Skeletal System Flashcards
red bone marrow is located in
spongy osseus tissue
function of skeleton system
support
movement
protection
storage of minerals (hydroxyapatite)
storage of fat (adipose)
hematopoiesis
minerals stored in bones
calcium and phosphorus
bone formation
ossification
Irregular layer of spongy bone
trabeculae
bones division
25% water
25% collagen
50% mineral salts
type of bones as to formation
membrane or dermal bone
endochondral or cartilage bone
bone that start from connective tissue
membrane or dermal bone (e.g. fontanelles)
bones that start from cartilage
endochondral or cartilage bone
4 types of cells from osteons
osteoprogenitor
osteoblast
osteocytes
osteoclast
most immature bone cells
osteoprogenitor
mature and differentiated osteoprogenitor
osteoblast
macrophages; digest bone tissue (bone resorption)
osteoclast
keystone of cranial floor
sphenoid
smallest cranial bone
ethmoid
technical term for thumbs
pollex
technical term for big toe
hallux
type of bones as to location
exoskeleton
endoskeleton
provides a firm structure that allows the muscular system to accomplish its primary function, generation of body movement.
skeletal system
function of skeletal system that allows the movement by muscular contraction
support
Movement is only possible when force is applied against this firm structure
skeleton
three types of skeleton in animals
hydroskeleton
rigid exoskeleton
rigid endoskeletons
consist of a volume of incompressible fluid (water) enclosed in a body cavity that surrounded by muscles
hydroskeleton
some invertebrates such as mollusk possess these as their skeletal support
cartilage
invertebrates such as arthropods possess these, consisting of hard external skeleton to which muscle can be attached, thus provide support and protection against desiccation
exoskeleton
possess endoskeleton that is formed inside the body and is composed of bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage to which muscles can attach and against which they can pull
vertebrates
function of skeletal sytem that provides rigid framework that supports soft tissues
support
function of skeletal system that provides places for attachment of muscle, whose contraction makes the bones move
movement
function of skeletal system that encloses internal organs, such as the heart and lungs within the chest cavity and brain inside the skull; spinal cord inside the spinal column
protection
function of skeletal system that stores calcium and phosphorus
storage of minerals
function of skeletal system that stores energy-rich fat in yellow bone marrow
storage of fat
function of skeletal system in which there is a production of RBC and certain WBC
hematopoiesis
simplest type of skeleton
hydrostatic skeleton
consist of a volume of incompressible fluid (water) enclosed in a body cavity surrounded by muscles which help protect other body parts,
hydrostatic skeleton
gives the body shape and provides support for muscle action
hydrostatic skeleton
the fluid provides support for the body; contraction of muscles cause the organism to move
hydrostatic skeleton
exhibited by the earthworm, Hydra sp., and other soft-bodied invertebrates
hydrostatic skeleton
composed of exoskeleton, endoskeleton
rigid skeleton
hard external skeleton that is both waterproof to prevent desiccation and gas proof
exoskeleton
a limiting coat of armor that requires periodic shedding (molting) permitting growth of the organism
exoskeleton
may take the form of a shell as in mollusks, brachiopods, foraminiferans, and other sarcodine protozoa: a spicule, or a calcareous, proteinaceous or chitinous plate as in arthropods
exoskeleton
among vertebrates, the exoskeleton can take form in
scales of fishes
feathers of birds
hair
horn and nails
hard internal skeleton including bones and cartilages to which muscles can attach and against which they can pull to cause movement
endoskeleton
can grow within the animal as the animal itself grows. Hence, large size is possible
endoskeleton
their endoskeleton is composed of calcium carbonate and other substances secreted from specialized cells
echinoderm
their endoskeleton primarily consists of hydrated calcium phosphate minerals in protein matrix
vertebrates
components of endoskeleton
cartilage
bone
soft, pliable, characteristically deep-lying tissue of invariable form
cartilage
found in parts of the endoskeleton requiring both stiffness and resiliency, such as on the surfaces of joints
cartilage
may persist throughout the life of the organism, such as in the jawless fishes, and the elasmobranchs (shark, skates, and rays)
cartilage
has no blood supply
cartilage
has a gel matrix with chondrocytes and elastic and collagen fibers
cartilage
may be found in some invertebrate such as in mollusks aside from vertebrates
cartilage
types of cartilage
hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage
living tissue which is formed from the significant deposits of crystals of insoluble organic calcium salts mainly hydrated calcium phosphate and protein which is mainly collagen
bone
has a rich blood supply and is unique to vertebrates
bone
types of bone tissue
compact bone
spongy bone
microscopic structure of bone
haversian system
haversian canal
series of concentric circles of matrices around a haversian canal
osteon/haversian system
runs longitudinally through the bone in the center of each osteon
haversian canal
contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
haversian canal
mature bone cells that line in lacunae which are tiny chambers arranged in concentric circles around a central canal
osteocytes
filling the spaces between lacunae is the mineralized matrix that also contains protein fibers
osteocytes
responsible for maintaining the daily cellular activities of the bone
osteocytes
minute passages that run through the matrix, connecting the lacuna with each other and with the central canal
canaliculi
bring the nutrients from the blood vessel in the central canal to the cells in the lacuna; distribute nutrients throughout the bone
canaliculi
parts of a typical long bone
diaphysis
epiphyses
metaphysis
articular cartilage
periosteum
medullary or marrow cavity
endosteum
nutrient foramen
main axis, main part of the bone
diaphysis
ends of long bones
epiphyses
joints epiphysis and diaphysis
metaphysis
where bone forms a joint with another bone
articular cartilage
covering of the bone
periosteum
space inside diaphysis; contains yellow bone marrow
medullary or marrow cavity
– inner covering/lining of the bone; lines the marrow cavity
endosteum
entrance of blood vessel going inside the bone
nutrient foramen
differentiate to become osteoblasts, actively dividing cells
osteoprogenitor cells
differentiate to become osteocytes, responsible for producing the components of the matrix, non-dividing cells
osteoblast
mature bone cells, responsible for maintaining the daily cellular activities of the bone
osteocytes
differentiated macrophages, for bone resorption and remodeling
osteoclast
– bone developed from cartilage
endochondral ossification
bones developed directly from sheets of embryonic cells.
intramembranous ossification
In higher vertebrates, membrane bone is restricted to what bones
bones of the face and cranium
what type of bones in higher vertebrates except bones of the face/cranium
endochondrial bone
it is in the midline of the body, forming the longitudinal axis of the body
axial skeleton
Consist of the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and ribcage
axial skeleton
Parts of the skull: STEPOF6
sphenoid
temporal
ethmoid
parietal
occipital
frontal
paired cranial bones which extend to the sides
parietal and temporal
formed from 8 (sometimes more) flattened bones that include
cranium
forms the forehead and the anterior part of the brain case
frontal bone
curves to form the base of the brain; surrounds the foramen magnum
occipital
each bone has an opening that leads to the middle ear
temporal bone
forms the anterior floor of the cranium; it completes the sides of the skull and also contributes to forming the orbits (eye sockets); keystone of cranial floor
sphenoid
smallest bone in the cranium; separates the cranial cavity from the nasal cavity.
ethmoid
It lies in front of the sphenoid, also forms the orbit and the nasal septum
ethmoid
14 bones, they support several sensory structures and serve as attachment for most muscles of the face
facial bone
form the bridge of the nose
nasal bone
form the cheekbones
zygomatic bone
the smallest facial bones, located at the
corners of the eyes near the nose
lacrimal bones
form the upper jaw, to which other facial bones are joined such as the hard palate and palatine bones which both form from the roof of the mouth
maxillae
forms the lower jaw, the only movable portion of the skull
mandible
pelvic inlet of females vs males
female - oval
male - heart shape
pelvic outlet of female and male
female - circle
male - oval
pelvic cavity of female vs male
female - narrow and deep
male - broad and shallow
pubic arch of female vs male
female - 70-90
male 50-60
is located superior to the larynx, but it is the only bone in the body that does not articulate with another bone
hyoid bone
It is attached to the temporal bones by muscles and ligaments
hyoid bone
anchors the tongue and serves as the site for the attachment of muscles associated with swallowing
hyoid bone
vertebral column consist of
26 separate bones
24 separate vertebrates
2 fused bones (sacrum and coccyx)
parts of vertebral column
cervical vertebrae
thoracic vertebrae
lumbar vertebrae
sacrum
consist of 7 vertebrae that form the cervical curvature
cervical (neck) vertebrae
how many vertebrae do the cervical curvature have
7
Smallest of all the separate vertebrae
cervical vertebrae
– first cervical vertebrae
atlas
second cervical vertebrae
axis
consist of 12 vertebrae that form the thoracic curvature
thoracic (chest) vertebrae
Have an extra articular facet for the attachment of the ribs
thoracic vertebrae
Larger than cervical but smaller than lumbar vertebrae
thoracic vertebrae
consist of 5 vertebrae which are the largest and the strongest of all vertebrae
lumbar (lower back) vertebrae
consist of 1 vertebral bone that is formed by the fusion of 5 vertebrae
sacrum
forms the pelvic curvature
sacrum
consist of 1 vertebral bone that is formed by the fusion of 4 vertebrae
coccyx (tail bone)
consist of thoracic vertebrae, the ribs, and their associated cartilages, and the sternum
rib cage
how many pairs of the ribs are attached to the back of the thoracic vertebrae
12
part of the ribs that attach directly or indirectly to the breast bone (sternum) by shafts of hyaline cartilages, called coastal cartilages
upper ten pairs of ribs
what the seven pair of ribs that attach directly to the sternum are called
true ribs
the 8-10 pair of ribs that attach to the sternum by means of a common cartilage is called
false ribs
where the apex of the heart is usually in between
fifth and sixth ribs
flat bone that has the shape of a blade
sternum/breast bone
Attached to the ribs by coastal cartilages and helps them to protect the heart and lungs
sternum/breast bone
sternum is composed of three bones
manubrium
body
xiphoid process
specialized for flexibility; connects the arms to the ribs
pectoral girdle
parts of the pectoral girdle
scapulae
clavicles
sternum
otherwise termed as shoulder blades
scapulae
otherwise termed as collarbones
clavicles
Make a rigid connection between a scapula and the sternum
clavicles
more curved in males than females (one way to tell the sex of the skeleton)
sternum
specialized for strength; connects the legs to the vertebral column
pelvic girdle
parts of pelvic girdle
ilium
ischium
pubis
number the forelimbs
humerus
radius
ulna
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
humerus - 2
radius - 2
ulna - 2
carpals - 16
metacarpals - 5
phalanges - 28
digital formuila of phalanges of humans
2, 3, 3, 3, 3
hindlimb count
femur
tibia
fibula
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges
patella
femur - 2
tibia - 2
fibula - 2
tarsals - 14
metatarsals - 5
phalanges - 28
patella - 2
digital formula for phalanges in hindliumbs
2, 3, 3, 3, 3
total number of bones in human body
206
column-shaped bones consist of a shaft and heads at both ends
long bones
normally cube-shaped, contain mostly spongy bone
short bones
type of bones found in Wrist and ankle bones (carpals and tarsals) consist mostly of spongy bones
short bones
thin, flattened, with usually curved broad surfaces (type of bones)
flat bones
type of bones in the Skull, ribs, sternum (breastbone) all of which consist of a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of compact
flat bone
examples include vertebrae, facial bones, and hip bones which have varied shapes that permit connections with other bones
irregular bones
exemplified by the patella that is circular in shape
round bones
connective tissue structures that attach the muscles to the bones
tendons
its tendon is traveling over the knee joint and what is tapped to elicit the knee-joint reflex
quadriceps
flexible bands of connective tissues connecting bones together
ligaments
places where bones meet allowing a wide range of movements
joints
Also called articulation
joints
Muscles and bones work together around them
joints
type of joints
synarthroses
amphiarthroses
diarthroses
immovable joints, has three types: suture, gomphosis, and synchondrosis
synarthroses
example of synarthroses
suture
gomphosis
snychondrosis
fibrous joints uniting bones of the skull
suture
fibrous joint in which a cone-shaped peg fits into a socket (e.g. roots of teeth into sockets of jaws)
gomphosis
cartilaginous joint, a temporary joint that is replaced by bone during adult life (e.g. epiphyseal plate, joint between first rib and sternum)
synchondrosis
slightly movable joins and has two types, syndesmosis and symphysis
amphiarthroses
also a fibrous joint but not as tight as sutures and thus permitting some degree of flexibility and movement (distal articulation of tibia and fibula)
syndesmosis
is a cartilaginous joint connected by a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage (e.g. intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
symphysis
freely movable/synovial joints
diarthroses
Characterized by two bones that are separated by cavity
diarthroses
Ligaments hold the two bones in place as they form a capsule
diarthroses
The joint capsule is lined with synovial membrane, which produces synovial fluid, a lubricant for the joint
diarthroses
type of movable joints (6)
hinge joints
ball-and-socket joints
pivot joints
condyloid joint
saddle joint
gliding joint
hinge joints, convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another
ginglymus
movement one plane only (monoaxial/uniaxial) like flexion, extension and hyperextension; no rotational movement
ginglymus
example of hinge joints
knee
elbow
ankle
globular head of one bone fits into a cup shaped cavity of another
spheroid (ball-and-socket joints)
movement: in three planes (triaxial) like flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, rotation
spheroid (ball-and-socket joint)
e.g. head of femur that fits into acetabulum on the hipbone; head of humerus and glenoid fossa of scapula
spheroid (ball-and-socket joint)
cylindrical surface of one bone rotates within a ring of bone or fibrous tissue
trochoid (pivot joint)
movement: in one plane (monoaxial) like in rotation
trochoid (pivot joint)
e.g. radius and ulna of the forearm; atlas and axis
trochoid (pivot joint)
consist of ovoid condyle of one bone fitting into elliptical cavity of another
condyloid joint (ellipsoid)
in two places (biaxial) like side-to-side and back-and-forth movements; also permit circumduction
condyloid joint (ellipsoid)
radius and carpal, metacarpal and phalanges
condyloid joint (ellipsoid)
bones have concave and convex regions
sellaris (saddle joint)
modified ellipsoidal joint
sellaris (saddle joint)
movement in two planes (biaxial) like side-to-side and back-and-forth movements; also permit circumduction
sellaris (saddle joint)
articular surfaces are flat (type of joint)
gliding joint (arthrodial)
movement: in two planes (biaxial) like side-to-side and back-and-forth movements
gliding joint (arthrodial)
between tarsals and between carpals
gliding joint (arthrodial)
Which is NOT a correct association of facial bones?
a. Mandible – lower jaw
b. Zygomatic bones – bridge of the nose
c. Frontal – forehead
d. Maxillae – upper jaw and hard palate
zygomatic bones
Which is NOT a correct association of bone structures and functions?
a. Osteoblasts – cells that build up bone tissue
b. Osteoclasts – cells that break down bone tissue
c. Osteons – tubular units of compact bone
d. Lacunae – tiny chambers in concentric circles around a central canal
e. Canaliculi – holes through which blood vessels run
canaliculi
Which one characterizes a female pelvis?
a. Pelvic outlet is narrower
b. Pubic arch: 50-60 degrees
c. Pelvic inlet is heart shaped
d. Pelvic cavity is broad and shallow
d. pelvic cavity is broad and shallow
This tarsal forms the heel bone
calcaneus
The marrow found in spongy bones and is hemopoietic in function
red
Bone destroyers are called
osteoclasts
Inner covering of the bone
endosteum
Smallest facial bone
lacrimal
This contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
haversian canal
Bone destroying cells that are vital in bone remodeling
osteoclast
Knee joint is an example of what type of joint?
hinge joint
The only unpaired facial bones are
vomer and mandible
The 2nd cervical vertebra is the
axis
Technical term for the big toe
hallux
These are also referred to as cheek bones
zygomatic
Which of the bones are found in the pelvic girdle
a.Tibia
b. Humerus
c. Femur
d. Coxae
e. Ulna
coxae
Which pair consist of fused bones
a. Thoracic and lumbar
b. Cervical and thoracic
c. Lumbar and sacral
d. Sacral and coccyx
sacral and coccyx
All are examples of synarthroses except?
a. Sutures
b. Sychondrosis
c. Gomphosis
d. Symphysis
symphysis
All are irregular bones except
a.Scapulae
b. Vertebrae
c. Coxae
d. Facial bones
scapulae
Which of the following attach muscle to the bone?
a. Adipose tissue
b. Sarcomere
c. Ligaments
d. Joints
e. Tendons
tendons
Which vertebra is made up of 5 fused bones
sacrum
All joints exhibit biaxial movements, except
a. Spheroid
b. Sellaris
c. Condyloid
d. Arthrodial
spheroid
In crowded Asian regions such as Hong Kong, there is not enough room for cemeteries. However, the dead can be temporarily buried and their bones can later be exhumed and stored in an ossarium, a wall made of small concrete boxes (about eight inches by eight inches by two feet long) just large enough to contain all the human bones. These dimensions are defined by the longest bone in the human body and the largest volume bone assembly, which are the
femur skull
Which of the following bones is/are NOT part of the axial skeleton?
a.Vertebrae
b. Skull
c. Ribs
d. Scapula
e. Sternum
scapula
The smallest bones of the body
auditory ossicles
Which of the following is NOT true about the vertebrae
a. They help protect the spinal cord
b. They are part of the appendicular skeleton
c. They are separated by invertebral disks
d. They form a dorsal backbone
They are part of the appendicular skeleton
All are examples of diarthroses except:
a. Ball-and-socket
b. Suture
c. Gliding
d. Hinge
suture
The bones store which minerals to form hydroxyapatite
calcium and phosphorus
The following bones belong to the appendicular skeleton, except
Humerus
b. Femur
c. Sternum
d. Clavicle
sternum
Which cervical vertebra has the dens process?
C4
C7
C1
C2
C2
