Cell Respiration Flashcards
1
Q
exchange of gases in the environment
A
respiration
2
Q
describe the route of transport of oxygen from the outside to the inside of your body
A
lungs > blood stream > tissues > cells > mitochondria
3
Q
reaction in which energy is absorbed
A
endergonic
4
Q
modified nucleotide
A
adenosine triphosphate
5
Q
How many times can an ATP molecule release energyt
A
twice
6
Q
3 major steps in cellular respiration
A
glycolysis
krebs cycle
electron transport chain
7
Q
glucose is broken down
A
glycolysis
8
Q
takes place in the cytoplasm
A
anaerobic respiration
9
Q
6-c glucose is converted to what
A
2 molecules of pyruvates (3-C)
10
Q
oxygen is not yet needed
A
anaerobic
11
Q
the cell has to utilize ATP to start the process
A
energy investment phase
12
Q
production of 4 ATPs
A
energy payoff phase
13
Q
net yield of glycolysis
A
2 ATPs
14
Q
concentrate the energy into the bonds of ATP
A
reactions in catabolic pathways
15
Q
convenient energy carrier
A
ATP
16
Q
generally has “high-energy” and unstable bonds
A
ATP
17
Q
similar to a highly flammable liquid such as kerosene, which is easier to ignite and provides heat more quickly and convenient
A
ATP
18
Q
unstable bond part of ATP that provide the cell with readily available energy for anabolic (synthetic) reactions
A
“high-energy” molecule
19
Q
Two general aspects of energy production:
A
oxidation-reduction mechanisms
ATP generation mechanisms
20
Q
ATP generation mechanisms include
A
Oxidative or electron transport level phosphorylation
substrate level phosphorylation
photophosphorylation
21
Q
ATP is composed of what
A
nucleoside (adenosine, ribose)
3 phosphate
22
Q
in this, energy in organic molecules is extracted when they transfer 2 hydrogen atoms
A
oxidation
23
Q
hydrogen composed of 2 electrons and protons
A
2 hydrogen atoms
24
Q
composed of 2 electrons and protons
A
coenzyme NAD
25
Coenzyme NAD+ - receives 1 electron (-) hence, it is reduced and cancels its + charge; and one hydrogen atom making it
NADH
26
a more energy-rich molecule
NADH
27
the remaining of this is released to the environment
Hydrogen ion
28
Every NAD+ that is reduced to NADH, what happens to the extra H+
an extra H+ is released in the process
29
used by cells in catabolism to extract energy in the form of electrons from nutrient molecules
redox reactions
30
take nutrients as energy sources and degrade them from highly reduced compounds to fully oxidized compounds
cells
31
converted to pyruvic acid after a series of steps in glycolysis
glucose
32
said to have been oxidized along with the reduction of NAD+ electron carriers, among others
glucose
33
where the reduced electron carriers will proceed to convert energy from the electrons to ATP
Electron transport level phosphorylation
34
generated in several ways in the cells during respiration, and also during photosynthesis
ATP
35
also known as oxidative phosphorylation owing to the oxidation-reduction that follows along the electron transport chain
ETLP
36
in ETLP, this is generated when the electrons from the carriers (e.g. NADH) are carried forward and tossed to the ETC simultaneous with the transport of H+ to the other side of the membrane
ATP
37
NAD
(Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
38
FAD
(flavin adenine dinucleotide)
39
represent the oxidized form of electron carriers
NAD and FAD
40
NAD and FAD accept a pair of electrons and hydrogen atoms and get converted to their reduced forms
NADH and FADH2
41
was built after the movement of H+ ions into the other side of the membrane
concentration gradient
42
as this receives and passes on electrons, they too become reduced and oxidized in the process
ETC
43
last to receive the de-energized electrons (hence, aerobic respiration)
oxygen
44
formed when the de-energized electrons couples with the oxygen
water
45
allows the passive movement of H+ concentration gradient, the energy of the flow is then used to synthesize ATP from ADP and phosphate
ATP synthase
46
SLP
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
47
in this mechanism, ATP is usually generated when a high-energy phosphate is directly transferred from a phosphorylated compound to ADP
SLP
48
this must have gotten its phosphate from an earlier reaction where a substrate must have been oxidized in its favor
phosphorylated compound
49
this happens in cells during photosynthesis’ light-dependent reactions
photosynthesis
50
this happens in cells during photosynthesis’ light-dependent reactions
light energy
51
where the molecules’ electrons jump from one
to another, an ETC similar to that in respiration
carrier proteins
52
in photophosphorylation, the energy of electrons is used by this to pass along protons (H+) and these are allowed to flow back just like in oxidative phosphorylation
ETC
53
involves a pathway from the complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water
cell respiration
54
Three major steps of cell respiration
glycolysis
krebs cycle
ETC
55
glycolysis is divided into two parts
energy investment phase
energy payoff phase
56
requiring the investment of 2 ATPs
energy investment phase
57
generates 4 ATPs through substrate-level phosphorylation
Energy payoff phase
58
net product produced in glycolysis
2 ATP
59
in glycolysis is very important especially when oxygen becomes short in supply
SLP
60
cells wherein oxygen can become short in supply
muscle cells
61
muscle cells rely on this during rapid contraction, and oxygen delivery to tissues cannot supply the requirement of ETLP
glycolysis
62
accumulates in the tissues and is later metabolized in the liver
lactic acid
63
after strenuous activity repays the oxygen debt that has occurred
rapid breathing
64
converts the pyruvate into acetyl-CoA
preparatory step
65
enters the Krebs Cycle or Citric Acid cycle
Acetyl-CoA
66
at the end of the Krebs Cycle, this much ATP are produced by SLP
2 ATPs
67
in step 3, these from the first two steps (glycolysis and krebs cycle) are tossed to the ETC
reduced carriers
68
in step 3, generates 34 ATPs
ETC
69
total amount of ATPs per glucose molecule produced
36-38 ATPs
70
how many ATP is consumed in the energy investment phase in glycolysis
2 ATP
71
how many ATP is produced through SLP in the energy payoff phase in glycolysis
4 ATP
72
how many NADH is produced in oxidative phosphorylation the glycolytic pathway
2 NADH
73
how many ATP can be produced from 1 NADH
3 ATP
74
how many ATPs can be produced in the glycolytic pathway with 2 NADH
6 ATP
75
how many ATP is produced in the Krebs Cycle through SLP
2 ATP
76
is the entry source of energy in glycolysis
glucose
77
are invested in the energy investment phase to fulfill the conversion of the molecules to PGAL or DHAP
2 ATPs
78
are inconvertible
PGAL and DHAP
79
PGAL
3-phosphoglyceraldehyde
80
DHAP
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
81
also known as PGAL, can enter the second phase of glycolysis
3-glyceraldehyde phosphate
82
how many ATPs are produced in the second phase of glycolysis
4 ATPs
83
in this phase in glycolysis, oxidizes intermediate substrates
energy payoff phase
84
how many NADH is produced in the energy payoff phase of glycolysis
2 NADH
85
translated into 3 ATP by ETLP at the ETC
NADH
86
end product of glycolysis
2 pyruvic acid/pyruvates
87
is also called the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or citric acid cycle
Krebs cycle
88
series of biochemical reactions that releases large amount of potential energy in acetyl coA in step by step manner
krebs cycle
89
the reaction that happens in the Krebs cycle wherein the electrons are transferred to electron carriers
redox reaction
90
just like in glycolysis, the carriers take the electrons to the ETC for ATP conversion
carriers
91
in Krebs cycle, are recycled and it can go on continuously as long as the entry molecules, enzymes, and intermediates are available
intermediates
92
pyruvic acid is converted into this in the Krebs cycle
acetyl
93
the Acetyl is attached to this
coenzyme A (CoA)
94
pyruvic loses this due to decarboxylation
carbon molecule
95
major outcomes of the krebs cycle
release of CO2 molecules (decarboxylation)
oxidation-reduction reactions to transfer electron to carriers
SLP
96
carried by the blood to the lungs and is liberated to the atmosphere through exhalation
CO2
97
(fully stripped of its energy and oxidized to CO2)
decarboxylated
98
from the previous steps are carried forward and tossed to the ETC while simultaneously transporting H+ to the other side of the membrane using the energy of the electrons
NADH
99
receiving and passing on the electrons along its length
electron transport complexes
100
absorbs the weakened electrons, then chemically react with two hydrogen ions to form water
oxygen
101
where it tosses its electrons, resulting in lower ATP coinversion
FADH2
102
conversion rate of FADH2
2 ATPs
103
conversion rate of NADH
3 ATP
104
uses the flow of H+ concentration gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP and phosphate
ATP synthetase
105
its oxidation to acetyl CoA is a transition step which prepares it for entrance into the Krebs cycle
pyruvate
106
during this, glucose is broken down, producing CO2, H2O, and ATP
aerobic cellular respiration
107
very important in that they shuttle electrons to the ETC for the synthesis of ATP
NADH and FADH
108
can be deducted from the net ATP due to it being spent on active transport of acetyl coA
2 ATPs
109
becomes the starting material for metabolic processes
glucose
110
requires oxygen from the atmosphere
aerobic respiration
111
where glucose can be derived from
starch or glycogen
112
describe the equation where glucose is converted to energy through cellular respiration
Glucose + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + energy
113
dinucleotide with nicotinamide
NAD/NADH
114
facilitates the breakdown of glucose
dehydrogenase
115
where glycolysis occurs
cytoplasm
116
glycolysis is a what metabolic pathway
anaerobic
117
how many enzymes is required in glycolysis
10 enzymes
118
first step in glycolysis
hexokinase reaction
119
first enzyme in glycolysis that phosphorylates the oxygen on carbon 6 to make glucose-6-phosphate
hexokinase
120
hexokinase catalyzes glucose’s conversion to this
glucose-6-phosphate
121
causes more glucose to enter the cell, costs 1 ATP
phosphorylation
122
catalyzed by phosphoglucoisomerase
isomerization
123
second enzyme in glycolysis that catalyzes glucose-6-phosphate to isomerize to fructose-6-phosphate
phosphoglucoisomerase
124
Phosphoglucoisomerase catalyzes glucose-6-phosphate to this
fructose-6-phosphate
125
third step in glycolysis
second phosphorylation
126
steps in glycolysis where ATP is consumed
phosphorylation
127
where the second phosphorylation occurs
carbon-1 hydroxyl
128
third enzyme in glycolysis that catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate
phosphofructokinase 1
129
phosphofructokinase 1 catalyzes fructose-6-phosphate to this
fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate
130
step 4 wherein the molecules are ready to be cleaved into two smaller ones
cleavage
131
lyase enzyme that will split fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GADP) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)
fructose bisphosphate aldolase
132
fructose bisphosphate aldolase will split fructose-1, 6-bishphosphate into this
3-phosphoglyceradehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate
133
step 5 of glycolysis
conversion of DHAP to PGAL
134
converts DHAP to GADP/G3P/PGAL
triosephosphate isomerase
135
sixth step in glycolysis
oxidative
136
is oxidized into 1,3-bisphosphate by glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase
GADP/G3P
137
enzyme involved in the oxidation of G3P to 1,3-bisphosphate
glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase
138
step 7 of glycolysis where an ATP is produced
dephosphorylation
139
catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group in 1-3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP to become 3-phosphoglycerate
phosphoglycerate kinase
140
since each of these will make one ATP, there will be 2 ATP molecules created in step 7
2 GADP molecules
141
step 8 In glycolysis where phosphoglycerate mutase transfers the phosphate from 3-phosphoglycerate to make 2-phosphoglycerate
phosphate transfer
142
transfer the remaining phosphate from 3-phosphoglycerate to make 2-phosphoglycerate
phosphoglycerate mutase
143
step 9 where enolase catalyzes this resulting in the loss of a hydroxyl group which will produces phosphoenolpyruvate.
dehydration
144
catalyzes a dehydration which will reduce 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate
enolase
145
step 10 where the remaining phosphate group is transferred to an ADP by pyruvate kinase
second dephosphorylation
146
transfers the remaining phosphate group to an ADP from the phosphoenolpyruvate to become pyruvate
pyruvate kinase
147
where another ATP is generated (2 in total)
second dephosphorylation
148
all together, glyoclysis is a what
10 step process
149
how many steps are the preparatory phase of glycolysis
5 steps
150
describe the preparatory phase of glycolysis
Glucose + 2 ATP -> GADP
151
describe the payoff phase of glycolysis
2 GADP -> 2 pyruvate + 4 ATP
152
state the reactant, product, enzyme, and addtl details of the first step of glycolysis
glucose
glucose-6-phosphate
hexokinase
spends 1 ATP
153
state the reactant, product, enzyme, and addtl details of the second step of glycolysis
glucose-6-phosphate
fructose-6-phosphate
phosphoglucoisomerase
154
state the reactant, product, enzyme, and addtl details of the third step of glycolysis
fructose-6-phosphate
fructose-6, 1-bisphosphate
phosphofructokinase 1
cost 1 ATP
155
state the reactant, product, enzyme, and addtl details of the fourth step of glycolysis
fructose-6, 1-bisphosphate
3-phosphoglyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone phosphate
fructose bisphosphate aldolase
156
state the reactant, product, enzyme, and addtl details of the fifth step of glycolysis
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
3-phosphoglyceraldehyde
triosephosphate isomerase
157
state the reactant, product, enzyme, and addtl details of the sixth step of glycolysis
3-phosphoglyceraldehyde
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase
cost 1 NAD
158
state the reactant, product, enzyme, and addtl details of the seventh step of glycolysis
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
3-phosphoglycerate
phosphoglycerate kinase
producest 1 ATP
159
state the reactant, product, enzyme, and addtl details of the eighth step of glycolysis
3-phosphoglycerate
2-phosphoglycerate
phosphoglycerate mutase
160
state the reactant, product, enzyme, and addtl details of the ninth step of glycolysis
2-phosphoglycerate
phosphoenolpyruvate
enolase
161
state the reactant, product, enzyme, and addtl details of the tenth step of glycolysis
phosphoenolpyruvate
pyruvate
pyruvate kinase
produces 1 ATP
162
where aerobic respiration occurs
mitochondria
163
proposes that mitochondria were once separate organisms that were incorporated in eukaryotes
endosymbiotic theory
164
where the pyruvates enter after glycolysis
mitochondrial matrix
165
In the presence of NAD+, pyruvate will undergo:
decarboxylation (release of CO2)
oxidation by NAD
attachment to coenzyme A
166
pyruvates will enter the mitochondrial matrix to find this
coenzyme A
167
is generated when coenzyme A attaches to the pyruvate
acetyl coA
168
Acetyl CoA enters this
citric acid cycle
169
8-step pathway requiring 8 separate enzymes
krebs cycle
170
first enzyme in the krebs cycle that removes the acetyl group and tacks it on to oxaloacetate to form citrate
citrate synthase
171
removes the water molecule from citrate and another one is added to generate a structural isomer
aconitase
172
structural isomer of citrate
isocitrate
173
catalyzes the oxidation of isocitrate by NAD+ and decarboxylates to form alpha-ketoglutarate
isocitrate dehydrogenase
174
aids in the process of losing another CO2 and further oxidation by NAD+ takes place
ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
175
resulting molecule in step 3 of krebs cycle will join with this once again to form succinyl-CoA
coenzyme A
176
displaces CoA in the Krebs cycle to form succinate
phosphate group
177
catalyzes the formation of succinate
succinyl-CoA synthase
178
GTP
Guanosine triphosphate
179
can be used to make one ATP
GTP
180
succinate is oxidized by FAD
succinate dehydrogenase
181
result of oxidation of FAD and succinate
fumerate and FADH2
182
will catalyze hydration which will result in malate
fumarase
183
helps the oxidation by NAD+
malate dehydrogenase
184
malate dehydrogenase will oxidize malate and result into this, restarting the cycle
oxaloacetate
185
overall for every acetyl coA that enters, this will produce how many NADHs, FADH2, and ATP
3 NADH
one FADH2
one ATP
186
for 2 pyruvates entering the krebs cycle, how ma
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP
187
state the reactant, product, enzyme, and addtl details of the first step of krebs cycle
acetyl coA + oxaloacetate
citrate
citrate synthase
188
state the reactant, product, enzyme, and addtl details of the second step of the krebs cycle
citrate
isocitrate
aconitase
one water lost, one water gained
189
state the reactant, product, enzyme, and addtl details of the third step of the krebs cycle
isocitrate
α-ketoglutarate
isocitrate dehydrogenase
uses one NAD+, produces NADH + CO2
190
state the reactant, product, enzyme, and addtl details of the fourth step of the krebs cycle
α-ketoglutarate
succinyl CoA
ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
uses one NAD, produces NADH + CO2
191
state the reactant, product, enzyme, and addtl details of the fifth step of the krebs cycle
succinyl CoA
succinate
succinyl CoA synthetase
uses one phosphate, produces GTP
192
state the reactant, product, enzyme, and addtl details of the sixth step of the krebs cycle
succinate
fumarate
succinate dehydrogenase
uses one FAD, produces FADH2
193
state the reactant, product, enzyme, and addtl details of the seventh step of the krebs cycle
fumarate
malate
fumarase
one water gained
194
state the reactant, product, enzyme, and addtl details of the eighth step of the krebs cycle
malate
oxaloacetate
malate dehydrogenase
uses one NAD, produces NADH
195
generates by far the biggest energy payoff
oxidative phosphorylation
196
where oxidative phosphorylation happens
inner membrane of the mitochondrion
197
these proteins bear a variety of prosthetic groups
proteins complexes I-IV
198
non-protein components of the protein complexes
prosthetic group
199
where prosthetic groups gives its functionality
flavin mononucleotides and cytochrome
200
compound in the ETC that is not a protein, hydrophobic molecule that is mobile within the membrane and is also known as coenzyme Q or CoQ
ubiquinone
201
feeds electrons on the first components on the ETC
NADH
202
what happens when NADH feeds electrons on the proteins in ETC
sequential redox reactions
203
describe the pathway that electrons move through in ETC
PS I
Q PSIII
PSIV
204
by the movement of electrons through a transport chain, this was produced
proton gradient
205
they accumulate outside the inner mitochondrial membrane, which then go to power ATP synthase
protons
206
proton-motive force that can generate ATP through a chemical gradient
chemiosmosis
207
– structure that has a component that looks startlingly like a rotor, where individual protons can bind and cause it to spin in such a way that
ATP synthetase
208
A substance with loses electrons is said to be
oxidized
209
Composed of cyt-b-Fe-s-cyt c1 electron transporters
complex 2
210
The electron transport system produces ___ ATP from each NADH and/or ____ ATP from each FADH2 entering the system
3;2
211
In which step of cell respiration does production of majority of ATPs happen?
ETC
212
Why are mitochondria absent in mature red blood cells
They would consume O2 carried by mature RBCs
213
NADH transfers e- to this complex
complex 1
214
The last electron acceptor in the ETC is
oxygen
215
The primary energy carrier between the citric acid cycle and the electron transport system is
NADH
216
ATP production characterized by direct transfer of an inorganic phosphate from phosphorylated compound to ADP
substrate level phosphorylation
217
Which ion gradient provides energy in the production of ATP?
H+
218
This step happens in the cristae
ETC
219
Match the event/characteristic to the correct step/stage:
chemiosmosis
formation of 6 NADH
production of 4 ATP
ETC
Krebs
Glycolysis
220
Which of these processes occur in the cytosol?
glycolysis
221
Match the event/characteristic to the correct step/stage:
decarboxylation of pyruvate
formation of FADH
energy investment
decarboxylation of pyruvate - prep
formation of FADH - krebs
energy investment - glycolysis
222
The carbon dioxide we exhale is produced in
citric acid cycle
prep
223
FADH2 transfers its electrons to cyt c and produces a weaker H+ gradient so that only 2 ATPs can be produced from kinetic energy generated from the said ion gradient
false
224
ETC is composed of what complexes
complex I
complex II
complex III
ATP synthase
225
complex I is composed of
FMN
Fe-S
226
complex II is composed of
cyt b
Fe-S
Cyt c1
227
complex III is composed of
Cu
Cyt a
Cyt a3
228
what complex do not belong in CI-CIII
Q
Cyt c
229
how many CO2 is produced in prep
2 CO2
230
how many CO2 is produced in krebs
4 CO2
231
how many NADH is produced in krebs (2 cycles)
6 NADH
232
how many FADH2 is produced in krebs (2 cycles)
2 FADH
233
how many ATP is produced in krebs (2 cycles)
2 ATP
234
Match the event/characteristic to the correct step/stage
anaerobic
production of 2 ATP
CoA attaches to the acetyl group
anaerobic - glycolysis
production of 2 ATPs - Krebs
CoA attaches to acetyl group - prep
235
Which process reduces molecular oxygen to water
the electron transport system
236
Complete oxidative breakdown of glucose results in ___ ATP molecules
36 molecules
237
Match the event/characteristics to the correct step/stage
formation 2 CO2
aconitase
use of 2 ATPs to initiate cell respiration
Formation of 2 CO2 - prep
aconitase - krebs
use of 2 ATPs...- glycolysis
238
In the ETC, coenzymes are oxidized
True
239
Match the event/characteristic to the correct step/stage
Coenzymes are oxidized –
Citrate synthase –
Formation of 34 ATPs –
ETC/Glycolysis
Krebs
ETC
240
These processes occur in the mitochondrial matrix
prep, krebs
241
Which connects glycolysis with the final stages of the aerobic pathways?
prep
242
Match the event/characteristic to the correct step/stage
Formation of 2 GTPs ->
Citric acid cycle ->
Aldolase ->
Formation of 2 GTPs -> krebs
Citric acid cycle -> krebs
Aldolase -> glycolysis
243
Oxidative phosphorylation is less efficient in terms of ATP production compared to fermentation
FALSE
244
The preparatory reaction breaks pyruvate into what
acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide
245
One turn of the citric acid cycle produces
3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 ATP
246
Match the event/characteristic into the correct step/stage:
Electron transporters are arranged into complexes ->
Glucose broken down into pyruvates –
Productions 4 CO2 –
electron transporters are arranged into complexes -> ETC
Glucose broken down into pyruvates – glycolysis
Productions 4 CO2 – krebs
247
The citric acid cycle
Must occur twice for each glucose molecule to be metabolized
- Produces 4 carbon dioxide molecules per glucose molecule - All of the choices are correct
- Produces 2 ATP directly from the cycle intermediates
all are correct
248
In which step of cell respiration does the utilization of 2 ATPs happen to transport pyruvates into the mitochondrion?
prep
