Worksheet 6-7 Flashcards
used on animals so that practical medicine could acquire scientific results
comparative studies
The knowledge of the structure of an organism is prerequisite to an understanding of its:
phylogeny
behavior
relationship with the environment
demonstrates the basic similarities in developmental events and processes among different vertebrates
frog
the direction near or toward the back
dorsal
the direction near or towards the belly
ventral
direction near or toward the sides
lateral
right side lateral direction
dextral
left side lateral direction
sinistral
the direction near or toward the middle
median
the direction near or toward the front end
anterior
the direction near or toward the hind end
posterior
the direction of the axis from the head to the tail
longitudinal
the direction across the long axis
transverse
the part referring to the tail
caudal
the part referring to the head
cranial/cephalic
– the part referring to the area related to the chest
pectoral
the part referring to the area related to the hip region
pelvic
the part near the main mass of the body or near a point of reference
proximal
the part away from the main mass of the body
distal
the part near the surface of the body or organ
peripheral
the part near or at the middle of the body organ
central
the part on the outer surface of the body of organ
superficial
the inner or below the surface of the body or organ
deep
the part referring to the direction above
superior
the part referring to the direction below
inferior
this term can also refer to the anterior part in frogs
cranial
the term can also refer to the anterior part in humans
ventral
the term can also refer to the posterior part in humans
dorsal
this term can also refer to the posterior part in frogs
caudal
pierced to destroy the central nervous system of a frog
brain and spinal cord
what side of the frog is up when the frog is paralyzed
dorsal
method that is designed to destroy the brain by introducing a pithing needle to the groove and directly applying it forward then downward
single pithing
method in which both the brain and spinal cord are destroyed, after pithing in the brain, the needle is inserted into the vertebral canal and directing it downward until it has touched the end of the canal
double pithing
characterized by the presence of dark skin pigmentation concentrated near the angles of the lower jaw
male frog
characteristics of male frog (thumb/nuptial pads)
enlarged (or swollen)
characteristics of male frog (size)
smaller than female
characteristics of male frog (vocal sacs)
has vocal sacs
has pigments that are diffused on the ventral side of the frog, thus no distinct dark pigmentation
female frog
characteristic of female frog in terms of thumb pads
no enlargement
characteristic of female frog in terms of size and abdomen size
bigger than male and has a bigger abdomen
composed of the head and the trunk
axial region
most anterior portion of the triangular head
snout
– the pair of slit-like openings immediately postero-dorsal to the snout
nostril/external nares
other term for nostril
external nares
Continuous with the internal nares/choanae within the mouth
external nares/nostril
it is the large posterior opening that extends posterolaterally up to the base of the head
mouth
Bordered dorsally and ventrally by immovable dorsal and ventral folds
mouth
located posterior to the nostrils and protrude on the dorso-lateral sides of the head
eyes
eyes is composed of three eyelids
upper eyelid
lower eyelid
third eyelid (nictitating membrane)
borders the dorsal side of the eyes and is usually thicker than the lower eyelid, almost immovable
upper eyelid
borders the ventral side of the eyes and is thinner but more movable than the upper eyelid
lower eyelid
continuous with the inner fold of the lower eyelid and is thin and transparent
third eyelid or nictitating membrane
keeps the eye moist and allow the frog to see underwater
nictitating membrane
small lighter-colored circular spot at the anterior level of the eye along the median dorsal line.
brow spot
May be indistinctive due to the presence of numerous pigments in the skin
brow spot
comprises a ciliated columnar epithelial lining, which has the mucous glands and these glands secrete mucus which aids in food lubrication.
buccal cavity
it is an oval-shaped membrane behind each eye which serves as a covering of the eardrum and is continuous to the buccal cavity
tympanic membrane
which part of the head is larger in males and smaller in females
tympanic membrane
demarcation line at the dorsal side which is a reference point that divides the body symmetrically
mid-dorsal line
it is a distinct dorsal elevation located at about the middle of the trunk and corresponds to the articulation of the ilium of the pelvic girdle and transverse processes of sacral vertebrae
hump
common terminal opening of the digestive tract and the urogenital system
cloacal opening
Situated at the median and posterior end of trunk
cloacal opening
other term for cloacal opening
vent
composed of the forelimbs and hindlimbs
appendicular
these are the appendages located at the anterior side of the body
forelimbs
Shorter in size compared to the hindlimbs and are used to raise or support the body when the frog is at rest
forelimbs
Each forelimb is made up of how many digits
4 digits and a rudimentary fifth digit
longer appendages of the frog located at the posterior side of its body
hindlimbs
Adapted for swimming and jumping
hindlimbs
Each of the limbs of the hindlimbs is composed of how many digits
five digits with a rudimentary six prehallux
Distinct toes of the hindlimbs are connected together by a what
membranous extension of the skin (web)
well-developed with an elongated ankle in frogs
foot
enumerate the frog’s appendages in the forelimb
upper arm
forearm
manus
carpus
metacarpus (palm)
phalanges
enumerate the frog’s appendages in the hindlimbs
thigh
shank
pes
tarsus
metatarsus
phalanges
axis that runs from head to tail
longitudinal/anterioposterior axis
runs from the dorsal to ventral
sagittal/dorsoventral axis
runs from right to left
transverse/mediolateral axis
dorsal/ventral plane
frontal plane
caudal/cranial and anterior/posterior
transverse plane
left/right plane
sagittal plane
A vertical cut that is off-center that separates the left of the specimen from the right in unequal portions
parasagittal plane
name the external parts of the frog in dorsal position
grade your score accordingly
name the external parts of the frog in ventral position
grade your score accordingly
name the different planes in the frog’s body
grade yourself accordingly
answer the external structures of the frog (figure 6.1)
grade youself accordingly
supporting framework that can either be an exoskeleton or an endoskeleton
skeleton
have an exoskeleton
invertebrates
consist of dead, non-cellular secretion
exoskeleton
have both types: exoskeleton and endoskeleton
vertebrates
is an internal supporting system of hardened, rigid, segmented, and entirely cellular bones
endoskeleton
Consist of bones and cartilages
endoskeleton
Conveniently divided into axial and appendicular skeleton
endoskeleton
composite structure of the following: skull upper lower jaws, hyoid apparatus, vertebral column, sternum
axial skeleton
part of the skull that is t-shaped box with the legs of t extending posteriorly from the nasal region to the auditory region and the auditory capsules from the head to toe
neocranium (braincase)
neocranium is composed of five bones
sphenetmoid
pair of prootic bones
pair of exoccipitals
form the braincase in the orbital and preorbital regions, contributes to the medial and posterior walls of the nasal capsule
sphenetmoid
Its posterior limit lies at the level of optic foramen
sphenetmoid
Has a large dorsal fenestra that is covered to varying degrees by dermal investing bones
sphenethmoid
lie posterior to the sphenethmoid, their posterior margin forms the posterior edge of the optic foramen
prootic bones
Postero-lateral ossification of the prootic gives rise to what
auditory capsules
The ossified portions of the prootic are united medially and posteriorly and are fused indistinguishably with the what
exoccipitals