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Fundamentals of Zoology > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

consist of outer protective body

A

integumentary system

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2
Q

outer protective body

A

integument

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3
Q

the integument of these varies from simple plasma membrane of protozoans to a single epithelial layer of columnar cells that may either be ciliated or it may secrete cuticle or shell of multicellular invertebrates

A

invertebrates

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4
Q

in them, the integument is composed of skin and skin derivatives, is differentiated into epidermis and dermis that are made up of: epidermis and dermis

A

vertebrates

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5
Q

part of the skin that is the epithelial tissue

A

epidermis

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6
Q

part of the skin that is the connective tissuee

A

dermis

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7
Q

the overlying, thinner epidermis of ectodermal origin

A

protective layer

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8
Q

origin of the underlying, thicker dermis that contains many structures that account for the other important functions that the integument performs

A

mesodermal

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9
Q

function of the integumentary system that shields all animals against all kinds of environmental dangers:

A

protection

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10
Q

example of environmental dangers that the integumentary system protects

A

pathogenic invasion
ionizing radiation
desiccation or osmotic shock
physical insult/injury

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11
Q

perspiration that occurs in mammals contains water, salts, and wastes such as urea, are excreted through their integument

A

excretion

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12
Q

function of the integumentary system where there is a sweating among vertebrates duringtimes of strenuous activities or high environmental temperatures helps rid of the body of excess heat. It helps the body to maintain homeostasis.

A

body temperature regulation (thermoregulationn)

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13
Q

function of integumentary system where Langerhans cells of the mammalian skin recognize and ingest foreign substances that have found their way into the body

A

immune function

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14
Q

function of integumentary system where in mammals, upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation, modified cholesterol molecules in the epidermis are converted to vitamins D

A

vitamin D synthesis

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15
Q

function of integumentary system where the skin has many sensory receptors that provide organisms information about the external environmental condition

A

cutaneous sensation

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16
Q

serves ats the outermost covering in some protozoa, where food uptake and exchange of respiratory gases also occur

A

plasma membrane

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17
Q

it is a thick protein coat overlying the plasma membrane that provides additional protection in Paramecium sp.

A

rigid pellicle

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18
Q

in these, they are provided with a layer of epidermis which also functions in respiration

A

sponges, jellyfish, flatworms, roundworms, and earthworms

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19
Q

in these, epidermis contains structure that secretes the calcium carbonate of the shell

A

molluscan

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20
Q

in them, they have developed a more complex integument, consisting of cuticle, simple epidermis, layer of connective tissue, layer of reflecting cells (iridocytes), and thicker layer of connective tissue

A

cephalopod mollusks (squid and octopuses)

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21
Q

reflecting cells

A

iridocytes

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22
Q

they have the most complex of invertebrate integuments consisting of a single-layered epidermis (or hypodermis), which secretes a complex cuticle of two zones

A

arthropods

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23
Q

two zones of the cuticle

A

procuticle
epicuticle

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24
Q

composed of protein and chitin and the epicuticle

A

procuticle

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25
Q

nonchitinous complex of proteins and lipids providing a proteins and lipids providing a protective moisture-proofing barriers to the integument

A

epicuticle

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26
Q

its integument serves such as flexible, protective covering for its skeleton and internal organs

A

sea star

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27
Q

major layers of the vertebrate inegument

A

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis

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28
Q

outermost layer which is consisting of stratified squamous epithelium organized into 4-5 sublayers depending on the skin type

A

epidermis

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29
Q

consist of variable rows of flat, keratinized, dead cells that are effective water-repellent barrier and protect underlying laye

A

stratum corneum

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30
Q

Present in all vertebrates, except among fishes

A

stratum corneum

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31
Q

consist of several rows of clear, flat, dead cells that contain eleidin that is formed from keratohyalin and eventually will become keratin

A

stratum lucidum

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32
Q

Occurs only in the thick of the skin and the palms and soles of mammals

A

stratum lucidum

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33
Q

consist of 3-5 rows of flat cells that contain lamellar granules, called keratohylin, which produce a lipid waterproof sealant that is present in reptiles, birds, and mammals

A

stratum granulosum

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34
Q

lamellar granules in the stratum granulosum

A

keratohylin

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35
Q

consist of prickle-cell layer of 8-10 rows of polyhedral cells that have tiny “bridges” that connect them to adjacent cells;

A

stratum spinosum

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36
Q

present in all vertebrates except in fishes

A

stratum spinosum

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37
Q

consist of a single row of cuboidal to columnar cells that constantly undergo rapid cell division

A

stratum germinativum/basale

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38
Q

layer consisting of tactile discs (receptors sensitive to touch), melanocytes, and Langerhans cells (sensitive to UV radiation). Present in all vertebrates

A

stratum germinativum/basale

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39
Q

mammalian skin consist of the following cell types

A

keratinocytes
merkel cells

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40
Q

the most numerous epidermal cells that undergo keratinization

A

keratinocytes

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41
Q

found in association with sensory neurons in the area where epidermis meets the dermis.

A

merkel cells

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42
Q

functions as sensory receptor, providing information about objects contacting the skin

A

merkel disk

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43
Q

are macrophages derived from the bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis where they ingest foreign substances, which are presented to white blood cells for final destruction

A

langerhans cells

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44
Q

spider-shaped cells located at the base of the epidermis

A

melanocytes

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45
Q

responsible for the production of melanin, an important pigment that absorbs the harmful ultraviolet radiation and also imparts the skin color

A

melanocytes

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46
Q

an important pigment that absorbs the harmful ultraviolet radiation and also imparts the skin color

A

melanin

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47
Q

refers to the inner, thicker layer beneath the epidermis, which contains several structures, including nerves, sensory receptors, blood vessels, and adipose tissue.

A

dermis

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48
Q

Contains additional structures, such as oil glands and smooth muscle which are present only in birds and mammals

A

dermis

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49
Q

only present in mammals

A

sweat glands

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50
Q

Houses the following epidermal derivatives: hair/pili, glands, nails, cutaneous receptors, horns/antlers, beaks, bills, scales, feathers, hoof, scutes and plates

A

dermis

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51
Q

generally for protection and is usually associated with sebaceous gland and hair follicle

A

hair/pili

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52
Q

parts of the hair

A

hair root (cuticle, cortex, medulla)
hair shaft

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53
Q

usually associated with hair follicles, secretes oil/sebum

A

sebaceous glands

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54
Q

location of sebaceous glands

A

lips
glans penis
labia minora
eyelid glands
skin of breasts
face
neck
upper chest

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55
Q

inflammation of sebaceous glands can result in

A

blackheads
pimples

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56
Q

type of sudoriferous glands

A

eccrine sweat glands
apocrine sweat glands

57
Q

most common and distributed almost all throughout the skin of the body and most numerous in the palms and soles

A

eccrine sweat glands

58
Q

Function throughout life of the individual and produce a more water secretion

A

eccrine sweat glands

59
Q

found mainly in the skin of the armpit, pubic region, and areolae of breasts

A

apocrine sweat glands

60
Q

Begin to function at puberty and produce and secrete a more viscous secretion

A

apocrine sweat glands

61
Q

Stimulated during emotional stress and excitement

A

apocrine sweat glands

62
Q

located in the ear, secretes cerumen/earwax

A

Ceruminous

63
Q

plates of very hard, keratinized and tightly packed cells

A

nails

64
Q

parts of the nail

A

nail root
nail body (lumula, eponychium, free edge)

65
Q

cutaneous receptors

A

pacinian corpuscles
meissner corpuscle
naked nerve endings
ruffini’s corpuscle
end bulb of krause

66
Q

paired growths on the head of certain ungulate animals

A

horn/antlers

67
Q

the strong horny outer pats of a bird’s mouth that stick out from its head

A

beaks

68
Q

Take many different shapes adapted to the eating habits of individual bird species

A

beaks

69
Q

consisting of two pointed jaws protected by a horny covering

A

bills

70
Q

Blunt-ended

A

bills

71
Q

pointed curved nail at the end of each toe in birds, some reptiles, and some mammals

A

claws

72
Q

any one of the small flat bony or horny overlapping plates that cover the bodies of some reptiles and birds (scales of fishes; dermal)

A

scales

73
Q

an individual part of a bird’s plumage, consisting of a hollow centralshaft with numerous interlocking fine strands on either side

A

feathers

74
Q

the horny material covering the feet of animals such as horses, deer, and cattle

A

hoof

75
Q

an external bony or horny plate or scale in some animals, especially snakes and other reptiles

(scutes: epidermal; plates, plates; dermal)

A

scutes and plates

76
Q

also called subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia

A

hypodermis

77
Q

Contains mostly fat cells and sensory nerves such as Pacinian corpuscles

A

hypodermis

78
Q

Attaches skin to underlying bones or muscles

A

hypodermis

79
Q

accounts for 15 to 16% of total body weight in adult human

A

human skin

80
Q

area of human skin

A

1.6m^2 in women
2.0m^2 in men

81
Q

thickenss of human skin

A

1 to 2 mm thick
0.5 mm on eyelids
6mm on soles and palms

82
Q

how many skin are shed

A

40kg (88 lbs)

83
Q

made up of stratified squamous

A

epidermis

84
Q

first layer, made up of cuboidal or columnar

A

stratum basale/germinativum

85
Q

strata means

A

layer

86
Q

germinativum means

A

active in cell division

87
Q

second layer, cells are connected by tiny bridges, the prickle-cell layer

A

stratum spinosum

88
Q

spinosum means

A

spines

89
Q

granules, keratohyalin granules

A

stratum granulosum

90
Q

transparent/translucent, differentiates whether a skin is considered thin or thick

A

stratum lucidum

91
Q

contains the four layers: basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum

A

thin skin

92
Q

contains the stratum lucidum (found in palms and soles)

A

thick skin

93
Q

fifth layer, uppermost layer, made up of dead cells

A

stratum corneum

94
Q

describe the Maturity of granules

A

youngest cells come from the first layer and are pushed towards the superficial layers

95
Q

what is the skin called in stratum granulosum

A

keratohyalin

96
Q

what is the skin called in stratum lucidum

A

eleidin

97
Q

what is the skin called in stratum corneum

A

keratin

98
Q

ajor protein found in the skin, hair, and nails

A

keratin

99
Q

mature cells capable of producing keratin

A

keratinocytes

100
Q

most of these are said to be keratinocytes

A

epidermal cells

101
Q

immature cells

A

-blast

102
Q

cells capable of producing the protein brown-black pigment (melanin)

A

melanocytes

103
Q

is transferred to a keratinocyte and form a veil on top of the nuclei of keratinocyte (shields the nuclei)

A

melanin

104
Q

Amount of melanocytes from a fair-skinned person to a darker one is relatively the same, however it is the what that the melanocytes produce that differs

A

amount of melanin

105
Q

tactile receptors, associated with a sensory neuron

A

merkel cells

106
Q

stationed macrophages in the skin

A

langerhans cells

107
Q

two types of macrophages

A

wandering
fixed

108
Q

type of macrophages that searches for intruders

A

wandering macrophages

109
Q

type of macrophages that are fixed to organs/tissues

A

fixed macrophages

110
Q

40 to 60 times thicker than epidermis, true skin

A

dermis

111
Q

two regions of the dermis

A

reticular region
papilliary region

112
Q

describe the division of the dermal region

A

1/3 papillary region
2/3 reticular region

113
Q

contains areolar, a conical projection

A

papillary region

114
Q

region that is associated with sensory endings

A

papillary region

115
Q

region that is made up of dense irregular connective tissue

A

reticular region

116
Q

deepest layer, made up of major blood vessels and fats

A

hypodermis

117
Q

cutaneous receptors in the hypodermis

A

naked nerve ending
meissner’s corpuscle
ruffini’s corpuscle
krause
pacinian corpuscle

118
Q

hair exposed to the outside

A

hair shaft

119
Q

hair part that is embedded

A

hair root

120
Q

– expanded part of the hair

A

hair bulb

121
Q

part of the hair bulb that is conical/finger-like indentation

A

hair papilla

122
Q

outermost part of the hair

A

cuticle

123
Q

middle part of the hair

A

cortex

124
Q

innermost part of the hair

A

medulla

125
Q

like the sebaceous gland, associated with a hair follicle, capable of contraction to raise the hair

A

arrector pili muscle

126
Q

protects the end of digits against trauma

A

nail, claw, hoof

127
Q

dead keratinized, hardened cells in mammals

A

nail

128
Q

plate that is pointy

A

claw

129
Q

thick digits in animals

A

hoof

130
Q

low some species to fly, gives contouring, and conserving heat

A

feathers

131
Q

Detecting sexual dimorphism

A

feathers

132
Q

removing these will reveal a white exoskeleton

A

scutes

133
Q

dermal in origin

A

scales of fishes

134
Q

cutaneous receptor associated with tactile,
senses pain and light touch,
associated with hair follicle

A

naked nerve ending

135
Q

cutaneous receptor associated with touch

A

meissner’s corpuscle

136
Q

cutaneous receptor associated with heat detection

A

ruffini’s corpscle

137
Q

cutaneous receptor associated with cold

A

krause

138
Q

cutaneous receptor associated with pressure

A

pacinian corpuscle

Fundamentals of Zoology (23 decks)

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