulatory/proliferative phase
postovulatory/secretory phase
also called menses which last for roughly 5 days of the cycle
menstrual phase
occur because the decreasing level of estrogen and
progesterone causes uterine arteries to constrict thereby “starving” the cells until they die and as a result a portion of the endometrium sloughs off
menstrual phase
beginning at about Day 25 of the previous cycle, initial development of primary follicles is triggered by the
FSH
time between menstruation and ovulation
proliferative phase
develops and maintains the ovarian follicles as well as the
endometrium and the breasts
estrogen
as the follicles develop inside the ovaries and secrete estrogen, the endometrium begins to ____ to prepare for the implantation of possible fertilized egg
thicken
during the second week of the reproductive cycle, most of the developing follicles die due to decreasing
FSH
only the what secretes enough estrogen to promote its development
dominant follicle
increasing estrogen level in the blood is sensed by the
hypothalamus
secreted in increasing quantity close to the time of
ovulation
luteneizing hormone
Note: the menstruation and proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle
are equivalent to the
follicular phase of the ovarian cycle
on Day 14 of a 28-day cycle, the mature or Graafian follicle ruptures (6) due to the surge in
Lutenizing hormone
surge triggers ovulation
LH
how long will the oocyte travel from the fimbriae to the uterus
2-3 days
equivalent to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle
secretory phase
the ruptured follicle collapses (7) but grows again to form a “yellow body” called what under the continued influence of LH
corpus luteum
plays a critical role in the preparation of the
endometrium for possible implantation of a fertilized egg by
secreting estrogen (9) and progesterone (10)
corpus luteum
hastens thickening of endometrium by dramatically
increasing its blood supply
progesterone
a fall in the levels of these hormones in the blood causes the
endometrium to slough off in a process known as
menstruation
menses last for about
3-5 days
