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Fundamentals of Zoology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

red bone marrow is located in

A

spongy osseus tissue

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2
Q

function of skeleton system

A

support
movement
protection
storage of minerals (hydroxyapatite)
storage of fat (adipose)
hematopoiesis

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3
Q

minerals stored in bones

A

calcium and phosphorus

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4
Q

bone formation

A

ossification

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5
Q

Irregular layer of spongy bone

A

trabeculae

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6
Q

bones division

A

25% water
25% collagen
50% mineral salts

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7
Q

type of bones as to formation

A

membrane or dermal bone
endochondral or cartilage bone

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8
Q

bone that start from connective tissue

A

membrane or dermal bone (e.g. fontanelles)

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9
Q

bones that start from cartilage

A

endochondral or cartilage bone

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10
Q

4 types of cells from osteons

A

osteoprogenitor
osteoblast
osteocytes
osteoclast

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11
Q

most immature bone cells

A

osteoprogenitor

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12
Q

mature and differentiated osteoprogenitor

A

osteoblast

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13
Q

macrophages; digest bone tissue (bone resorption)

A

osteoclast

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14
Q

keystone of cranial floor

A

sphenoid

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15
Q

smallest cranial bone

A

ethmoid

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16
Q

technical term for thumbs

A

pollex

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17
Q

technical term for big toe

A

hallux

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18
Q

type of bones as to location

A

exoskeleton
endoskeleton

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19
Q

provides a firm structure that allows the muscular system to accomplish its primary function, generation of body movement.

A

skeletal system

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20
Q

function of skeletal system that allows the movement by muscular contraction

A

support

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21
Q

Movement is only possible when force is applied against this firm structure

A

skeleton

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22
Q

three types of skeleton in animals

A

hydroskeleton
rigid exoskeleton
rigid endoskeletons

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23
Q

consist of a volume of incompressible fluid (water) enclosed in a body cavity that surrounded by muscles

A

hydroskeleton

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24
Q

some invertebrates such as mollusk possess these as their skeletal support

A

cartilage

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25
Q

invertebrates such as arthropods possess these, consisting of hard external skeleton to which muscle can be attached, thus provide support and protection against desiccation

A

exoskeleton

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26
Q

possess endoskeleton that is formed inside the body and is composed of bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage to which muscles can attach and against which they can pull

A

vertebrates

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27
Q

function of skeletal sytem that provides rigid framework that supports soft tissues

A

support

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28
Q

function of skeletal system that provides places for attachment of muscle, whose contraction makes the bones move

A

movement

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29
Q

function of skeletal system that encloses internal organs, such as the heart and lungs within the chest cavity and brain inside the skull; spinal cord inside the spinal column

A

protection

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30
Q

function of skeletal system that stores calcium and phosphorus

A

storage of minerals

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31
Q

function of skeletal system that stores energy-rich fat in yellow bone marrow

A

storage of fat

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32
Q

function of skeletal system in which there is a production of RBC and certain WBC

A

hematopoiesis

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33
Q

simplest type of skeleton

A

hydrostatic skeleton

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34
Q

consist of a volume of incompressible fluid (water) enclosed in a body cavity surrounded by muscles which help protect other body parts,

A

hydrostatic skeleton

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35
Q

gives the body shape and provides support for muscle action

A

hydrostatic skeleton

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36
Q

the fluid provides support for the body; contraction of muscles cause the organism to move

A

hydrostatic skeleton

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37
Q

exhibited by the earthworm, Hydra sp., and other soft-bodied invertebrates

A

hydrostatic skeleton

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38
Q

composed of exoskeleton, endoskeleton

A

rigid skeleton

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39
Q

hard external skeleton that is both waterproof to prevent desiccation and gas proof

A

exoskeleton

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40
Q

a limiting coat of armor that requires periodic shedding (molting) permitting growth of the organism

A

exoskeleton

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41
Q

may take the form of a shell as in mollusks, brachiopods, foraminiferans, and other sarcodine protozoa: a spicule, or a calcareous, proteinaceous or chitinous plate as in arthropods

A

exoskeleton

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42
Q

among vertebrates, the exoskeleton can take form in

A

scales of fishes
feathers of birds
hair
horn and nails

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43
Q

hard internal skeleton including bones and cartilages to which muscles can attach and against which they can pull to cause movement

A

endoskeleton

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44
Q

can grow within the animal as the animal itself grows. Hence, large size is possible

A

endoskeleton

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45
Q

their endoskeleton is composed of calcium carbonate and other substances secreted from specialized cells

A

echinoderm

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46
Q

their endoskeleton primarily consists of hydrated calcium phosphate minerals in protein matrix

A

vertebrates

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47
Q


components of endoskeleton

A

cartilage
bone

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48
Q

soft, pliable, characteristically deep-lying tissue of invariable form

A

cartilage

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49
Q

found in parts of the endoskeleton requiring both stiffness and resiliency, such as on the surfaces of joints

A

cartilage

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50
Q

may persist throughout the life of the organism, such as in the jawless fishes, and the elasmobranchs (shark, skates, and rays)

A

cartilage

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51
Q

has no blood supply

A

cartilage

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52
Q

has a gel matrix with chondrocytes and elastic and collagen fibers

A

cartilage

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53
Q

may be found in some invertebrate such as in mollusks aside from vertebrates

A

cartilage

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54
Q

types of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage

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55
Q

living tissue which is formed from the significant deposits of crystals of insoluble organic calcium salts mainly hydrated calcium phosphate and protein which is mainly collagen

A

bone

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56
Q

has a rich blood supply and is unique to vertebrates

A

bone

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57
Q

types of bone tissue

A

compact bone
spongy bone

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58
Q

microscopic structure of bone

A

haversian system
haversian canal

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59
Q

series of concentric circles of matrices around a haversian canal

A

osteon/haversian system

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60
Q

runs longitudinally through the bone in the center of each osteon

A

haversian canal

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61
Q

contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

A

haversian canal

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62
Q

mature bone cells that line in lacunae which are tiny chambers arranged in concentric circles around a central canal

A

osteocytes

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63
Q

filling the spaces between lacunae is the mineralized matrix that also contains protein fibers

A

osteocytes

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64
Q

responsible for maintaining the daily cellular activities of the bone

A

osteocytes

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65
Q

minute passages that run through the matrix, connecting the lacuna with each other and with the central canal

A

canaliculi

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66
Q

bring the nutrients from the blood vessel in the central canal to the cells in the lacuna; distribute nutrients throughout the bone

A

canaliculi

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67
Q

parts of a typical long bone

A

diaphysis
epiphyses
metaphysis
articular cartilage
periosteum
medullary or marrow cavity
endosteum
nutrient foramen

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68
Q

main axis, main part of the bone

A

diaphysis

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69
Q

ends of long bones

A

epiphyses

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70
Q

joints epiphysis and diaphysis

A

metaphysis

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71
Q

where bone forms a joint with another bone

A

articular cartilage

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72
Q

covering of the bone

A

periosteum

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73
Q

space inside diaphysis; contains yellow bone marrow

A

medullary or marrow cavity

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74
Q

– inner covering/lining of the bone; lines the marrow cavity

A

endosteum

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75
Q

entrance of blood vessel going inside the bone

A

nutrient foramen

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76
Q

differentiate to become osteoblasts, actively dividing cells

A

osteoprogenitor cells

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77
Q

differentiate to become osteocytes, responsible for producing the components of the matrix, non-dividing cells

A

osteoblast

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78
Q

mature bone cells, responsible for maintaining the daily cellular activities of the bone

A

osteocytes

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79
Q

differentiated macrophages, for bone resorption and remodeling

A

osteoclast

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80
Q

– bone developed from cartilage

A

endochondral ossification

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81
Q

bones developed directly from sheets of embryonic cells.

A

intramembranous ossification

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82
Q

In higher vertebrates, membrane bone is restricted to what bones

A

bones of the face and cranium

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83
Q

what type of bones in higher vertebrates except bones of the face/cranium

A

endochondrial bone

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84
Q

it is in the midline of the body, forming the longitudinal axis of the body

A

axial skeleton

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85
Q

Consist of the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and ribcage

A

axial skeleton

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86
Q

Parts of the skull: STEPOF6

A

sphenoid
temporal
ethmoid
parietal
occipital
frontal

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87
Q

paired cranial bones which extend to the sides

A

parietal and temporal

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88
Q

formed from 8 (sometimes more) flattened bones that include

A

cranium

89
Q

forms the forehead and the anterior part of the brain case

A

frontal bone

90
Q

curves to form the base of the brain; surrounds the foramen magnum

A

occipital

91
Q

each bone has an opening that leads to the middle ear

A

temporal bone

92
Q

forms the anterior floor of the cranium; it completes the sides of the skull and also contributes to forming the orbits (eye sockets); keystone of cranial floor

A

sphenoid

93
Q

smallest bone in the cranium; separates the cranial cavity from the nasal cavity.

A

ethmoid

94
Q

It lies in front of the sphenoid, also forms the orbit and the nasal septum

A

ethmoid

95
Q

14 bones, they support several sensory structures and serve as attachment for most muscles of the face

A

facial bone

96
Q

form the bridge of the nose

A

nasal bone

97
Q

form the cheekbones

A

zygomatic bone

98
Q

the smallest facial bones, located at the
corners of the eyes near the nose

A

lacrimal bones

99
Q

form the upper jaw, to which other facial bones are joined such as the hard palate and palatine bones which both form from the roof of the mouth

A

maxillae

100
Q

forms the lower jaw, the only movable portion of the skull

A

mandible

101
Q

pelvic inlet of females vs males

A

female - oval
male - heart shape

102
Q

pelvic outlet of female and male

A

female - circle
male - oval

103
Q

pelvic cavity of female vs male

A

female - narrow and deep
male - broad and shallow

104
Q

pubic arch of female vs male

A

female - 70-90
male 50-60

105
Q

is located superior to the larynx, but it is the only bone in the body that does not articulate with another bone

A

hyoid bone

106
Q

It is attached to the temporal bones by muscles and ligaments

A

hyoid bone

107
Q

anchors the tongue and serves as the site for the attachment of muscles associated with swallowing

A

hyoid bone

108
Q

vertebral column consist of

A

26 separate bones
24 separate vertebrates
2 fused bones (sacrum and coccyx)

109
Q

parts of vertebral column

A

cervical vertebrae
thoracic vertebrae
lumbar vertebrae
sacrum

110
Q

consist of 7 vertebrae that form the cervical curvature

A

cervical (neck) vertebrae

111
Q

how many vertebrae do the cervical curvature have

A

7

112
Q

Smallest of all the separate vertebrae

A

cervical vertebrae

113
Q

– first cervical vertebrae

A

atlas

114
Q

second cervical vertebrae

A

axis

115
Q

consist of 12 vertebrae that form the thoracic curvature

A

thoracic (chest) vertebrae

116
Q

Have an extra articular facet for the attachment of the ribs

A

thoracic vertebrae

117
Q

Larger than cervical but smaller than lumbar vertebrae

A

thoracic vertebrae

118
Q

consist of 5 vertebrae which are the largest and the strongest of all vertebrae

A

lumbar (lower back) vertebrae

119
Q

consist of 1 vertebral bone that is formed by the fusion of 5 vertebrae

A

sacrum

120
Q

forms the pelvic curvature

A

sacrum

121
Q

consist of 1 vertebral bone that is formed by the fusion of 4 vertebrae

A

coccyx (tail bone)

122
Q

consist of thoracic vertebrae, the ribs, and their associated cartilages, and the sternum

A

rib cage

123
Q

how many pairs of the ribs are attached to the back of the thoracic vertebrae

A

12

124
Q

part of the ribs that attach directly or indirectly to the breast bone (sternum) by shafts of hyaline cartilages, called coastal cartilages

A

upper ten pairs of ribs

125
Q

what the seven pair of ribs that attach directly to the sternum are called

A

true ribs

126
Q

the 8-10 pair of ribs that attach to the sternum by means of a common cartilage is called

A

false ribs

127
Q

where the apex of the heart is usually in between

A

fifth and sixth ribs

128
Q

flat bone that has the shape of a blade

A

sternum/breast bone

129
Q

Attached to the ribs by coastal cartilages and helps them to protect the heart and lungs

A

sternum/breast bone

130
Q

sternum is composed of three bones

A

manubrium
body
xiphoid process

131
Q

specialized for flexibility; connects the arms to the ribs

A

pectoral girdle

132
Q

parts of the pectoral girdle

A

scapulae
clavicles
sternum

133
Q

otherwise termed as shoulder blades

A

scapulae

134
Q

otherwise termed as collarbones

A

clavicles

135
Q

Make a rigid connection between a scapula and the sternum

A

clavicles

136
Q

more curved in males than females (one way to tell the sex of the skeleton)

A

sternum

137
Q

specialized for strength; connects the legs to the vertebral column

A

pelvic girdle

138
Q

parts of pelvic girdle

A

ilium
ischium
pubis

139
Q

number the forelimbs

humerus
radius
ulna
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges

A

humerus - 2
radius - 2
ulna - 2
carpals - 16
metacarpals - 5
phalanges - 28

140
Q

digital formuila of phalanges of humans

A

2, 3, 3, 3, 3

141
Q

hindlimb count

femur
tibia
fibula
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges
patella

A

femur - 2
tibia - 2
fibula - 2
tarsals - 14
metatarsals - 5
phalanges - 28
patella - 2

142
Q

digital formula for phalanges in hindliumbs

A

2, 3, 3, 3, 3

143
Q

total number of bones in human body

A

206

144
Q

column-shaped bones consist of a shaft and heads at both ends

A

long bones

145
Q

normally cube-shaped, contain mostly spongy bone

A

short bones

146
Q

type of bones found in Wrist and ankle bones (carpals and tarsals) consist mostly of spongy bones

A

short bones

147
Q

thin, flattened, with usually curved broad surfaces (type of bones)

A

flat bones

148
Q

type of bones in the Skull, ribs, sternum (breastbone) all of which consist of a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of compact

A

flat bone

149
Q

examples include vertebrae, facial bones, and hip bones which have varied shapes that permit connections with other bones

A

irregular bones

150
Q

exemplified by the patella that is circular in shape

A

round bones

151
Q

connective tissue structures that attach the muscles to the bones

A

tendons

152
Q

its tendon is traveling over the knee joint and what is tapped to elicit the knee-joint reflex

A

quadriceps

153
Q

flexible bands of connective tissues connecting bones together

A

ligaments

154
Q

places where bones meet allowing a wide range of movements

A

joints

155
Q

Also called articulation

A

joints

156
Q

Muscles and bones work together around them

A

joints

157
Q

type of joints

A

synarthroses
amphiarthroses
diarthroses

158
Q

immovable joints, has three types: suture, gomphosis, and synchondrosis

A

synarthroses

159
Q

example of synarthroses

A

suture
gomphosis
snychondrosis

160
Q

fibrous joints uniting bones of the skull

A

suture

161
Q

fibrous joint in which a cone-shaped peg fits into a socket (e.g. roots of teeth into sockets of jaws)

A

gomphosis

162
Q

cartilaginous joint, a temporary joint that is replaced by bone during adult life (e.g. epiphyseal plate, joint between first rib and sternum)

A

synchondrosis

163
Q

slightly movable joins and has two types, syndesmosis and symphysis

A

amphiarthroses

164
Q

also a fibrous joint but not as tight as sutures and thus permitting some degree of flexibility and movement (distal articulation of tibia and fibula)

A

syndesmosis

165
Q

is a cartilaginous joint connected by a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage (e.g. intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

A

symphysis

166
Q

freely movable/synovial joints

A

diarthroses

167
Q

Characterized by two bones that are separated by cavity

A

diarthroses

168
Q

Ligaments hold the two bones in place as they form a capsule

A

diarthroses

169
Q

The joint capsule is lined with synovial membrane, which produces synovial fluid, a lubricant for the joint

A

diarthroses

170
Q

type of movable joints (6)

A

hinge joints
ball-and-socket joints
pivot joints
condyloid joint
saddle joint
gliding joint

171
Q

hinge joints, convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another

A

ginglymus

172
Q

movement one plane only (monoaxial/uniaxial) like flexion, extension and hyperextension; no rotational movement

A

ginglymus

173
Q

example of hinge joints

A

knee
elbow
ankle

174
Q

globular head of one bone fits into a cup shaped cavity of another

A

spheroid (ball-and-socket joints)

175
Q

movement: in three planes (triaxial) like flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, rotation

A

spheroid (ball-and-socket joint)

176
Q

e.g. head of femur that fits into acetabulum on the hipbone; head of humerus and glenoid fossa of scapula

A

spheroid (ball-and-socket joint)

177
Q

cylindrical surface of one bone rotates within a ring of bone or fibrous tissue

A

trochoid (pivot joint)

178
Q

movement: in one plane (monoaxial) like in rotation

A

trochoid (pivot joint)

179
Q

e.g. radius and ulna of the forearm; atlas and axis

A

trochoid (pivot joint)

180
Q

consist of ovoid condyle of one bone fitting into elliptical cavity of another

A

condyloid joint (ellipsoid)

181
Q

in two places (biaxial) like side-to-side and back-and-forth movements; also permit circumduction

A

condyloid joint (ellipsoid)

182
Q

radius and carpal, metacarpal and phalanges

A

condyloid joint (ellipsoid)

183
Q

bones have concave and convex regions

A

sellaris (saddle joint)

184
Q

modified ellipsoidal joint

A

sellaris (saddle joint)

185
Q

movement in two planes (biaxial) like side-to-side and back-and-forth movements; also permit circumduction

A

sellaris (saddle joint)

186
Q

articular surfaces are flat (type of joint)

A

gliding joint (arthrodial)

187
Q

movement: in two planes (biaxial) like side-to-side and back-and-forth movements

A

gliding joint (arthrodial)

188
Q

between tarsals and between carpals

A

gliding joint (arthrodial)

189
Q

Which is NOT a correct association of facial bones?
a. Mandible – lower jaw
b. Zygomatic bones – bridge of the nose
c. Frontal – forehead
d. Maxillae – upper jaw and hard palate

A

zygomatic bones

190
Q

Which is NOT a correct association of bone structures and functions?
a. Osteoblasts – cells that build up bone tissue
b. Osteoclasts – cells that break down bone tissue
c. Osteons – tubular units of compact bone
d. Lacunae – tiny chambers in concentric circles around a central canal
e. Canaliculi – holes through which blood vessels run

A

canaliculi

191
Q

Which one characterizes a female pelvis?
a. Pelvic outlet is narrower
b. Pubic arch: 50-60 degrees
c. Pelvic inlet is heart shaped
d. Pelvic cavity is broad and shallow

A

d. pelvic cavity is broad and shallow

192
Q

This tarsal forms the heel bone

A

calcaneus

193
Q

The marrow found in spongy bones and is hemopoietic in function

A

red

194
Q

Bone destroyers are called

A

osteoclasts

195
Q

Inner covering of the bone

A

endosteum

196
Q

Smallest facial bone

A

lacrimal

197
Q

This contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

A

haversian canal

198
Q

Bone destroying cells that are vital in bone remodeling

A

osteoclast

199
Q

Knee joint is an example of what type of joint?

A

hinge joint

200
Q

The only unpaired facial bones are

A

vomer and mandible

201
Q

The 2nd cervical vertebra is the

A

axis

202
Q

Technical term for the big toe

A

hallux

203
Q

These are also referred to as cheek bones

A

zygomatic

204
Q

Which of the bones are found in the pelvic girdle

a.Tibia
b. Humerus
c. Femur
d. Coxae
e. Ulna

A

coxae

205
Q

Which pair consist of fused bones

a. Thoracic and lumbar
b. Cervical and thoracic
c. Lumbar and sacral
d. Sacral and coccyx

A

sacral and coccyx

206
Q

All are examples of synarthroses except?

a. Sutures
b. Sychondrosis
c. Gomphosis
d. Symphysis

A

symphysis

207
Q

All are irregular bones except

a.Scapulae
b. Vertebrae
c. Coxae
d. Facial bones

A

scapulae

208
Q

Which of the following attach muscle to the bone?
a. Adipose tissue
b. Sarcomere
c. Ligaments
d. Joints
e. Tendons

A

tendons

209
Q

Which vertebra is made up of 5 fused bones

A

sacrum

210
Q

All joints exhibit biaxial movements, except

a. Spheroid
b. Sellaris
c. Condyloid
d. Arthrodial

A

spheroid

211
Q

In crowded Asian regions such as Hong Kong, there is not enough room for cemeteries. However, the dead can be temporarily buried and their bones can later be exhumed and stored in an ossarium, a wall made of small concrete boxes (about eight inches by eight inches by two feet long) just large enough to contain all the human bones. These dimensions are defined by the longest bone in the human body and the largest volume bone assembly, which are the

A

femur skull

212
Q

Which of the following bones is/are NOT part of the axial skeleton?

a.Vertebrae
b. Skull
c. Ribs
d. Scapula
e. Sternum

A

scapula

213
Q

The smallest bones of the body

A

auditory ossicles

214
Q

Which of the following is NOT true about the vertebrae

a. They help protect the spinal cord
b. They are part of the appendicular skeleton
c. They are separated by invertebral disks
d. They form a dorsal backbone

A

They are part of the appendicular skeleton

215
Q

All are examples of diarthroses except:
a. Ball-and-socket
b. Suture
c. Gliding
d. Hinge

A

suture

216
Q

The bones store which minerals to form hydroxyapatite

A

calcium and phosphorus

217
Q

The following bones belong to the appendicular skeleton, except

Humerus
b. Femur
c. Sternum
d. Clavicle

A

sternum

218
Q

Which cervical vertebra has the dens process?

C4
C7
C1
C2

A

C2

Fundamentals of Zoology (23 decks)

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