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Fundamentals of Zoology > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

consist of outer protective body

A

integumentary system

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2
Q

outer protective body

A

integument

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3
Q

the integument of these varies from simple plasma membrane of protozoans to a single epithelial layer of columnar cells that may either be ciliated or it may secrete cuticle or shell of multicellular invertebrates

A

invertebrates

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4
Q

in them, the integument is composed of skin and skin derivatives, is differentiated into epidermis and dermis that are made up of: epidermis and dermis

A

vertebrates

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5
Q

part of the skin that is the epithelial tissue

A

epidermis

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6
Q

part of the skin that is the connective tissuee

A

dermis

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7
Q

the overlying, thinner epidermis of ectodermal origin

A

protective layer

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8
Q

origin of the underlying, thicker dermis that contains many structures that account for the other important functions that the integument performs

A

mesodermal

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9
Q

function of the integumentary system that shields all animals against all kinds of environmental dangers:

A

protection

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10
Q

example of environmental dangers that the integumentary system protects

A

pathogenic invasion
ionizing radiation
desiccation or osmotic shock
physical insult/injury

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11
Q

perspiration that occurs in mammals contains water, salts, and wastes such as urea, are excreted through their integument

A

excretion

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12
Q

function of the integumentary system where there is a sweating among vertebrates duringtimes of strenuous activities or high environmental temperatures helps rid of the body of excess heat. It helps the body to maintain homeostasis.

A

body temperature regulation (thermoregulationn)

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13
Q

function of integumentary system where Langerhans cells of the mammalian skin recognize and ingest foreign substances that have found their way into the body

A

immune function

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14
Q

function of integumentary system where in mammals, upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation, modified cholesterol molecules in the epidermis are converted to vitamins D

A

vitamin D synthesis

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15
Q

function of integumentary system where the skin has many sensory receptors that provide organisms information about the external environmental condition

A

cutaneous sensation

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16
Q

serves ats the outermost covering in some protozoa, where food uptake and exchange of respiratory gases also occur

A

plasma membrane

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17
Q

it is a thick protein coat overlying the plasma membrane that provides additional protection in Paramecium sp.

A

rigid pellicle

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18
Q

in these, they are provided with a layer of epidermis which also functions in respiration

A

sponges, jellyfish, flatworms, roundworms, and earthworms

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19
Q

in these, epidermis contains structure that secretes the calcium carbonate of the shell

A

molluscan

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20
Q

in them, they have developed a more complex integument, consisting of cuticle, simple epidermis, layer of connective tissue, layer of reflecting cells (iridocytes), and thicker layer of connective tissue

A

cephalopod mollusks (squid and octopuses)

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21
Q

reflecting cells

A

iridocytes

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22
Q

they have the most complex of invertebrate integuments consisting of a single-layered epidermis (or hypodermis), which secretes a complex cuticle of two zones

A

arthropods

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23
Q

two zones of the cuticle

A

procuticle
epicuticle

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24
Q

composed of protein and chitin and the epicuticle

A

procuticle

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25
nonchitinous complex of proteins and lipids providing a proteins and lipids providing a protective moisture-proofing barriers to the integument
epicuticle
26
its integument serves such as flexible, protective covering for its skeleton and internal organs
sea star
27
major layers of the vertebrate inegument
epidermis dermis hypodermis
28
outermost layer which is consisting of stratified squamous epithelium organized into 4-5 sublayers depending on the skin type
epidermis
29
consist of variable rows of flat, keratinized, dead cells that are effective water-repellent barrier and protect underlying laye
stratum corneum
30
Present in all vertebrates, except among fishes
stratum corneum
31
consist of several rows of clear, flat, dead cells that contain eleidin that is formed from keratohyalin and eventually will become keratin
stratum lucidum
32
Occurs only in the thick of the skin and the palms and soles of mammals
stratum lucidum
33
consist of 3-5 rows of flat cells that contain lamellar granules, called keratohylin, which produce a lipid waterproof sealant that is present in reptiles, birds, and mammals
stratum granulosum
34
lamellar granules in the stratum granulosum
keratohylin
35
consist of prickle-cell layer of 8-10 rows of polyhedral cells that have tiny “bridges” that connect them to adjacent cells;
stratum spinosum
36
present in all vertebrates except in fishes
stratum spinosum
37
consist of a single row of cuboidal to columnar cells that constantly undergo rapid cell division
stratum germinativum/basale
38
layer consisting of tactile discs (receptors sensitive to touch), melanocytes, and Langerhans cells (sensitive to UV radiation). Present in all vertebrates
stratum germinativum/basale
39
mammalian skin consist of the following cell types
keratinocytes merkel cells
40
the most numerous epidermal cells that undergo keratinization
keratinocytes
41
found in association with sensory neurons in the area where epidermis meets the dermis.
merkel cells
42
functions as sensory receptor, providing information about objects contacting the skin
merkel disk
43
are macrophages derived from the bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis where they ingest foreign substances, which are presented to white blood cells for final destruction
langerhans cells
44
spider-shaped cells located at the base of the epidermis
melanocytes
45
responsible for the production of melanin, an important pigment that absorbs the harmful ultraviolet radiation and also imparts the skin color
melanocytes
46
an important pigment that absorbs the harmful ultraviolet radiation and also imparts the skin color
melanin
47
refers to the inner, thicker layer beneath the epidermis, which contains several structures, including nerves, sensory receptors, blood vessels, and adipose tissue.
dermis
48
Contains additional structures, such as oil glands and smooth muscle which are present only in birds and mammals
dermis
49
only present in mammals
sweat glands
50
Houses the following epidermal derivatives: hair/pili, glands, nails, cutaneous receptors, horns/antlers, beaks, bills, scales, feathers, hoof, scutes and plates
dermis
51
generally for protection and is usually associated with sebaceous gland and hair follicle
hair/pili
52
parts of the hair
hair root (cuticle, cortex, medulla) hair shaft
53
usually associated with hair follicles, secretes oil/sebum
sebaceous glands
54
location of sebaceous glands
lips glans penis labia minora eyelid glands skin of breasts face neck upper chest
55
inflammation of sebaceous glands can result in
blackheads pimples
56
type of sudoriferous glands
eccrine sweat glands apocrine sweat glands
57
most common and distributed almost all throughout the skin of the body and most numerous in the palms and soles
eccrine sweat glands
58
Function throughout life of the individual and produce a more water secretion
eccrine sweat glands
59
found mainly in the skin of the armpit, pubic region, and areolae of breasts
apocrine sweat glands
60
Begin to function at puberty and produce and secrete a more viscous secretion
apocrine sweat glands
61
Stimulated during emotional stress and excitement
apocrine sweat glands
62
located in the ear, secretes cerumen/earwax
Ceruminous
63
plates of very hard, keratinized and tightly packed cells
nails
64
parts of the nail
nail root nail body (lumula, eponychium, free edge)
65
cutaneous receptors
pacinian corpuscles meissner corpuscle naked nerve endings ruffini's corpuscle end bulb of krause
66
paired growths on the head of certain ungulate animals
horn/antlers
67
the strong horny outer pats of a bird’s mouth that stick out from its head
beaks
68
Take many different shapes adapted to the eating habits of individual bird species
beaks
69
consisting of two pointed jaws protected by a horny covering
bills
70
Blunt-ended
bills
71
pointed curved nail at the end of each toe in birds, some reptiles, and some mammals
claws
72
any one of the small flat bony or horny overlapping plates that cover the bodies of some reptiles and birds (scales of fishes; dermal)
scales
73
an individual part of a bird’s plumage, consisting of a hollow centralshaft with numerous interlocking fine strands on either side
feathers
74
the horny material covering the feet of animals such as horses, deer, and cattle
hoof
75
an external bony or horny plate or scale in some animals, especially snakes and other reptiles (scutes: epidermal; plates, plates; dermal)
scutes and plates
76
also called subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia
hypodermis
77
Contains mostly fat cells and sensory nerves such as Pacinian corpuscles
hypodermis
78
Attaches skin to underlying bones or muscles
hypodermis
79
accounts for 15 to 16% of total body weight in adult human
human skin
80
area of human skin
1.6m^2 in women 2.0m^2 in men
81
thickenss of human skin
1 to 2 mm thick 0.5 mm on eyelids 6mm on soles and palms
82
how many skin are shed
40kg (88 lbs)
83
made up of stratified squamous
epidermis
84
first layer, made up of cuboidal or columnar
stratum basale/germinativum
85
strata means
layer
86
germinativum means
active in cell division
87
second layer, cells are connected by tiny bridges, the prickle-cell layer
stratum spinosum
88
spinosum means
spines
89
granules, keratohyalin granules
stratum granulosum
90
transparent/translucent, differentiates whether a skin is considered thin or thick
stratum lucidum
91
contains the four layers: basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum
thin skin
92
contains the stratum lucidum (found in palms and soles)
thick skin
93
fifth layer, uppermost layer, made up of dead cells
stratum corneum
94
describe the Maturity of granules
youngest cells come from the first layer and are pushed towards the superficial layers
95
what is the skin called in stratum granulosum
keratohyalin
96
what is the skin called in stratum lucidum
eleidin
97
what is the skin called in stratum corneum
keratin
98
ajor protein found in the skin, hair, and nails
keratin
99
mature cells capable of producing keratin
keratinocytes
100
most of these are said to be keratinocytes
epidermal cells
101
immature cells
-blast
102
cells capable of producing the protein brown-black pigment (melanin)
melanocytes
103
is transferred to a keratinocyte and form a veil on top of the nuclei of keratinocyte (shields the nuclei)
melanin
104
Amount of melanocytes from a fair-skinned person to a darker one is relatively the same, however it is the what that the melanocytes produce that differs
amount of melanin
105
tactile receptors, associated with a sensory neuron
merkel cells
106
stationed macrophages in the skin
langerhans cells
107
two types of macrophages
wandering fixed
108
type of macrophages that searches for intruders
wandering macrophages
109
type of macrophages that are fixed to organs/tissues
fixed macrophages
110
40 to 60 times thicker than epidermis, true skin
dermis
111
two regions of the dermis
reticular region papilliary region
112
describe the division of the dermal region
1/3 papillary region 2/3 reticular region
113
contains areolar, a conical projection
papillary region
114
region that is associated with sensory endings
papillary region
115
region that is made up of dense irregular connective tissue
reticular region
116
deepest layer, made up of major blood vessels and fats
hypodermis
117
cutaneous receptors in the hypodermis
naked nerve ending meissner's corpuscle ruffini's corpuscle krause pacinian corpuscle
118
hair exposed to the outside
hair shaft
119
hair part that is embedded
hair root
120
– expanded part of the hair
hair bulb
121
part of the hair bulb that is conical/finger-like indentation
hair papilla
122
outermost part of the hair
cuticle
123
middle part of the hair
cortex
124
innermost part of the hair
medulla
125
like the sebaceous gland, associated with a hair follicle, capable of contraction to raise the hair
arrector pili muscle
126
protects the end of digits against trauma
nail, claw, hoof
127
dead keratinized, hardened cells in mammals
nail
128
plate that is pointy
claw
129
thick digits in animals
hoof
130
low some species to fly, gives contouring, and conserving heat
feathers
131
Detecting sexual dimorphism
feathers
132
removing these will reveal a white exoskeleton
scutes
133
dermal in origin
scales of fishes
134
cutaneous receptor associated with tactile, senses pain and light touch, associated with hair follicle
naked nerve ending
135
cutaneous receptor associated with touch
meissner's corpuscle
136
cutaneous receptor associated with heat detection
ruffini's corpscle
137
cutaneous receptor associated with cold
krause
138
cutaneous receptor associated with pressure
pacinian corpuscle

Fundamentals of Zoology (23 decks)

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