Worksheet 1-3 Flashcards by Franchez Cassandra Escander

important laboratory equipment in the study of living things

microscope

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Four important attributes of the microscope

magnification
resolution
contrast
microscopic measurements

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HPF equation

LPO magnification/HPO magnification *100

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used to calibrate the ocular micrometer of the microscope

stage micrometer

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1 ocular micrometer space equation

number of microns measured on the stage micrometer/number of ocular micrometer spaces

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measured by its ability to differentiate two points in an object

resolving power

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is a lens that stays in focus when magnification/focal length is changed

parfocal

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microscope’s ability to enlarge an image of an object

magnification

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refers to the darkness of the background relative to the specimen

contrast

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is used to magnify an image of an object

lens

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microscope can be classified as

mechanical/supporting
magnifying
illuminating

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classification of the microscope used to support and adjust the parts

mechanical/supporting

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classification of the microscope used to enlarge the specimen

magnifying

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classification of the microscope that is not only used to provide light but for the observer to be able to see a clear image of the object being magnified

illuminating

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micro means

small

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skopos means

to look at

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smallest the naked eye can see

100 micrometers/0.1mm

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most human cell size

10 to 15 micrometers

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ability to enlarge an image

magnification

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magnification equation

image size / actual size

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image size equation

magnificaton * actual size

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ability to distinguish two close objects as distinct, shortest distance between two points

resolving power

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resolving power equation

0.61(0.55)/numerical aperture

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maximum resolution of a light microscope

200nm

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maximum resolution of an electron microscope

0.5nm

typically 10x, but also come in 5x, 15x, and 20x varieties

eyepiece

also known as ocular lenses

eyepiece

is adjustable so that you can keep both eyes open when looking into the microscope

interocular distance

also called a revolving nose-piece or turret, this structure holds the objective lenses. Rotating them allows the objective lens to be switched.

nosepiece

lens closes to the object being viewed.

objective lenses

scanning lens magnifying power

low power lens magnifying power

10x

high power lens magnifying power

40x

OIO lens magnifying power

100x

this area is the main, flat plate that holds the slides for observation

stage

most useful at higher powers , typically a five-hole disc housed under the stage to adjust the amount of light passing through the stage opening.

diaphragm

the bottom support structure of the microscope.

base

refers to the main section of the microscope minus the stand (base) or any illuminators.

body

the area of the microscope between the tube and the base

arm

controls the power to the microscope

on/off switch

the larger of two adjustment knobs that moves the object lenses closer or farther away from the specimen in large steps

coarse focus adjusment knob

the smaller of two adjustment knobs moves the object lenses closer or farther away from the specimen in very small steps.

fine focus adjustment knob

the mechanical stage allows for adjustment of the slide position forward, backward, and left to right

stage adjustment knob

rank the objectives of compound microscope using the details of the specimen (least to most detailed)

Scanner – least detailed ➢ LPO – less detailed ➢ HPO – more detailed ➢ OIO – most detailed

rank the objectives of area of the field of view (smallest to biggest)

scanner – biggest field of view ➢ LPO – bigger field of view ➢ HPO – smaller field of view ➢ OIO – smallest field of view

rank the objectives of Working distance (mm)

Scanner – 17-20mm ➢ LPO – 4-8mm ➢ HPO – 0.5-0.7mm ➢ OIO – 0.1mm

rank the objectives from dimmest to brightest

scanner - brightest LPO - brighter HPO - dimmer OIO - dimmest

value of one ocular micrometer space for each objective (scanner)

125um

value of one ocular micrometer space for each objective (LPO)

50um

value of one ocular micrometer space for each objective (HPO)

12.5um

value of one ocular micrometer space for each objective (OIO)

5um

Three important concepts about the cell:

The cell is considered an extraordinary complex unit containing numerous organelles that are themselves relatively complex Not all organelles occur together in any one real cell The various cells of the body of any plant or animal are of ten strikingly different from one another in shape, size, function

red blood cell size

5-8um

red blood cell shape

biconcave disk

organelles visible in red blood cell

no organelles

white blood cell size

5-15um

white blood cell shape

round shape

white blood cells organelles visible

nucleus

cheek epithelial cells size

50um

cell shape of cheek epithelial cells

flat, irregular

separates the internal contents of the cell from its surrounding environment

cell membrane

site for lipid, carbohydrates, and steroid hormones synthesis

SER

factories of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), where cellular respiration occurs

Mitochondria

houses the cell’s DNA, directs protein and ribosome synthesis

Nucleus

responsible for protein synthesis

ribosomes

organizes microtubules

centrioles

encloses the cell’s nucleus, separate the chromosomes from the cytoplasm

nuclear membrane

coiled and condensed to form chromosomes

chromatin

function in storage and transport of materials

vacuoles

aggregates RRNA with associated proteins to assemble ribosomal subunits

nucleolus

associated with protein synthesis, involved in the folding, quality control, and dispatch of some proteins

RER

sorting, tagging, packaging, and distributing lipids and proteins

golgi apparatus

where metabolic processes such as protein synthesis can occur

cytoplasm

responsible for cleaning and degrading material from outside the cell to be used

lysosome

is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane based on the concentration gradient of water across the membrane

osmosis

causes the RBCs to swell and expand because of the low solute content outside the cell

hypotonic solution

causes the RBCs to shrivel because of the high solute content outside the cell

hypertonic solution

causes the RBC to remain unchanged due

isotonic solution