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Fundamentals of Zoology > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

process by which cells reproduce themselves

A

cell division

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2
Q

Cell division enables multicellular organism

A

to grow and develop
to replace worn out and damaged tissues

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3
Q

Cell division enables multicellular organism

A

to grow and develop
to replace worn out and damaged tissues

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4
Q

cell division consists of two activities

A

karyokinesis
cytokinesis

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5
Q

two kinds of nuclear cell division

A

mitosis
meiosis

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6
Q

a cycle that a cell undergoes that the cell undergoes that a time it is formed until it prepares itself for cell division

A

cell cycle

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7
Q

molecules synthesized in G1

A

protein
RNA

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8
Q

3 types of RNA molecules

A

RRNA
TRNA
MRNA

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9
Q

how many hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine

A

2 bonds

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10
Q

how many hydrogen bonds between cytosine and guanine

A

3 bonds

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11
Q

most critical stage of the cell cycle

A

s stage

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12
Q

type of cells that do not regenerate

A

brain cells and heart cells

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13
Q

arranged to be spindle fibers

A

microtubules

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14
Q

binding sites for spindle fibers

A

kinetochore

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15
Q

come from centrioles attach to kinetochore

A

kinetochore microtubule

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16
Q

grow outward but do not attach to kinetochore

A

nonkinetochore microtubule

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17
Q

radiate outward, important in the stability of the location of centrioles

A

aster microtubule

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18
Q

cells divide how many times in mitosis

A

once

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19
Q

cells divide how many times in meiosis

A

twice

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20
Q

meiosis I is also called this

A

reduction division

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21
Q

meiosis II is called this

A

equatorial division

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22
Q

homologous chromosomes (

A

autosomes

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23
Q

what pairs of chromosomes are considered as autosomes

A

1-22

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24
Q

determines the sex of the child

A

father

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25
Q

can detect a person’s genetic defect

A

karyotyping

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26
Q

also known as down syndrome

A

trisomy 21

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27
Q

spermatogenesis/oogenesis

A

gametogenesis

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28
Q

main organ of the male reproductive system

A

testes

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29
Q

immature cells (2n) in sperms

A

spermatogonia

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30
Q

spermatogonia undergo what to become a primary spermatocyte

A

mitosis

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31
Q

after undergoing mitosis has the complete set of chromosomes (spermatogenesis)

A

spermatocyte

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32
Q

spermatogonium > mitosis results in how many chromosomes

A

diploid (2n)

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33
Q

has a haploid amount of chromosomes in spermatogenesis

A

secondary spermatocyte

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34
Q

the primary spermatocyte undergoes this to become the secondary spermatocyte

A

meiosis I

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35
Q

the secondary spermatocyte undergoes this to become the early spermatid

A

meisosis II

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36
Q

number of chromosomes of a early spermatid

A

haploid

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37
Q

early spermatid undergoes this to become a late spermatid

A

maturation

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38
Q

the late spermatid undergoes maturation to become this

A

spermatozoa

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39
Q

spermatogenesis ratio

A

1:2:4

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40
Q

in the spermatogenesis ratio, the 1 in 1:2:4 is what type of sperm

A

1 primary spermatocyte

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41
Q

in the spermatogenesis ratio, the 2 in 1:2:4 is what type of sperm

A

2 secondary spermatocyte

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42
Q

in the spermatogenesis ratio, the 4 in 1:2:4 is what type of sperm

A

4 spermatozoa

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43
Q

primary reproductive organ of females

A

ovaries

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44
Q

prior to birth, the female gametes are these

A

oogonium (2n)

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45
Q

during childhood, the ovary of a female child has this

A

primary oocyte (2n)

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46
Q

each month the primary oocyte undergoes this to become a secondary oocyte

A

Meiosis I

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47
Q

this is the stage where the egg is released

A

secondary oocyte

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48
Q

contains half the number of chromosomes (n) (oogenesis)

A

first polar body

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49
Q

when the egg meets the sperm, the secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis II when this happen

A

fertilization

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50
Q

when the secondary oocyte is fertilized by a sperm this forms

A

ootid

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51
Q

ootid develops into a what after meiosis II

A

ovum

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52
Q

ratio in oogenesis

A

1:2:4

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53
Q

ratio of viability in oogenesis

A

1:1:1

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54
Q

production of sperm occurs when

A

every day

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55
Q

production of egg cells occurs when

A

monthyl

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56
Q

before birth what is the term for egg cells

A

oogonium

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57
Q

how many chromosomes in oogonium, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, ootid, and ovum

A

oogonium (2n)
primary oocyte (2n)
secondary oocyte (n)
ootid (n)
ovum (n)

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58
Q

during childhood, the ovary is what

A

inactive

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59
Q

the secondary oocyte forms during what

A

puberty

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60
Q

how many chromosomes in spermatogonium, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, early spermatid, late spermatid, and immature sperms

A

spermatogonium (2n)
primary spermatocyte (2n)
secondary spermatocyte (n)
early spermatid (n)
late spermatid (n)
immature sperms (n)

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61
Q

series of activities through which a cell passes from the time it is formed until it reproduces

A

cell cycle

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62
Q

last for about 90% of the cell cycle

A

cell division

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63
Q

two major activities of the cell cycle

A

interphase/ m phase
cell division

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64
Q

refers to the resting phase of cell cycle

A

interphase

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65
Q

during this stage, the replication of DNA, centrosomes and centrioles occurs and the RNA and protein needed to produce structures required for doubling all cellular components are manufactured

A

interphase

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66
Q

three distinct periods of interphase

A

G1
S
G2

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67
Q

the G in G1 stands for

A

growth/gap

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68
Q

during which cells are engaged in growth, metabolism, and the production of substances required for DNA synthesis and cell division

A

g1 period

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69
Q

highly changeable ranging from non-existent in rapidly dividing cells to days, weeks, or years

A

g1 period

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70
Q

average time period of G1

A

8-10 hours

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71
Q

cells that are intended to never divide again are permanently arrested in this stage

A

g1 phase

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72
Q

examples of cells in G1 state after about 6 months of development

A

nerve cells

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73
Q

rest in G1 phase becoming permanent cells of the central nervous system

A

nerve cells

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74
Q

is the period of interphase during which chromosomes are replicated

A

s period

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75
Q

the S in S period stands for

A

synthesis

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76
Q

what happens in S period for the DNA

A

double helical structure partially unwinds strands separate at points where hydrogen bonds join base pairs

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77
Q

what happens to the exposed base after the strands separate in s period

A

picks up a complementary pair

78
Q

what will stop the process of exposed base finding their complementary pairs

A

until each of the two original DNA strands is matched and joined with a newly formed DNA strand

79
Q

how long does s phase take place

A

6-8 hours

80
Q

what happens when a cell goes through S phase

A

committed to enter cell division

81
Q

the mitochondria divide and the cell continues to grow in preparation for cell division

A

g2 period

82
Q

since the G-phases are stages when there are no events related to chromosomal replication, they are though of as ___

A

gaps or interruptions in DNA synthesis

83
Q

karyokinesis

A

mitosis

84
Q

karyokinesis is divided into what

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

85
Q

finalizes cell division

A

cytokinesis

86
Q

time required for mitosis differs with what

A

kind of cell
location
other factors (temperature)

87
Q

how long does mitosis and cytokinesis happen

A

1-2 hours

88
Q

somatic “body” cell division

A

mitosis

89
Q

parent cells divide to produce what

A

two identical daughter cells

90
Q

the process ensures that each daughter cell has the same number and kind of chromosomes as the original parent cell

A

mitosis

91
Q

mitosis is the kind of cell division that allows what (3)

A

growth of multicellular organisms
asexual reproduction
wound healing

92
Q

meaning of pro in prophase

A

before

93
Q

what happens to the chromatin in prophase

A

condenses and shortens into chromosomes

94
Q

how many identical double-stranded DNA are there in prophase

A

a pair

95
Q

pair of double-stranded DNA molecules

A

chromatids

96
Q

chromatids are held together by a small spherical body called

A

centromere

97
Q

used for the proper segregation of chromosomes

A

centromere

98
Q

protein complex that is attached to the outside of each centromere

A

kinetochore

99
Q

what happens to the nucleoli, nuclear envelope, RNA synthesis in mitosis

A

nucleoli - disappears
RNA synthesis - stops
nuclear envelope - breaks down and is absorbed in the cytosol

100
Q

what will the centrioles do in prophase

A

move at the opposite poles of the cells and start to form the mitotic spindle

101
Q

three types of microtubule that form as the mitotic spindle continues to develop

A

nonkinetochore microtubule
kinetochore microtubule
aster microtubules

102
Q

grow from centrosomes, extend inward, but do not bind to kinetochores

A

nonkinetochore microtubule

103
Q

grow from centrosomes, extend inward, and attach to kinetochores

A

kinetochore microtubule

104
Q

grow out of chromosomes, but radiate outward from the mitotic spindle

A

aster microtubules

105
Q

attachment site for chromosomes and also distributes chromosomes to the opposite poles of the cell

A

spindle

106
Q

part of prophase that the chromosomes moves toward the equator of the cell

A

late prophase

107
Q

period when maximum condensation of chromosomes is very evident

A

metaphase

108
Q

the centromeres of the chromatid pairs line up at the exact center of the mitotic spindle called the

A

metaphase plate/equatorial plane region

109
Q

characterized by the splitting and separation of centromeres and the movement of two sister chromatids of each pair towards the opposite poles of the cell

A

anaphase

110
Q

sister chromatids in anaphase are referred to as

A

daughter chromosomes

111
Q

the movement of chromosomes is due to what in anaphase (kinetochore and nonkinetochure microtubules)

A

shortening of kinetochore microtubules
elongation of non kinetochore microtubules

112
Q

begins as soon as chromosomal movement stops

A

telophase

113
Q

opposite of prophase

A

telophase

114
Q

what happens to the identical set of chromosomes at the opposite poles of the cell in telophase

A

it uncoils and revert to their threadlike chromatin form

115
Q

what happens to kinetochore/nonkinetochore microtubules in telophase

A

kinetochore - disappear
nonkinetochore - elongate even more

116
Q

what happens around each chromatin mass in telophase

A

new nuclear envelope reform around each chromatin mass

117
Q

what happens to the nucleoli and mitotic spindle in telophase

A

new nucleoli reappear
mitotic spindle breaks up

118
Q

division of parent cell’s cytoplasm and organelles

A

cytokinesis

119
Q

occurs during the telophase stage with formation of the cleavage furrow

A

cytokinesis

120
Q

slight indentation of the plasma membrane extending around the center of the cell

A

cleavage furrow

121
Q

what happens when cytokinesis completes

A

interphase begins

122
Q

result of cytokinesis

A

two separated daughter cells

123
Q

reproductive “gamete” cell division

A

meiosis

124
Q

how many haploid nucleis are produced in meiosis

A

A

four

125
Q

how many chromosomes produced in mitosis

A

46

126
Q

how many chromosomes in a daughter cell in meiosis

A

23

127
Q

can exchange genetic material before being separated (meosis)

A

homologous chromosomes

128
Q

is the daughter cell different from parents and each other

A

yes

129
Q

mechanism by which gametes (sex cells) are produced, the basis of sexual reproduction

A

meiosis

130
Q

what will happen to the number of chromosomes asexually reproducing without meiosis

A

would be doubled in each generation

131
Q

meiosis is characterized by two successive divisions that result to the formation of haploid gametes

A

meiosis I and II

132
Q

also called reduction division since the number of chromosomes in a cell is halved (2n -> n)

A

Meiosis I

133
Q

preceded by interphase apparently identical to that of mitosis, DNA and organelles are duplicated and stored ATP is used

A

Meiosis I

134
Q

stages of Meiosis I

A

prophase I
metaphse I
anaphase I
telophase I

135
Q

substages of prophase I

A

leptonema/leptotene
zygonema/zygotene
pachynema/pachytene
diplonema/diplotene
diakinesis

136
Q

stage of prophase I where there is an initiation of homology search

A

leptonema/leptotene

137
Q

means “thin threads”

A

leptonema/leptotene

138
Q

stage of prophase I where chromosomes appear like “beads-on-a-string”

A

leptonema/leptotene

139
Q

means “yoked threads”

A

zygonema/zygotene

140
Q

stage of prophase I where condensation continues

A

zygonema/zygotene

141
Q

stage of prophase I where there is rough pairing

A

zygonema/zygotene

142
Q

initial alignment of homologous chromosomes

A

zygonema/zygotene

143
Q

stage of prophase I where bivalents form

A

zygonema/zygotene

144
Q

what is the number of chromosomes in bivalents

A

n

145
Q

means thick threads

A

pachynema/pachytene

146
Q

homologous chromosomes are already distinguished under the microscope

A

pachynema/pachytene

147
Q

stage of prophase I where there is an intimate pairing of homologous chromosomes

A

pachynema/pachytene

148
Q

what do you call the intimate pairing of homologous chromosomes

A

synapsis

149
Q

the four sister chromatids are evident in pachynema and form a

A

tetrad

150
Q

suppose that 2n = 6 and n =3 , how many bivalence, tetrads in leptonema

A

none

151
Q

suppose that 2n = 6 and n =3 , how many bivalence, tetrads in zygonema

A

bivalence = 3
tetrads = none

152
Q

suppose that 2n = 6 and n =3 , how many bivalence, tetrads in pachynema

A

bivalence = none
tetrads = 3

153
Q

suppose that 2n = 6 and n =3 , how many bivalence, tetrads in diplonema

A

bivalence = none
tetrads = 3

154
Q

means “double threads”

A

diplonema/diplotene

155
Q

stage of prophase one or more areas of the non-sister chromatids remain in contact; sites of crossing over

A

diplonema/diplotene

156
Q

one or more areas of the non-sister chromatids remain in contact

A

chiasmata (sing. cihiasma)

157
Q

genetic exchange between maternal and paternal chromosomes

A

crossing over

158
Q

means “moving apart”

A

diakinesis

159
Q

chromosome separation proceeds but as this happens, the chiasmata move towards the end of each tetrad

A

diakinesis

160
Q

the chiasmata moving towards the end of each tetrad

A

terminalization

161
Q

disintegration of nucleolus and nuclear membrane

A

diakinesis

162
Q

centromeres of each tetrad attach to the mitotic spindle

A

diakinesis

163
Q

maximum condensation of chromosomes is attained (meiosis)

A

metaphase I

164
Q

terminal chiasmata of each tetrad are visible and appear to be the only factor holding the non-sister chromatids together

A

metaphase I

165
Q

movement of homologous chromosomes to the metaphase plate

A

metaphase I

166
Q

tetrads separate and dyads move toward opposite poles

A

anaphase I

167
Q

new nuclear membrane reforms

A

telophase I

168
Q

nucleus enter into a short interphase

A

telophase I

169
Q

some cells proceed directly to Meiosis II, skipping this

A

telophase I

170
Q

also called equatorial division since the haploid cells produced by meiosis I divide producing 4 haploid cells that are genetically different from each other

A

meiosis II

171
Q

very similar to mitosis in that it results in the separation of sister chromatids

A

meiosis II

172
Q

stages of meiosis II

A

prophase II
metaphase II
anaphase II
telophase II

173
Q

each dyad is made up of two sister chromatids joined together by a common centromere

A

prophase II

174
Q

alignment of centromeres at metaphase plate

A

metaphase II

175
Q

suppose that 2n = 6 and n =3 , how many bivalence, tetrads, dyads in metaphase I

A

bivalence = none
tetrads = 3
dyads = none

176
Q

suppose that 2n = 6 and n =3 , how many bivalence, tetrads, dyads in anaphase I

A

bivalence = none
tetrads = none
dyads = 6

177
Q

suppose that 2n = 6 and n =3 , how many bivalence, tetrads, dyads in telophase I

A

bivalence = none
tetrads = none
dyads = 6 (in total), 3 (per daughter cell)

178
Q

splitting of centromeres and movement of monads towards the opposite poles of the cell

A

anaphase II

179
Q

suppose that 2n = 6 and n =3 , how many bivalence, tetrads, dyads in metaphase II

A

bivalence = none
tetrads = none
dyads = 6 (in total), 3 (per daughter cell)

180
Q

suppose that 2n = 6 and n =3 , how many bivalence, tetrads, dyads in anaphase II

A

none

181
Q

suppose that 2n = 6 and n =3 , how many monads in anaphase II

A

in total = 12
per daughter cell = 6

182
Q

monads reach opposite poles

A

telophase II

183
Q

nucleolus and nuclear membrane reform (meiosis II)

A

telophase II

184
Q

chromosomes uncoil and become inconspicuous; cytokinesis occurs

A

telophase II

185
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis in the kinds of cell they divide

A

mitosis = somatic
meiosis - gametes

186
Q

suppose that 2n = 6 and n =3 , how many monads in telophase II

A

total = 12
per DC = 3

187
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis in the number of divisions per cycl

A

mitosis = one
meiosis = two

188
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis in the number of daughter cells formed per cycle

A

mitosis = two
meiosis = four

189
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis in the chromosome no. of daughter cells

A

mitosis = diploid (2n)
meiosis = haploid (n)

190
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis in progeny/daughter cells

A

mitosis = genetically identical
meiosis = genetically different

191
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis in time of cycle

A

mitosis = throughout life
meiosis = completed after sexual maturity (humans)

192
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis in uses

A

mitosis = growth, repair, asexual reproduction
meiosis = sexual reproduction, generating new gene combinations

Fundamentals of Zoology (23 decks)

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