Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
red bone marrow is located in
A
spongy osseus tissue
2
Q
function of skeleton system
A
support
movement
protection
storage of minerals (hydroxyapatite)
storage of fat (adipose)
hematopoiesis
3
Q
minerals stored in bones
A
calcium and phosphorus
4
Q
bone formation
A
ossification
5
Q
Irregular layer of spongy bone
A
trabeculae
6
Q
bones division
A
25% water
25% collagen
50% mineral salts
7
Q
type of bones as to formation
A
membrane or dermal bone
endochondral or cartilage bone
8
Q
bone that start from connective tissue
A
membrane or dermal bone (e.g. fontanelles)
9
Q
bones that start from cartilage
A
endochondral or cartilage bone
10
Q
4 types of cells from osteons
A
osteoprogenitor
osteoblast
osteocytes
osteoclast
11
Q
most immature bone cells
A
osteoprogenitor
12
Q
mature and differentiated osteoprogenitor
A
osteoblast
13
Q
macrophages; digest bone tissue (bone resorption)
A
osteoclast
14
Q
keystone of cranial floor
A
sphenoid
15
Q
smallest cranial bone
A
ethmoid
16
Q
technical term for thumbs
A
pollex
17
Q
technical term for big toe
A
hallux
18
Q
type of bones as to location
A
exoskeleton
endoskeleton
19
Q
provides a firm structure that allows the muscular system to accomplish its primary function, generation of body movement.
A
skeletal system
20
Q
function of skeletal system that allows the movement by muscular contraction
A
support
21
Q
Movement is only possible when force is applied against this firm structure
A
skeleton
22
Q
three types of skeleton in animals
A
hydroskeleton
rigid exoskeleton
rigid endoskeletons
23
Q
consist of a volume of incompressible fluid (water) enclosed in a body cavity that surrounded by muscles
A
hydroskeleton
24
Q
some invertebrates such as mollusk possess these as their skeletal support
A
cartilage
25
invertebrates such as arthropods possess these, consisting of hard external skeleton to which muscle can be attached, thus provide support and protection against desiccation
exoskeleton
26
possess endoskeleton that is formed inside the body and is composed of bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage to which muscles can attach and against which they can pull
vertebrates
27
function of skeletal sytem that provides rigid framework that supports soft tissues
support
28
function of skeletal system that provides places for attachment of muscle, whose contraction makes the bones move
movement
29
function of skeletal system that encloses internal organs, such as the heart and lungs within the chest cavity and brain inside the skull; spinal cord inside the spinal column
protection
30
function of skeletal system that stores calcium and phosphorus
storage of minerals
31
function of skeletal system that stores energy-rich fat in yellow bone marrow
storage of fat
32
function of skeletal system in which there is a production of RBC and certain WBC
hematopoiesis
33
simplest type of skeleton
hydrostatic skeleton
34
consist of a volume of incompressible fluid (water) enclosed in a body cavity surrounded by muscles which help protect other body parts,
hydrostatic skeleton
35
gives the body shape and provides support for muscle action
hydrostatic skeleton
36
the fluid provides support for the body; contraction of muscles cause the organism to move
hydrostatic skeleton
37
exhibited by the earthworm, Hydra sp., and other soft-bodied invertebrates
hydrostatic skeleton
38
composed of exoskeleton, endoskeleton
rigid skeleton
39
hard external skeleton that is both waterproof to prevent desiccation and gas proof
exoskeleton
40
a limiting coat of armor that requires periodic shedding (molting) permitting growth of the organism
exoskeleton
41
may take the form of a shell as in mollusks, brachiopods, foraminiferans, and other sarcodine protozoa: a spicule, or a calcareous, proteinaceous or chitinous plate as in arthropods
exoskeleton
42
among vertebrates, the exoskeleton can take form in
scales of fishes
feathers of birds
hair
horn and nails
43
hard internal skeleton including bones and cartilages to which muscles can attach and against which they can pull to cause movement
endoskeleton
44
can grow within the animal as the animal itself grows. Hence, large size is possible
endoskeleton
45
their endoskeleton is composed of calcium carbonate and other substances secreted from specialized cells
echinoderm
46
their endoskeleton primarily consists of hydrated calcium phosphate minerals in protein matrix
vertebrates
47
components of endoskeleton
cartilage
bone
48
soft, pliable, characteristically deep-lying tissue of invariable form
cartilage
49
found in parts of the endoskeleton requiring both stiffness and resiliency, such as on the surfaces of joints
cartilage
50
may persist throughout the life of the organism, such as in the jawless fishes, and the elasmobranchs (shark, skates, and rays)
cartilage
51
has no blood supply
cartilage
52
has a gel matrix with chondrocytes and elastic and collagen fibers
cartilage
53
may be found in some invertebrate such as in mollusks aside from vertebrates
cartilage
54
types of cartilage
hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage
55
living tissue which is formed from the significant deposits of crystals of insoluble organic calcium salts mainly hydrated calcium phosphate and protein which is mainly collagen
bone
56
has a rich blood supply and is unique to vertebrates
bone
57
types of bone tissue
compact bone
spongy bone
58
microscopic structure of bone
haversian system
haversian canal
59
series of concentric circles of matrices around a haversian canal
osteon/haversian system
60
runs longitudinally through the bone in the center of each osteon
haversian canal
61
contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
haversian canal
62
mature bone cells that line in lacunae which are tiny chambers arranged in concentric circles around a central canal
osteocytes
63
filling the spaces between lacunae is the mineralized matrix that also contains protein fibers
osteocytes
64
responsible for maintaining the daily cellular activities of the bone
osteocytes
65
minute passages that run through the matrix, connecting the lacuna with each other and with the central canal
canaliculi
66
bring the nutrients from the blood vessel in the central canal to the cells in the lacuna; distribute nutrients throughout the bone
canaliculi
67
parts of a typical long bone
diaphysis
epiphyses
metaphysis
articular cartilage
periosteum
medullary or marrow cavity
endosteum
nutrient foramen
68
main axis, main part of the bone
diaphysis
69
ends of long bones
epiphyses
70
joints epiphysis and diaphysis
metaphysis
71
where bone forms a joint with another bone
articular cartilage
72
covering of the bone
periosteum
73
space inside diaphysis; contains yellow bone marrow
medullary or marrow cavity
74
– inner covering/lining of the bone; lines the marrow cavity
endosteum
75
entrance of blood vessel going inside the bone
nutrient foramen
76
differentiate to become osteoblasts, actively dividing cells
osteoprogenitor cells
77
differentiate to become osteocytes, responsible for producing the components of the matrix, non-dividing cells
osteoblast
78
mature bone cells, responsible for maintaining the daily cellular activities of the bone
osteocytes
79
differentiated macrophages, for bone resorption and remodeling
osteoclast
80
– bone developed from cartilage
endochondral ossification
81
bones developed directly from sheets of embryonic cells.
intramembranous ossification
82
In higher vertebrates, membrane bone is restricted to what bones
bones of the face and cranium
83
what type of bones in higher vertebrates except bones of the face/cranium
endochondrial bone
84
it is in the midline of the body, forming the longitudinal axis of the body
axial skeleton
85
Consist of the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and ribcage
axial skeleton
86
Parts of the skull: STEPOF6
sphenoid
temporal
ethmoid
parietal
occipital
frontal
87
paired cranial bones which extend to the sides
parietal and temporal
88
formed from 8 (sometimes more) flattened bones that include
cranium
89
forms the forehead and the anterior part of the brain case
frontal bone
90
curves to form the base of the brain; surrounds the foramen magnum
occipital
91
each bone has an opening that leads to the middle ear
temporal bone
92
forms the anterior floor of the cranium; it completes the sides of the skull and also contributes to forming the orbits (eye sockets); keystone of cranial floor
sphenoid
93
smallest bone in the cranium; separates the cranial cavity from the nasal cavity.
ethmoid
94
It lies in front of the sphenoid, also forms the orbit and the nasal septum
ethmoid
95
14 bones, they support several sensory structures and serve as attachment for most muscles of the face
facial bone
96
form the bridge of the nose
nasal bone
97
form the cheekbones
zygomatic bone
98
the smallest facial bones, located at the
corners of the eyes near the nose
lacrimal bones
99
form the upper jaw, to which other facial bones are joined such as the hard palate and palatine bones which both form from the roof of the mouth
maxillae
100
forms the lower jaw, the only movable portion of the skull
mandible
101
pelvic inlet of females vs males
female - oval
male - heart shape
102
pelvic outlet of female and male
female - circle
male - oval
103
pelvic cavity of female vs male
female - narrow and deep
male - broad and shallow
104
pubic arch of female vs male
female - 70-90
male 50-60
105
is located superior to the larynx, but it is the only bone in the body that does not articulate with another bone
hyoid bone
106
It is attached to the temporal bones by muscles and ligaments
hyoid bone
107
anchors the tongue and serves as the site for the attachment of muscles associated with swallowing
hyoid bone
108
vertebral column consist of
26 separate bones
24 separate vertebrates
2 fused bones (sacrum and coccyx)
109
parts of vertebral column
cervical vertebrae
thoracic vertebrae
lumbar vertebrae
sacrum
110
consist of 7 vertebrae that form the cervical curvature
cervical (neck) vertebrae
111
how many vertebrae do the cervical curvature have
7
112
Smallest of all the separate vertebrae
cervical vertebrae
113
– first cervical vertebrae
atlas
114
second cervical vertebrae
axis
115
consist of 12 vertebrae that form the thoracic curvature
thoracic (chest) vertebrae
116
Have an extra articular facet for the attachment of the ribs
thoracic vertebrae
117
Larger than cervical but smaller than lumbar vertebrae
thoracic vertebrae
118
consist of 5 vertebrae which are the largest and the strongest of all vertebrae
lumbar (lower back) vertebrae
119
consist of 1 vertebral bone that is formed by the fusion of 5 vertebrae
sacrum
120
forms the pelvic curvature
sacrum
121
consist of 1 vertebral bone that is formed by the fusion of 4 vertebrae
coccyx (tail bone)
122
consist of thoracic vertebrae, the ribs, and their associated cartilages, and the sternum
rib cage
123
how many pairs of the ribs are attached to the back of the thoracic vertebrae
12
124
part of the ribs that attach directly or indirectly to the breast bone (sternum) by shafts of hyaline cartilages, called coastal cartilages
upper ten pairs of ribs
125
what the seven pair of ribs that attach directly to the sternum are called
true ribs
126
the 8-10 pair of ribs that attach to the sternum by means of a common cartilage is called
false ribs
127
where the apex of the heart is usually in between
fifth and sixth ribs
128
flat bone that has the shape of a blade
sternum/breast bone
129
Attached to the ribs by coastal cartilages and helps them to protect the heart and lungs
sternum/breast bone
130
sternum is composed of three bones
manubrium
body
xiphoid process
131
specialized for flexibility; connects the arms to the ribs
pectoral girdle
132
parts of the pectoral girdle
scapulae
clavicles
sternum
133
otherwise termed as shoulder blades
scapulae
134
otherwise termed as collarbones
clavicles
135
Make a rigid connection between a scapula and the sternum
clavicles
136
more curved in males than females (one way to tell the sex of the skeleton)
sternum
137
specialized for strength; connects the legs to the vertebral column
pelvic girdle
138
parts of pelvic girdle
ilium
ischium
pubis
139
number the forelimbs
humerus
radius
ulna
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
humerus - 2
radius - 2
ulna - 2
carpals - 16
metacarpals - 5
phalanges - 28
140
digital formuila of phalanges of humans
2, 3, 3, 3, 3
141
hindlimb count
femur
tibia
fibula
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges
patella
femur - 2
tibia - 2
fibula - 2
tarsals - 14
metatarsals - 5
phalanges - 28
patella - 2
142
digital formula for phalanges in hindliumbs
2, 3, 3, 3, 3
143
total number of bones in human body
206
144
column-shaped bones consist of a shaft and heads at both ends
long bones
145
normally cube-shaped, contain mostly spongy bone
short bones
146
type of bones found in Wrist and ankle bones (carpals and tarsals) consist mostly of spongy bones
short bones
147
thin, flattened, with usually curved broad surfaces (type of bones)
flat bones
148
type of bones in the Skull, ribs, sternum (breastbone) all of which consist of a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of compact
flat bone
149
examples include vertebrae, facial bones, and hip bones which have varied shapes that permit connections with other bones
irregular bones
150
exemplified by the patella that is circular in shape
round bones
151
connective tissue structures that attach the muscles to the bones
tendons
152
its tendon is traveling over the knee joint and what is tapped to elicit the knee-joint reflex
quadriceps
153
flexible bands of connective tissues connecting bones together
ligaments
154
places where bones meet allowing a wide range of movements
joints
155
Also called articulation
joints
156
Muscles and bones work together around them
joints
157
type of joints
synarthroses
amphiarthroses
diarthroses
158
immovable joints, has three types: suture, gomphosis, and synchondrosis
synarthroses
159
example of synarthroses
suture
gomphosis
snychondrosis
160
fibrous joints uniting bones of the skull
suture
161
fibrous joint in which a cone-shaped peg fits into a socket (e.g. roots of teeth into sockets of jaws)
gomphosis
162
cartilaginous joint, a temporary joint that is replaced by bone during adult life (e.g. epiphyseal plate, joint between first rib and sternum)
synchondrosis
163
slightly movable joins and has two types, syndesmosis and symphysis
amphiarthroses
164
also a fibrous joint but not as tight as sutures and thus permitting some degree of flexibility and movement (distal articulation of tibia and fibula)
syndesmosis
165
is a cartilaginous joint connected by a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage (e.g. intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
symphysis
166
freely movable/synovial joints
diarthroses
167
Characterized by two bones that are separated by cavity
diarthroses
168
Ligaments hold the two bones in place as they form a capsule
diarthroses
169
The joint capsule is lined with synovial membrane, which produces synovial fluid, a lubricant for the joint
diarthroses
170
type of movable joints (6)
hinge joints
ball-and-socket joints
pivot joints
condyloid joint
saddle joint
gliding joint
171
hinge joints, convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another
ginglymus
172
movement one plane only (monoaxial/uniaxial) like flexion, extension and hyperextension; no rotational movement
ginglymus
173
example of hinge joints
knee
elbow
ankle
174
globular head of one bone fits into a cup shaped cavity of another
spheroid (ball-and-socket joints)
175
movement: in three planes (triaxial) like flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, rotation
spheroid (ball-and-socket joint)
176
e.g. head of femur that fits into acetabulum on the hipbone; head of humerus and glenoid fossa of scapula
spheroid (ball-and-socket joint)
177
cylindrical surface of one bone rotates within a ring of bone or fibrous tissue
trochoid (pivot joint)
178
movement: in one plane (monoaxial) like in rotation
trochoid (pivot joint)
179
e.g. radius and ulna of the forearm; atlas and axis
trochoid (pivot joint)
180
consist of ovoid condyle of one bone fitting into elliptical cavity of another
condyloid joint (ellipsoid)
181
in two places (biaxial) like side-to-side and back-and-forth movements; also permit circumduction
condyloid joint (ellipsoid)
182
radius and carpal, metacarpal and phalanges
condyloid joint (ellipsoid)
183
bones have concave and convex regions
sellaris (saddle joint)
184
modified ellipsoidal joint
sellaris (saddle joint)
185
movement in two planes (biaxial) like side-to-side and back-and-forth movements; also permit circumduction
sellaris (saddle joint)
186
articular surfaces are flat (type of joint)
gliding joint (arthrodial)
187
movement: in two planes (biaxial) like side-to-side and back-and-forth movements
gliding joint (arthrodial)
188
between tarsals and between carpals
gliding joint (arthrodial)
189
Which is NOT a correct association of facial bones?
a. Mandible – lower jaw
b. Zygomatic bones – bridge of the nose
c. Frontal – forehead
d. Maxillae – upper jaw and hard palate
zygomatic bones
190
Which is NOT a correct association of bone structures and functions?
a. Osteoblasts – cells that build up bone tissue
b. Osteoclasts – cells that break down bone tissue
c. Osteons – tubular units of compact bone
d. Lacunae – tiny chambers in concentric circles around a central canal
e. Canaliculi – holes through which blood vessels run
canaliculi
191
Which one characterizes a female pelvis?
a. Pelvic outlet is narrower
b. Pubic arch: 50-60 degrees
c. Pelvic inlet is heart shaped
d. Pelvic cavity is broad and shallow
d. pelvic cavity is broad and shallow
192
This tarsal forms the heel bone
calcaneus
193
The marrow found in spongy bones and is hemopoietic in function
red
194
Bone destroyers are called
osteoclasts
195
Inner covering of the bone
endosteum
196
Smallest facial bone
lacrimal
197
This contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
haversian canal
198
Bone destroying cells that are vital in bone remodeling
osteoclast
199
Knee joint is an example of what type of joint?
hinge joint
200
The only unpaired facial bones are
vomer and mandible
201
The 2nd cervical vertebra is the
axis
202
Technical term for the big toe
hallux
203
These are also referred to as cheek bones
zygomatic
204
Which of the bones are found in the pelvic girdle
a.Tibia
b. Humerus
c. Femur
d. Coxae
e. Ulna
coxae
205
Which pair consist of fused bones
a. Thoracic and lumbar
b. Cervical and thoracic
c. Lumbar and sacral
d. Sacral and coccyx
sacral and coccyx
206
All are examples of synarthroses except?
a. Sutures
b. Sychondrosis
c. Gomphosis
d. Symphysis
symphysis
207
All are irregular bones except
a.Scapulae
b. Vertebrae
c. Coxae
d. Facial bones
scapulae
208
Which of the following attach muscle to the bone?
a. Adipose tissue
b. Sarcomere
c. Ligaments
d. Joints
e. Tendons
tendons
209
Which vertebra is made up of 5 fused bones
sacrum
210
All joints exhibit biaxial movements, except
a. Spheroid
b. Sellaris
c. Condyloid
d. Arthrodial
spheroid
211
In crowded Asian regions such as Hong Kong, there is not enough room for cemeteries. However, the dead can be temporarily buried and their bones can later be exhumed and stored in an ossarium, a wall made of small concrete boxes (about eight inches by eight inches by two feet long) just large enough to contain all the human bones. These dimensions are defined by the longest bone in the human body and the largest volume bone assembly, which are the
femur skull
212
Which of the following bones is/are NOT part of the axial skeleton?
a.Vertebrae
b. Skull
c. Ribs
d. Scapula
e. Sternum
scapula
213
The smallest bones of the body
auditory ossicles
214
Which of the following is NOT true about the vertebrae
a. They help protect the spinal cord
b. They are part of the appendicular skeleton
c. They are separated by invertebral disks
d. They form a dorsal backbone
They are part of the appendicular skeleton
215
All are examples of diarthroses except:
a. Ball-and-socket
b. Suture
c. Gliding
d. Hinge
suture
216
The bones store which minerals to form hydroxyapatite
calcium and phosphorus
217
The following bones belong to the appendicular skeleton, except
Humerus
b. Femur
c. Sternum
d. Clavicle
sternum
218
Which cervical vertebra has the dens process?
C4
C7
C1
C2
C2
