Worksheet 6-7 Flashcards

1
Q

used on animals so that practical medicine could acquire scientific results

A

comparative studies

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2
Q

The knowledge of the structure of an organism is prerequisite to an understanding of its:

A

phylogeny
behavior
relationship with the environment

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3
Q

demonstrates the basic similarities in developmental events and processes among different vertebrates

A

frog

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4
Q

the direction near or toward the back

A

dorsal

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5
Q

the direction near or towards the belly

A

ventral

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6
Q

direction near or toward the sides

A

lateral

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7
Q

right side lateral direction

A

dextral

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8
Q

left side lateral direction

A

sinistral

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9
Q

the direction near or toward the middle

A

median

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10
Q

the direction near or toward the front end

A

anterior

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11
Q

the direction near or toward the hind end

A

posterior

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12
Q

the direction of the axis from the head to the tail

A

longitudinal

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13
Q

the direction across the long axis

A

transverse

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14
Q

the part referring to the tail

A

caudal

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15
Q

the part referring to the head

A

cranial/cephalic

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16
Q

– the part referring to the area related to the chest

A

pectoral

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17
Q

the part referring to the area related to the hip region

A

pelvic

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18
Q

the part near the main mass of the body or near a point of reference

A

proximal

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19
Q

the part away from the main mass of the body

A

distal

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20
Q

the part near the surface of the body or organ

A

peripheral

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21
Q

the part near or at the middle of the body organ

A

central

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22
Q

the part on the outer surface of the body of organ

A

superficial

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23
Q

the inner or below the surface of the body or organ

A

deep

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24
Q

the part referring to the direction above

A

superior

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25
Q

the part referring to the direction below

A

inferior

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26
Q

this term can also refer to the anterior part in frogs

A

cranial

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27
Q

the term can also refer to the anterior part in humans

A

ventral

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28
Q

the term can also refer to the posterior part in humans

A

dorsal

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29
Q

this term can also refer to the posterior part in frogs

A

caudal

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30
Q

pierced to destroy the central nervous system of a frog

A

brain and spinal cord

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31
Q

what side of the frog is up when the frog is paralyzed

A

dorsal

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32
Q

method that is designed to destroy the brain by introducing a pithing needle to the groove and directly applying it forward then downward

A

single pithing

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33
Q

method in which both the brain and spinal cord are destroyed, after pithing in the brain, the needle is inserted into the vertebral canal and directing it downward until it has touched the end of the canal

A

double pithing

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34
Q

characterized by the presence of dark skin pigmentation concentrated near the angles of the lower jaw

A

male frog

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35
Q

characteristics of male frog (thumb/nuptial pads)

A

enlarged (or swollen)

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36
Q

characteristics of male frog (size)

A

smaller than female

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37
Q

characteristics of male frog (vocal sacs)

A

has vocal sacs

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38
Q

has pigments that are diffused on the ventral side of the frog, thus no distinct dark pigmentation

A

female frog

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39
Q

characteristic of female frog in terms of thumb pads

A

no enlargement

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40
Q

characteristic of female frog in terms of size and abdomen size

A

bigger than male and has a bigger abdomen

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41
Q

composed of the head and the trunk

A

axial region

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42
Q

most anterior portion of the triangular head

A

snout

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43
Q

– the pair of slit-like openings immediately postero-dorsal to the snout

A

nostril/external nares

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44
Q

other term for nostril

A

external nares

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45
Q

Continuous with the internal nares/choanae within the mouth

A

external nares/nostril

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46
Q

it is the large posterior opening that extends posterolaterally up to the base of the head

A

mouth

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47
Q

Bordered dorsally and ventrally by immovable dorsal and ventral folds

A

mouth

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48
Q

located posterior to the nostrils and protrude on the dorso-lateral sides of the head

A

eyes

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49
Q

eyes is composed of three eyelids

A

upper eyelid
lower eyelid
third eyelid (nictitating membrane)

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50
Q

borders the dorsal side of the eyes and is usually thicker than the lower eyelid, almost immovable

A

upper eyelid

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51
Q

borders the ventral side of the eyes and is thinner but more movable than the upper eyelid

A

lower eyelid

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52
Q

continuous with the inner fold of the lower eyelid and is thin and transparent

A

third eyelid or nictitating membrane

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53
Q

keeps the eye moist and allow the frog to see underwater

A

nictitating membrane

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54
Q

small lighter-colored circular spot at the anterior level of the eye along the median dorsal line.

A

brow spot

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55
Q

May be indistinctive due to the presence of numerous pigments in the skin

A

brow spot

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56
Q

comprises a ciliated columnar epithelial lining, which has the mucous glands and these glands secrete mucus which aids in food lubrication.

A

buccal cavity

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57
Q

it is an oval-shaped membrane behind each eye which serves as a covering of the eardrum and is continuous to the buccal cavity

A

tympanic membrane

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58
Q

which part of the head is larger in males and smaller in females

A

tympanic membrane

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59
Q

demarcation line at the dorsal side which is a reference point that divides the body symmetrically

A

mid-dorsal line

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60
Q

it is a distinct dorsal elevation located at about the middle of the trunk and corresponds to the articulation of the ilium of the pelvic girdle and transverse processes of sacral vertebrae

A

hump

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61
Q

common terminal opening of the digestive tract and the urogenital system

A

cloacal opening

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62
Q

Situated at the median and posterior end of trunk

A

cloacal opening

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63
Q

other term for cloacal opening

A

vent

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64
Q

composed of the forelimbs and hindlimbs

A

appendicular

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65
Q

these are the appendages located at the anterior side of the body

A

forelimbs

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66
Q

Shorter in size compared to the hindlimbs and are used to raise or support the body when the frog is at rest

A

forelimbs

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67
Q

Each forelimb is made up of how many digits

A

4 digits and a rudimentary fifth digit

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68
Q

longer appendages of the frog located at the posterior side of its body

A

hindlimbs

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69
Q

Adapted for swimming and jumping

A

hindlimbs

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70
Q

Each of the limbs of the hindlimbs is composed of how many digits

A

five digits with a rudimentary six prehallux

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71
Q

Distinct toes of the hindlimbs are connected together by a what

A

membranous extension of the skin (web)

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72
Q

well-developed with an elongated ankle in frogs

A

foot

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73
Q

enumerate the frog’s appendages in the forelimb

A

upper arm
forearm
manus
carpus
metacarpus (palm)
phalanges

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74
Q

enumerate the frog’s appendages in the hindlimbs

A

thigh
shank
pes
tarsus
metatarsus
phalanges

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75
Q

axis that runs from head to tail

A

longitudinal/anterioposterior axis

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76
Q

runs from the dorsal to ventral

A

sagittal/dorsoventral axis

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77
Q

runs from right to left

A

transverse/mediolateral axis

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78
Q

dorsal/ventral plane

A

frontal plane

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79
Q

caudal/cranial and anterior/posterior

A

transverse plane

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80
Q

left/right plane

A

sagittal plane

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81
Q

A vertical cut that is off-center that separates the left of the specimen from the right in unequal portions

A

parasagittal plane

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82
Q

name the external parts of the frog in dorsal position

A

grade your score accordingly

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83
Q

name the external parts of the frog in ventral position

A

grade your score accordingly

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84
Q

name the different planes in the frog’s body

A

grade yourself accordingly

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85
Q

answer the external structures of the frog (figure 6.1)

A

grade youself accordingly

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86
Q

supporting framework that can either be an exoskeleton or an endoskeleton

A

skeleton

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87
Q

have an exoskeleton

A

invertebrates

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88
Q

consist of dead, non-cellular secretion

A

exoskeleton

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89
Q

have both types: exoskeleton and endoskeleton

A

vertebrates

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90
Q

is an internal supporting system of hardened, rigid, segmented, and entirely cellular bones

A

endoskeleton

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91
Q

Consist of bones and cartilages

A

endoskeleton

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92
Q

Conveniently divided into axial and appendicular skeleton

A

endoskeleton

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93
Q

composite structure of the following: skull upper lower jaws, hyoid apparatus, vertebral column, sternum

A

axial skeleton

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94
Q

part of the skull that is t-shaped box with the legs of t extending posteriorly from the nasal region to the auditory region and the auditory capsules from the head to toe

A

neocranium (braincase)

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95
Q

neocranium is composed of five bones

A

sphenetmoid
pair of prootic bones
pair of exoccipitals

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96
Q

form the braincase in the orbital and preorbital regions, contributes to the medial and posterior walls of the nasal capsule

A

sphenetmoid

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97
Q

Its posterior limit lies at the level of optic foramen

A

sphenetmoid

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98
Q

Has a large dorsal fenestra that is covered to varying degrees by dermal investing bones

A

sphenethmoid

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99
Q

lie posterior to the sphenethmoid, their posterior margin forms the posterior edge of the optic foramen

A

prootic bones

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100
Q

Postero-lateral ossification of the prootic gives rise to what

A

auditory capsules

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101
Q

The ossified portions of the prootic are united medially and posteriorly and are fused indistinguishably with the what

A

exoccipitals

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102
Q

ossified portions of the prootic are united with the exoccipitals to form a massive element that houses what

A

posterior end of brain and posterior organs

103
Q

they surround the foramen magnum (a large median opening at the posterior end of the skull leading anteriorly into the cranial cavity) and form the occipital condyles

A

exoccipital

104
Q

a large median opening at the posterior end of the skull leading anteriorly into the cranial cavity)

A

foramen magnum

105
Q

consist of the paired nasals and frontoparietal at the dorsal side of the skull, a squamosal bone that invest the lateral part of the suspensorium, and a parasphenoid and paired pterygoids which are invariably present ventrally

A

dermal investing bones

106
Q

dermal investing bones composed of

A

squamosal bone
frontoparietal
parasphenoid
pterygoids
vomers
palatines

107
Q

dermal investing bones that may be reduced or absent

A

vomers/palatines

108
Q

paired and lie anterior to the ossified portion of the sphenethmoid, they provide a dermal roof to the nasal capsule

A

nasal bones

109
Q

long distinct bones that extend from the posterior end of the sphenethmoid to the posterior region of the skull

A

fronto-parietals

110
Q

Represent the fusion of the frontal and parietal elements

A

frontoparietals

111
Q

they form part of the palate and floor of the nasal capsules and are usually associated with the premaxillae and maxillae anteriorly and sphenethmoid posteriorly

A

vomer

112
Q

Usually bear vomerine teeth

A

vomer

113
Q

invest the braincase ventrally and is present in all anurans

A

parasphenoid

114
Q

Bone is t-shaped, thus, the posterolateral alae (wings) cover the auditory capsules laterally

A

parasphenoid

115
Q

extends from the prootic region forward to terminate at the anterior margin of the orbital region (parasphenoid)

A

anterior ramus (cultiform process)

116
Q

paired transverse, slender bones, that originate from the tips of the parasphenoid to the maxillae

A

palatines

117
Q

Braces the upper jaw against the neurocranium

A

palatines

118
Q

tri-radiate bone element, thus, basically an inverted Y-shape in the upper jaw

A

pterygoid

119
Q

Anterior leg of the Y articulates with the maxilla

A

pterygoid

120
Q

Posterior two arms articulate laterally with the squamosal and medially with the prootic

A

pterygoid

121
Q

paired hammer-shaped bones that invest the quadrates laterally and articulate medially with prootics

A

squamosal

122
Q

name the bones on the ventral side of the skull

A

grade yourself accordingly

123
Q

supporting skeletal structure (2)

A

hyoid apparatus and sternum

124
Q

found in the buccal cavity, supports the voice box (larynx)

A

hyoid apparatus

125
Q

supports visceral organs located within the thoracic cavity e.g. lungs, esophagus, trachea, heart

A

sternum

126
Q

composed of girdles and limbs

A

appendicular skeleton

127
Q

girdles in the appendicular skeleton

A

pectoral
pelvic girdles

128
Q

limbs in appendicular skeleton

A

forelimbs
hindlimbs

129
Q

the frog contains visceral skeleton which are the

A

upper and lower jaw
hyoid apparatus
cartilages that support the ventral wall of larynx

130
Q

these visceral skeletons are endoskeletal structures derived from the gill arches of the developing frog

A

upper and lower jaw
hyoid apparatus
cartilages that support the ventral wall of larynx

131
Q

composed of three pair of bones: premaxillae, maxillae, and quadratojugals

A

upper jaw

132
Q

made up of three elements: mento-meckelian, dentary, and Angulo splenial

A

lower jaw

133
Q

lower jaw is made up of three elements

A

mento-meckelian
dentary
angulo-splenial

134
Q

located anteromedially and syndesmotically united with another medially and with the maxillae laterally

A

premaxillae

135
Q

abuts the maxilla laterally

A

premaxillae

136
Q

pair of teeth-bearing bones posterior to the premaxillae and forms the largest and middle segment of the upper jaw

A

maxilla

137
Q

vertical component of this bone forms the lateral wall of the nasal capsule anterior to the orbit

A

maxilla

138
Q

bone completes the upper jaw posteriorly

A

quadratojugal

139
Q

forms anteromedially in Meckel’s cartilage and bears a sysdesmotic connection with one another medially

A

mento-meckelian

140
Q

longer and invest Meckel’s cartilage anterolaterally

A

dentary

141
Q

most posterior bone of the lower jaw but ventral to the dentary

A

angulo-splenial

142
Q

name all the bones in the lower jaw

A

grade yorself accordingly

143
Q

hyoid apparatus is composed of the following (5)

A

Anterior cornua
Alary process
Body of the hyoi
Thyroid process
Posterior cornua

144
Q

lies in the floor of the mouth and serves as the site of insertion for a variety of muscles associated with the movement of tongue and as origin of hyoglossus

A

hyoid

145
Q

Consist of a central cartilaginous plate that has a shallow v-shape in cross-section

A

hyoid

146
Q

flattened median portion of the hyoid

A

body of hyoid

147
Q

paired lateral expansions on the anterior side of the body of hyoid apparatus

A

alary processes

148
Q

anterior pair of horns extending to the prootic

A

anterior cornua

149
Q

paired, shorter horn-like cartilage that arise from the postero-lateral border of hyoid

A

posterior cornua

150
Q

is a pair of long, bony posteromedial processes of the hyoid plate

A

thyroid processes

151
Q

label the parts of the hyoid apparatus

A

grade your score accordingly

152
Q

replaces the notochord

A

vertebral/spinal column

153
Q

how many vertebrae in the vertebral/spinal column

A

10 vertebrae

154
Q

consist of ten vertebrae: one atlas, seven typical vertebrae, one sacral vertebra, and one urostyle

A

vertebral column

155
Q

retain the notochord

A

cephalocordates

156
Q

cervical vertebra which is the most anterior and the first vertebra from the head

A

atlas

157
Q

anterior part of the in the vertebrae that lacks transverse process

A

atlas

158
Q

Bears a pair of atlantal condyle that articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull

A

atlas

159
Q

second to eight vertebrae

A

typical vertebra

160
Q

Has a pair of pre- and postzygapophyses on the neural arch

A

typical vertebra

161
Q

Pair of transverse processes that extend laterally from the pedicel

A

paraphyses

162
Q

in these vertebrae, Invertebral foramina are formed between adjacent neural arches

A

typical vertebrae

163
Q

– found on the middorsal part of the neural arch

A

neural spine

164
Q

concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly

A

centrum

165
Q

specialized vertebra from which the pelvic girdle is suspended

A

sacrum

166
Q

Located posterior to the eighth typical vertebrae

A

sacrum

167
Q

Bears a pair of prezygapophyses, which articulate twith postzygapophyses of the last typical vertebra

A

sacrum

168
Q

expanded to form sacral diapophyses that articulate with the ilia of the pelvic girdle

A

transverse processes

169
Q

tenth and terminal vertebra

A

urostyle

170
Q

slender with a dorsal keel

A

urostyle

171
Q

Articulates anteriorly with the sacral vertebra

A

urostyle

172
Q

specific term for the 1st vertebra and its location

A

atlas, cervical

173
Q

specific term for the 2nd-8th vertebra and its location

A

trunk vertebrae, thoracic-lumbar

174
Q

specific term for the 9th vertebra and its location

A

sacral vertebra, sacral

175
Q

specific term for the 10th vertebra and its location

A

urostyle, coccyx

176
Q

atypical vertebrae

A

atlas, sacral, urostyle

177
Q

lacks the transverse process

A

atlas

178
Q

receives the post-zygapophysis of the previous vertebra

A

pre-zygapophysis

179
Q

includes 2nd to 8th vertebrae

A

typical vertebrae

180
Q

label the parts of the atlas

A

grade your score accordingly

181
Q

label the parts of the typical vertebrae

A

grade your score accordingly

182
Q

label the parts of the sacral vertebra

A

grade your score accordingly

183
Q

concavities for articulation of sacral vertebra

A

urostyle

184
Q

label the parts of the urostyle

A

grade your score accordingly

185
Q

provides additional area for muscle attachment

A

keel or carina

186
Q

what is absent in the atlas

A

transverse processes and prezygapophyses

187
Q

what is absent in the trunk vertebrae

A

none

188
Q

what is absent in the sacral vertebrae

A

postzygapophyses

189
Q

what is absent in the urostyle

A

zygapophyses
transverse processes

190
Q

functions to support the anterior (upper) limb and is not attached to the vertebral column but is embedded on the muscles of the anterior trunk region

A

pectoral girdle

191
Q

incorporated with the pectoral girdle on the medial ventral side

A

sternum

192
Q

commonly called as the breast bone

A

sternum

193
Q

parts of the sternum

A

episternum
omosternum
mesosternum
xiphisternum

194
Q

articulates with clavicle

A

omosternum

195
Q

articulates with the coracoid

A

mesosternum

196
Q

label the parts of the sternum

A

grade yourself accordingly

197
Q

girdle that received portion of the forelimb

A

pectoral

198
Q

girdle that receives portion of the hindlimb

A

pelvic

199
Q

laterally articulates with scapula, slender, transverse bone on the antero-lateral side of the epicoracoid

A

clavicle

200
Q

articulates with the suprascapular, the most dorsal bone of the pectoral girdle that is attached to the coracoid dorsally

A

scapula

201
Q

broader, transverse bone on the postero-lateral side of the epicoracoid

A

coracoid

202
Q

articulates with the coracoid bones

A

clavicle

203
Q

located midventrally joining the left and right halves of the pectoral girdle

A

epicoracoid

204
Q

Space between clavicle and coracoid, in a live frog a cartilage covers this

A

fenestra

205
Q

whitish, flat cartilage attached dorsally to the scapula

A

suprascapular

206
Q

cup-shaped depression on the posterolateral side of the pectoral girdle that serves to receive the head of the humerus

A

glenoid fossa

207
Q

formed by the portion of clavicle, coracoid, and scapula

A

glenoid fossa

208
Q

long, flat bone situated along the ventral midline of the body

A

sternum

209
Q

bone shaped like inverted “Y” attached to the anterior edges of the clavicles

A

omosternum

210
Q

round cartilage attached to the anterior end of omosternum

A

episternum

211
Q

rod-shaped bone on the posterior ends of the coracoids

A

mesosternum

212
Q

larger rounded cartilage, attached to the posterior end of the mesosternum

A

xiphisternum

213
Q

Pelvic girdle/ innominate bone is made up of (4)

A

ilium
pubis (pubic symphysis)
ischium (ischiac symphysis)
acetabulum

214
Q

concavity, receives the head of the femur

A

acetabulum

215
Q

supports the posterior limbs and like the pectoral girdle, consists of two identical halves, one half of which is called an innominate bone

A

pelvic girdle

216
Q

most dorsal and anterior long bone of the pelvic girdle

A

ilium

217
Q

Anterior most end is attached to the transverse process of the sacral vertebra

A

ilium

218
Q

Two ilia are partly fused in what side of the frontal plane

A

ventrally

219
Q

small triangular bone immediately posterior but ventral to the ilium

A

pubis

220
Q

Two pubes are fused medially forming the

A

pubic symphysis

221
Q

large bone on the posterior most end of the pelvic girdle

A

ischium

222
Q

Two ischia are fused medially forming the

A

ischiac sympyhsis

223
Q

large, rounded depression on the lateral side of the pelvic girdle, which serves to receive the head of the femur

A

acetabulum

224
Q

Portions of the ilium, pubis, and ischium form this

A

acetabulum

225
Q

name and label the vertebral column and pelvic girdle in lateral view (two views)

A

grade youself accordingly

226
Q

point of union between ilium and sacral vertebra

A

hump

227
Q

the skeleton of these consist of a humerus in each arm, a radio-ulna in each forearm, carpals in each wrist, metacarpals in each palm, and phalanges in the fingers

A

forelimb

228
Q

most proximal bone of the forelimb

A

humerus

229
Q

Proximal end has a convex head, which fits into the concavity of the glenoid fossa of the pectoral girdle

A

humerus

230
Q

humerus is found on the inner or medial side of this bone is a distinct crest or elevation known as

A

deltoid ridge

231
Q

which serves as attachment for muscle

A

deltoid ridge

232
Q

fused bone (inner radius and outer ulna), immediately distal to the humerus; the point of union is marked by a longitudinal groove

A

radio-ulna

233
Q

bones of the wrist consisting of two rows of six rounded bones

A

carpals

234
Q

consist of four slender bones to which the phalanges are attached

A

metacarpals

235
Q

consist of a femur in each thigh, a tibiofibular in each leg, tarsal in each ankle, metatarsals in each foot, and phalanges in toes

A

hindlimb

236
Q

most proximal bone of the hindlimb, the longest bone of the body; its head fits into the acetabulum of the pelvic girdle

A

femur

237
Q

fused-bone of the shank or leg immediately distal to the femur; the point of union is marked by longitudinal groove

A

tibiofibula

238
Q

bones of the ankle consisting of two rows of bones posterior to the tibiofibula:

A

tarsals

239
Q

more curved on the medial side that is immediately distal to the tibia

A

tibiale or astragalus

240
Q

straighter that immediately distal to the fibula

A

fibulare/calcaneum

241
Q

Proximal row consist of distinctly separated bones (hindlimb)

A

fibulare/tibiale

242
Q

consist of five long bones of the sole to which the digits or phalanges are attached

A

metatarsals

243
Q

rudimentary bone that supports the prehallux

A

calcar

244
Q

number of bone in the humerus and femur

A

1

245
Q

number of bone in the radi-ulna and tibio-fibula

A

1

246
Q

number of bone in the carpals

A

2 rows of 6

247
Q

number of bone in the tarsals

A

2 rows of 5

248
Q

number of bone in the metacarpals

A

4

249
Q

of bone in the metatarsals

A

5

250
Q

digital formula for phalanges in the forelim

A

2 2 3 3

251
Q

digital formula for phalanges in the hindlimb

A

2 2 3 4 3

252
Q

label the parts of the bones of the hand

A

grade yourself accordingly

253
Q

label the parts of the bones of the foot

A

grade youself accordingly