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Fundamentals of Zoology > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

no
gametes involved, can
regenerate themselves

A

asexual reproduction

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2
Q

what type of asexual reproduction does hydra sp. undergo

A

budding

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3
Q

what type of asexual reproduction does freshwater sponges does

A

gemmulation

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4
Q

stem cells in
animals

A

arheocytes

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5
Q

what type of binary fission does paramecium sp does

A

transverse fission

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6
Q

what type of binary fission does euglena sp does

A

longitudinal fission

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7
Q

what type of asexual reproduction does sea star have

A

fragmentation

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8
Q

exhibited
by Plasmodium sp.

A

multiple fission (schizogony)

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9
Q

before an
organism is form, there should
be the union of gametes

A

sexual reproduction

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10
Q

have both male and female
reproductive organs

A

hermaphroditism

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11
Q

organism that
exhibit monoecy

A

monoecious

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12
Q

They cannot
reproduce by
themselves

A

hermaphrodites

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13
Q

seen in worms, leeches

A

hermaphrodites

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14
Q

bisexual reproduction

A

dioicous

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15
Q

the mating position of
frogs and toads, in
which the male
clasps the female
about the back

A

amplexus

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16
Q

primary male reproductive system

A

testes

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17
Q

contains dartos muscle and cremaster muscle

A

scrotum

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18
Q

means suspender

A

cremaster

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19
Q

trace the pathway of sperm starting from the seminiferous tubules to external urethra orifice

A

Seminiferous tubules -> rete testis ->
converge first part of the duct system
(epididymis) > vas deferens > ejaculatory
duct > prostatic urethra > penile urethra
> external urethra orifice

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20
Q

comma shaped organ,
store sperm for maturation

A

epididymis

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21
Q

located in between the seminiferous tubules

A

insterstitial cells

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22
Q

responsible for proper functioning of reproductive organs

A

insterstitial cell

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23
Q

secondary sexual characteristics

A

➢ Hair growth on the face in form of
beard and muscle
➢ Heavier musculature
➢ Adam’s apple development

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24
Q

covers the tip of the penis

A

prepuce

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25
Q

is the process by which individuals produce offspring of their similar kind.

A

reproduction

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26
Q

There are two methods of reproduction

A

sexual and asexual

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27
Q

One-celled organisms usually reproduce through

A

asexual reproduction

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28
Q

sexual. One-celled organisms usually reproduce through asexual method, which
involves single parent, specifically by means of what

A

cell division

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29
Q

involves two parents and require sex cells or
gametes.

A

sexual reproduction

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30
Q

function of reproductive system

A
  • produces cells that develop into new individuals
  • produces gametes for sexual reproduction
  • uses hormones to trigger sexual maturity so that an organism will reproduce
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31
Q

the process by which new individuals of a species are produced and the genetic material is passed from generation to generation

A

reproduction

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32
Q

two modes of reproduction

A

asexual

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33
Q

involves single parent

A

asexual reproduction

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34
Q

absence of special reproductive organs or cells

A

asexual reproduction

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35
Q

all offspring are identical in phenotype and genotype

A

asexual reproduction

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36
Q

allows rapid replication but not genetic variability

A

asexual reproduction

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37
Q

results to a rapid production of large numbers of progeny

A

asexual reproduction

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38
Q

types of aseuxal reproduction

A

budding
fission
fragmentation
gemmulation

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39
Q

a special kind of fragmentation

A

budding

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40
Q

a bud rise from parent’s body and then breaks from
it to form new organism (e.g. Hydra sp.)

A

budding

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41
Q

parent divides itself to form new individuals

A

fission

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42
Q

two types of fission

A

binary
multiple

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43
Q

type of fission where parent divides into two equal parts that grow into individuals which resemble
like the parent (e.g. bacteria, Amoeba sp.,
Euglena sp., Paramecium sp.)

A

binary

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44
Q

type of fission where nucleus divides repeatedly
resulting to several individuals, sporogony
or schizogony (e.g. protozoans like
Plasmodium sp.)

A

multiple

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45
Q

multicellular animals break into 2 or more parts,
with each fragment capable of becoming new individual
(e.g. sea star)

A

fragmentation

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46
Q

process by which a new individual is formed from
aggregated cells enclosed in a cap known as
gemmule (e.g. sponges)

A

gemmulation

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47
Q

mechanisms for survival of harsh conditions of
winter

A

gemmulation

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48
Q

which give rise to all cell types of the new sponge, exit through the micropyle

A

arcehocytes

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49
Q

involves the combination of gametes (sex cells), that is the female egg (ovum) and the male sperm (spermatozoon).

A

sexual reproduction

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50
Q

result to a generation of variation among organisms

A

sexual reproduction

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51
Q

may be produced by same or separate
individuals; result to a generation of variation among organisms

A

gametes

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52
Q

types of sexual reproduction

A

hermaphroditism
parthenogenesis
bisexual reproduction

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53
Q

animals having both male and female organs

A

hermaphroditism

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54
Q

exhibit hermaphroditism

A

earthworms, tapeworms, leeches

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55
Q

sometimes also called monoecious condition

A

hermaphroditism

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56
Q

hermaphrodites may either be

A

protogynous or protandrous

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57
Q

an animal is a female in its early life
history and later becomes male

A

protogynous

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58
Q

are males first in their early life history then females in the latter part

A

protandrous hermaphrodites

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59
Q

means virgin origin

A

parthenogenesis

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60
Q

a modification of sexual reproduction in which the
unfertilized egg can be stimulated by some
environmental factors in order to develop to an
individual

A

parthenogenesis

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61
Q

what animal may be induced by temperature, pH, or mechanical shock to the egg

A

Xenopus laevis

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62
Q

2 types of parthenogenesis

A

meiotic
ameiotic

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63
Q

involves meiosis to form haploid ovum
which may or may not be fertilized by male
sperm (e.g. bees and ants)

A

meiotic parthenogenesis

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64
Q

involves only mitosis to form an egg cell
thereby forms clones of parent (e.g. insects
and crustaceans)

A

ameiotic parthenogenesis

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65
Q

involves separate male and female individuals

A

bisexual reproduction

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66
Q

produces only one kind of gamete, either sperm or
egg cell

A

bisexual reproduction

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67
Q

also called dioecious condition

A

bisexual reproduction

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68
Q

exhibited by other animals such as nematodes,
mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, and vertebrates

A

bisexual reproduction

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69
Q

two types of fertilization

A

external and internal

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70
Q

type of fertilization where embryo develops outside the female’s body

A

external

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71
Q

type of fertilization where the eggs are commonly shed into the water where they meet the swimming sperm

A

external

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72
Q

embryo develops inside the female’s body

A

internal fertilization

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73
Q

the sperms are introduced to female’s body through copulation with the aid of male organ which is the penis

A

internal fertilization

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74
Q

the egg is retained within the female’s body until after fertilization

A

internal fertilization

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75
Q

among them , the body cavity is lined with cells where gametes usually comes from.

A

annelids

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76
Q

vagina of insects

A

bursa

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77
Q

they reproduce in aquatic environment

A

fishes

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78
Q

fishes exhibit external fertilization except for

A

Chondrichthyes or cartilaginous fibers

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79
Q

cartilaginous fishes and sharks are

A

viviparous

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80
Q

bony fishes are

A

oviparous and ovoviviparous

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81
Q

are dioecious and fertilization is external

A

amphibians

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82
Q

during breeding season, the male tends to clasp the female in the process known as ____ in order for the female frog/toad to release mature eggs
as the same time the male discharges fluid containing sperm into the water

A

amplexus

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83
Q

the development of fertilized egg undergoes two periods in amphibians:

A

larvae
adult stage

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84
Q

were the first group of vertebrates to exhibit internal fertilization

A

reptiles

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85
Q

many of them are oviparous while others are
ovoviviparous

A

reptiles

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86
Q

the presence of extraembryonic membranes and shelled egg provides adaptation of them to live on land, since the egg may be laid in dry areas without drying

A

reptiles

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87
Q

are oviparous and exhibit internal fertilization

A

birds

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88
Q

most birds lack a penis, and copulation is through

A

cloacal kiss

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89
Q

which the seminal fluid from the male is being deposited to the cloaca of female bird
and fertilize the eggs before the shell formation

A

cloacal kiss

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90
Q

compared to reptiles, the egg shells of them are much thicker allowing bird to sit and warm them until they are being hatched

A

birds

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91
Q

most birds build what to protect and to rear their young

A

nest

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92
Q

three patterns of reproduction may be observed in mammals

A

oviparity
oviviparity
viviparity

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93
Q

observed in monotremes

A

oviparity

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94
Q

observed in marsupials

A

ovoviviparity

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95
Q

observed in placental mammals

A

viviparity

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96
Q

lay eggs, and after being hatched, the young suck milk from the mother

A

monotremes

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97
Q

example of monotreme

A

duck-billed platypus

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98
Q

are pouched where they nourish their young after short gestation from the mother

A

marsupials

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99
Q

in them, there is a prolonged gestation. The embryo in the uterus is being nourished by the food supplied from the placenta
of the mother.

A

placental mammals

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100
Q

is basically designed to produce and transport
sperm cells

A

male reproductive system

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101
Q

components of male reproductive system

A

gonads
ducts
accessory glands
supporting structures

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102
Q

also known as testicles that produce sperm and secrete hormones

A

testes

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103
Q

are paired oval glands that are suspended outside the abdominal cavity

A

testes

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104
Q

why are testes suspended outside abdominal cavity

A

to provide lower temperature for sperm
production

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105
Q

what holds the testes in place

A

spermatic cord

106
Q

produce the sperm and the interstitial tissue lying along with the tubules that secrete male sex hormone (testosterone)

A

seminiferous tubules

107
Q

constitute 5% of the secretions contained in the seminal fluid

A

testes

108
Q

scrotum contains two muscles

A

dartos muscle
cremaster muscle

109
Q

muscle of the scrotum that is wrinkling of the skin

A

dartos muscle

110
Q

muscle of the scrotum that raises and lowers testes

A

cremaster muscle

111
Q

ducts in the male reproductive system

A

epididymis
vas deferens
ejaculatory ducts
urethra

112
Q

lies along posterior border of each testis

A

epididymis

113
Q

a comma-shaped organ

A

epididymis

114
Q

epididymis consist of what

A

head
body
tail

115
Q

the head of the epididymis is the superior portion which contains the

A

efferent duct

116
Q

the body of the epididymis is the middle portion that
contains the

A

ductus epididymis

117
Q

site of sperm maturation and storage

A

epididymis

118
Q

a pair of thick-walled tubes which transport sperm
from epididymis to ejaculatory ducts

A

vas deferens

119
Q

in mammals, the vas deferens joins the what

A

urethra

120
Q

passageway of both seminal fluid and urine

A

urethra

121
Q

a portion of each of the vas
deferens is removed in this process

A

vasectomy

122
Q

located posterior to the urinary bladder formed by
the union of seminal vesicle and vas deferens

A

ejaculatory ducts

123
Q

conduct sperm and seminal fluid into the prostatic
urethra prior to ejaculation

A

ejaculatory duct

124
Q

Conducts semen and/or urine to the outside of the
body

A

urethra

125
Q

accessory gland include

A

seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral or cowper’s gland

126
Q

located behind the bladder which secrete alkaline,
viscous fluid containing fructose, prostaglandin, and fibrinogen

A

seminal vesicles

127
Q

viscous fluid contain these for ATP production

A

fructose

128
Q

viscous fluid contains this for sperm motility and viability

A

prostaglandin

129
Q

viscous fluid contains this for coagulation of semen after ejaculation

A

fibrinogen

130
Q

alkaline nature of secretion neutralizes what

A

acid in female tract

131
Q

seminal vesicles secretion are about what percent of the total volume of seminal fluid

A

60 percent

132
Q

about the size of a chestnut

A

prostate gland

133
Q

secrete water, cholesterol, and enzymes

A

prostate gland

134
Q

prostate gland secretion make up what of the semen

A

25 percent

135
Q

secretion from this gland contribute to the
sperm motility and viability

A

prostate gland

136
Q

paired and about the size of peas which secrete
alkaline substance and mucus which lubricates the
urethra for the ejaculation of semen and lubricates
the penis prior to sexual intercourse

A

bulbourethral or cowper’s gland

137
Q

secretions also neutralize acidity of urethra

A

bulbourethral or cowper’s gland

138
Q

bulbourethral or cowper’s gland constitue how much of the seminal fluid volume

A

> 5%

139
Q

supporting structure of the male reproductive system

A

penis

140
Q

male copulatory organ

A

penis

141
Q

transports urine during urination via urethra and
semen during ejaculation

A

penis

142
Q

has a long shaft and an enlarged tip

A

penis

143
Q

enlarged tip of the penis

A

glans penis

144
Q

covers the glans penis

A

prepuce or foreskin

145
Q

penis contain three erectile tissue

A

corpora cavernosa
corpus spongiosum

146
Q

becomes erected when the male is sexually aroused
wherein the erectile tissue of this is being filled
with blood`

A

penis

147
Q

process of sperm production in the testes

A

spermatogenesis

148
Q

initially, the walls of the seminiferous tubules consist of clusters of sperm-forming cells known as

A

spermatogonia

149
Q

during puberty, spermatogonia undergo further mitosis to increase its number and to produce

A

primary spermatocytes

150
Q

primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis to produce

A

secondary spermatocytes

151
Q

secondary spermatocytes enter second meiotic division to produce

A

spermatids

152
Q

spermatids, without further division, will become

A

spermatozoa

153
Q

released into the seminiferous tubules and then to the epididymis where maturation takes place

A

spermatozoa

154
Q

is usually mixed with nutritional and lubricatory secretions from various glands

A

sperm suspension

155
Q

the sperm suspension is usually mixed with nutritional and lubricatory secretions from various glands:

A

seminal vesicle
cowper’s gland
prostrate gland

156
Q

is produced at a rate of 300 million per day

A

spermatozoa

157
Q

once ejaculated, they usually live about how long in the female reproductive tract

A

72 hours

158
Q

parts of spermatozoa

A

head
middle piece
tail

159
Q

head of the spermatozoa contains nuclear material and dense granule called the

A

acrosome

160
Q

acrosome contains enzymes such as

A

hyaluronidases
proteinases

161
Q

enzyme that aid the penetration of the sperm into secondary oocyte

A

hyaluronidases
proteinases

162
Q

contains mitochondria for energy

A

middle piece of spermatozoa

163
Q

to propel for motility

A

tail of spermatozoa

164
Q

mixture of sperm and seminal fluid

A

semen

165
Q

average volume of semen

A

2.5-5.0 mL

166
Q

pH of sperm

A

7.2-7.6

167
Q

provides sperm with transportation medium and nutrients

A

semen

168
Q

neutralizes hostile acidic environment of the male urethra and female vagina

A

semen

169
Q

in semen analysis, the following are tested:

A

volume
motility of sperm
count
liquefaction
morphology
pH
fructose level

170
Q

male hormones

A

androgen
testosterone

171
Q

stimulate the enlargement of testes and various accessory organs of the reproductive system

A

androgen and testosterone

172
Q

for the development of the male secondary sexual
characteristics

A

androgen and testosterone

173
Q

are designed for conception, pregnancy and
childbirth.

A

female reproductive system

174
Q

components of female reproductive system

A

primary reproductive organ
internal structures
supporting structures

175
Q

paired, almond-like in size and shape
measuring about 3.5 cm in length, 2 cm in
width and 1 cm in thickness

A

ovaries

176
Q

located to the right and left of the uterus, to
which they are connected by fallopian tubes

A

ovaries

177
Q

produce eggs or ova and secrete female
hormones

A

ovaries

178
Q

hormones that produces ovaries

A

estrogen and progesterone

179
Q

each ovary is attached to three types of
ligaments

A

broad ligament
suspensory ligament
ovarian ligament

180
Q

ligament formed by a fold
of peritoneum

A

broad ligament

181
Q

ligament that (attaches ovaries to pelvic wall)

A

suspensory ligament

182
Q

ligament that attaches ovaries to the uterus

A

ovarian ligament

183
Q

internal structures of the female reproductive system

A

uterine (fallopian) tubes
uterus
vagina

184
Q

also called oviducts

A

uterine (fallopian) tubules

185
Q

possess finger-like projections

A

fallopian tubes

186
Q

finger-like projections in fallopian tubes

A

fimbriae

187
Q

finger-like projections that sweep over the ovary at the time of ovulation

A

fimbriae

188
Q

serve as the passageway of the oocyte from
the ovaries to the uterus

A

fallopian tubes

189
Q

where fertilization takes place

A

uterine (fallopian) tubes

190
Q

thick-walled, hollow pear-shaped muscular
organ which lies above and is tipped over
the urinary bladder

A

uterus

191
Q

houses the developing fetus during
pregnancy

A

uterus

192
Q

approximately 7 cm long and 5 cm wide but
is capable of stretching to over 30 cm to
accommodate growing embryo

A

uterus

193
Q

its wall is lined externally with thick layer
of smooth muscle ,

A

uterus

194
Q

smooth muscle that lines the uterus

A

myometrium

195
Q

interior lining of the uterus

A

endometrium

196
Q

participates in the formation of placenta

A

endometrium

197
Q

three parts of uterus

A

body
fundus or middle part
cervix

198
Q

lower portion of the uterus

A

cervix

199
Q

other function of uterus

A

implantation
growth of fetus
site of labor
menses

200
Q

a muscular tube which connects to the
cervix at one end and opens to the outside of
the body at the other end

A

vagina

201
Q

receives the penis during copulation,
passageway of blood during menstrual
cycle and serves as birth canal

A

vagina

202
Q

collectively called as vulva or pudendum

A

external genitalia

203
Q

the outermost structure which is covered by
skin and pubic hair is the

A

mons pubis

204
Q

includes two large hair-covered
folds of skin located externally

A

vulva

205
Q

includes two large hair-covered
folds of skin located externally

A

labia majora

206
Q

includes two large hair-covered
folds of skin located externally

A

labia majora

207
Q

two small folds of vulva

A

labia minora

208
Q

located at the anterior portion of the vulva is
an erectile tissue homologous to penis
which is the

A

clitoris

209
Q

lying in between the labia minora is a cleft
called as the

A

vestibule

210
Q

vestibule include

A

hymen
vaginal orifice
external urethral office

211
Q

a ring of tissue which is
ruptured during sexual intercourse
and can be disrupted by physical
activities

A

hymen

212
Q

opening of vagina to
outside and is bordered by the
hymen

A

vaginal orifice

213
Q

anterior to
vaginal orifice and is the opening of
the urethra to the outside

A

external urethral orifice

214
Q

opening of several ducts in the female reproductive system

A

Skene’s gland
Bartholin’s gland

215
Q

on either side of external urethral orifice and secrete
mucus; homologous to male prostate gland

A

paraurethral gland or skene’s gland

216
Q

on either side of vaginal orifice and also secrete
mucus as a lubricant during sexual
intercourse; homologous to male Cowper’s
glands

A

greater vestibular or Bartholin’s gland

217
Q

hormone for ovulation; development of secondary sexual characteristics in female

A

estrogen

218
Q

stimulates thickening of endometrium

A

estrogen and progesterone

219
Q

follicle development

A

FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)

220
Q

prevents corpus luteum from disintegrating

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotrophic (HCG)

221
Q

stimulates uterine contraction and milk ejection after giving birth

A

oxytocin

222
Q

stimulates milk production

A

prolactin

223
Q

process of development of eggs in female

A

oogenesis

224
Q

occurs within the ovary

A

oogenesis

225
Q

during the early age of fetal development (bet 2 - 9 months gestation), the germ
cells (oogonia) undergo what to produce primary oocytes

A

mitosis

226
Q

by birth, all primary oocytes have been arrested at the end of

A

prophase

227
Q

during puberty, only one primary oocyte per month completes what

A

meiotic division

228
Q

primary oocyte undergo meiosis I to form what

A

secondary oocyte and first polar body

229
Q

the secondary oocyte and the first polar body will undergo second meiotic division to
form an ootid which matures to form the

A

ovum (egg)

230
Q

different types of maternal support of embryo

A

oviparious
ovoviviparous
viviparous

231
Q

maternal support of embryo wherein the female releases the egg outside her body from which the young later hatches out

A

oviparous

232
Q

maternal support of embryo most often exhibited by invertebrates and vertebrates

A

oviparous

233
Q

maternal support of embryo in fishes, insect, amphibian, and birds

A

oviparous

234
Q

maternal support where female retain the egg to allow it to develop inside her body, while the embryo
derives all its nourishment form the stored yolk

A

ovoviviparous

235
Q

maternal support of embryo seen in insects, annelids, fishes, and reptiles

A

ovoviviparous

236
Q

maternal support of the egg develops in the oviduct or uterus where the embryo derives its
nourishment directly from the mother

A

viviparous

237
Q

maternal support seen in mammals and elasmobranch fishes

A

viviparous

238
Q

The female reproductive cycle normally ranges from

A

24-35 days

239
Q

average female reproductive cycle

A

28 days

240
Q

female reproductive cycle is divided into three phases

A

menstrual phase
preovulatory/proliferative phase
postovulatory/secretory phase

241
Q

also called menses which last for roughly 5 days of the cycle

A

menstrual phase

242
Q

occur because the decreasing level of estrogen and
progesterone causes uterine arteries to constrict thereby “starving” the cells until they die and as a result a portion of the endometrium sloughs off

A

menstrual phase

243
Q

beginning at about Day 25 of the previous cycle, initial development of primary follicles is triggered by the

A

FSH

244
Q

time between menstruation and ovulation

A

proliferative phase

245
Q

develops and maintains the ovarian follicles as well as the
endometrium and the breasts

A

estrogen

246
Q

as the follicles develop inside the ovaries and secrete estrogen, the endometrium begins to ____ to prepare for the implantation of possible fertilized egg

A

thicken

247
Q

during the second week of the reproductive cycle, most of the developing follicles die due to decreasing

A

FSH

248
Q

only the what secretes enough estrogen to promote its development

A

dominant follicle

249
Q

increasing estrogen level in the blood is sensed by the

A

hypothalamus

250
Q

secreted in increasing quantity close to the time of
ovulation

A

luteneizing hormone

251
Q

Note: the menstruation and proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle
are equivalent to the

A

follicular phase of the ovarian cycle

252
Q

on Day 14 of a 28-day cycle, the mature or Graafian follicle ruptures (6) due to the surge in

A

Lutenizing hormone

253
Q

surge triggers ovulation

A

LH

254
Q

how long will the oocyte travel from the fimbriae to the uterus

A

2-3 days

255
Q

equivalent to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle

A

secretory phase

256
Q

the ruptured follicle collapses (7) but grows again to form a “yellow body” called what under the continued influence of LH

A

corpus luteum

257
Q

plays a critical role in the preparation of the
endometrium for possible implantation of a fertilized egg by
secreting estrogen (9) and progesterone (10)

A

corpus luteum

258
Q

hastens thickening of endometrium by dramatically
increasing its blood supply

A

progesterone

259
Q

a fall in the levels of these hormones in the blood causes the
endometrium to slough off in a process known as

A

menstruation

260
Q

menses last for about

A

3-5 days

Fundamentals of Zoology (23 decks)

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