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Fundamentals of Zoology > Nervous and Endocrine System > Flashcards

Nervous and Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

are irritable, and they tend to respond to all changes happening in their internal and external environment

A

animals

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2
Q

may be brought by changes in terms of the amount of food, water, oxygen, and even waste materials

A

internal stimuli

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3
Q

Example of external stimuli:

A

temperature
pH
moisture
light
gravity
pressure

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4
Q

ability to respond to changes occurring within the animal’s body and its external environment

A

irritability

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5
Q

three principal components of irritability:

A

reception of stimulus
conduction of signal
response by an effector

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6
Q

three distinct functions of irritability

A

sensory
integrative
motor

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7
Q

function of irritability that detects changes in internal and external environment

A

sensory

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8
Q

function that brings sensory information together and make decisions that are acted upon by using motor functions

A

integrative

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9
Q

functions to responds to stimuli by initiating muscular contraction or glandular secretion

A

motor

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10
Q

Composed of hydra, jellyfish, sea anemones

A

cnidarians

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11
Q

have the simplest nervous system organization with a nerve net

A

cnidarians

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12
Q

cnidarians have this network of nerve cells that are connected to the receptors in the epidermis

A

protoneurons

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13
Q

which directions does the single impulse travels producing a generalized response or contraction in cnidarians

A

all direction

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14
Q

Composed of sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

A

echinoderms

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15
Q

have a ring-like nervous system, no brain

A

echinoderms

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16
Q

where the nervous system of echinoderms has ring around with five nerves radiating outward

A

esophagus

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17
Q

have a linear/bilateral/ladderlike nervous system

A

flatworms

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18
Q

Have a distinct ganglia or “brain” connected to two main nerve trunks/cords that run posteriorly and laterally to various body parts of the body

A

flatworms

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19
Q

has a centralized nervous system and has two ventral nerve cords, with a pair of ganglia, afferent and efferent neurons in each body segment

A

annelids

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20
Q

Centralized nervous system but have larger ganglia and developed sense organs

A

arthropods

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21
Q

Centralized nervous system with a embryonically with a
single, hollow, dorsal nerve cord

A

vertebrates

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22
Q

animals that exhibit cephalization

A

vertebrates

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23
Q

With anteriorly located brain connected to spinal cord and nerves (cranial and spinal nerves)

A

vertebrates

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24
Q

also called nerve cells and serve as the functional unit of the nervous system

A

neurons

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25
Q

Specialized in impulse conduction

A

neurons

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26
Q

neurons has two parts

A

cell body and processes

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27
Q

part of the neuron that contains the nucleus of the cell

A

cell body

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28
Q

also called soma or perikaryon

A

cell body

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29
Q

processes of neurons

A

dendrites
axons

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30
Q

greek word dendron means

A

tree

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31
Q

greek work axon means

A

axle

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32
Q

highly branched which carry nerve signals, or impulses towards cell body

A

dendrites

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33
Q

long fiber (meters in length in largest mammals) which typically carries signals away from the cell body

A

axon

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34
Q
  • Axon in complex invertebrates as it is usually covered by this
A

myelin sheath

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35
Q

classification of neurons according to function:

A

sensory/afferent
motor/efferent
interneurons/association

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36
Q

afferent came from the Latin prefix affero means “going toward”

A

sensory/afferent neurons

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37
Q

Receive stimuli from external and internal environment

A

sensory/afferent neurons

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38
Q

Transmit impulses from receptors which convert environmental stimuli to impulses and carry into the brain or spinal cord (CNS)

A

sensory/afferent neurons

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39
Q

from the Latin prefix effero which means “going away from”

A

motor/efferent

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40
Q

Transmit impulses away from brain or spinal cord toward muscles and glands

A

motor/efferent

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41
Q

neither sensory nor motor connecting afferent and efferent neurons

A

interneurons/association

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42
Q

classification of neurons according to number of processes

A

unipolar
bipolar
multipolar

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43
Q

have a cell body set to one side of axon

A

unipolar

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44
Q

– with one axon and one dendrite

A

bipolar

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45
Q

with one axon and several dendrites

A

multipolar

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46
Q

also called glial cells

A

neuroglia

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47
Q

glia means

A

glue

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48
Q

Comprise several cell types located only in brain and spinal cord

A

neuroglia

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49
Q

Support and protect neurons but do not conduct impulses

A

neuroglia

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50
Q

types of neuroglia

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocyytes

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51
Q

usually star-shaped, largest, most numerous and contain many processes

A

astrocytes

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52
Q

Provide structural support for nervous tissue

A

astrocytes

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53
Q

Act as “blood-brain barrier” by means of forming tight sheath around blood vessels

A

astrocytes

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54
Q

smaller and with fewer processes than astrocytes

A

oligodendrocytes

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55
Q

small, phagocytic neuroglial cells which engulf and destroy microbes and cellular debris

A

microglia

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56
Q

Develop from monocytes

A

microglia

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57
Q

ciliated cuboidal and columnar cells that form the epithelial lining of the ventricles of brain and neural tube

A

ependymal cells

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58
Q

Function in the circulation of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cells

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59
Q

form the myelin sheath and neurolemma that envelop nerve fibers outside the brain and spinal cord

A

schwann cells

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60
Q

Chemical-electrical message of nerves

A

nerve impulse

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61
Q

nerve impulses follow this principle which means if a threshold is reached action potential is sure to occur, if not no action potential would be generated

A

all-or-none principle

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62
Q

the characteristic of the membrane of a nerve cell which tends to diffuse outward the membrane

A

selectively permeable to K+

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63
Q

the outer membrane of a nerve cel

A

+ charegd

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64
Q

the inner membrane of a nerve cell

A

negatively charged

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65
Q

typical value of the resting membrane potential

A

-70mV

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66
Q

maintains the resting membrane potential

A

Na+/K+ pump

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67
Q

Rapid depolarization of a nerve membrane

A

action potential

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68
Q

as the rapid depolarization of a nerve membrane happens, the outside of the membrane becomes this compared to the inside

A

highly negative

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69
Q

action potential is associated with the increase of this causing its rapid influx

A

permeability of Na+ ions

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70
Q

Functional junction between two neurons or between a neuron and effector organ

A

synapses

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71
Q

two kind of synapses

A

electrical
chemical

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72
Q

type of synapse where action potential travels across a narrow gap junction to another and show no time lag and are important in escape reactions

A

electrical synapse

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73
Q

synapse where there is an involvement of the presence of neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine

A

chemical

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74
Q

neurotransmitter like this transmit impulses

A

acetylcholine

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75
Q

neurons in chemical synapse has two phase

A

presynaptic
post synaptic

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76
Q

neurons conducting impulses toward chemical synapses

A

presynaptic

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77
Q

neurons carrying impulses away

A

post synaptic

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78
Q

acts as the “main switchboard” which controls and coordinates the activities of the entire nervous system

A

central nervous system

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79
Q

site of information of processing

A

CNS

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80
Q

consist of brain and spinal cord

A

CNS

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81
Q

carries all messages between central nervous system and the rest of the body

A

Peripheral nervous system

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82
Q


Consist of nerves that bring messages to and from the brain

A

PNS

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83
Q

how many cranial nerves are there

A

12 pairs

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84
Q

how many spinal nerves are there

A

31 pairs

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85
Q

contain sensory and motor portions

A

nerves

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86
Q

two subdivisions of PNS

A

Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System

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87
Q

includes sensory neurons that convey information from cutaneous and special sense receptors in the head, body wall, and limbs to the CNS

A

SNS

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88
Q

contain motor neurons that conduct impulses from CNS to the skeletal muscles

A

SNS

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89
Q

controls voluntary body activities

A

SNS

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90
Q

includes sensory neurons that convey information from receptors in the viscera to the CNS

A

ANS

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91
Q

includes motor neurons that conduct impulses from CNS to effectors such as smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands

A

ANS

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92
Q

controls involuntary body activities

A

ANS

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93
Q

two branches of motor portion of ANS

A

sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system

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94
Q

also called the thoracolumbar division of motor portion of ANS

A

sympathetic nervous system

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95
Q

in which the nerve cell bodies are located in the thoracic and upper lumbar areas of the spinal cord

A

sympathetic nervous system

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96
Q

responds to body’s needs during increased activity and emergencies

A

sympathetic nervous system

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97
Q

referred to as the “fight-or-flight” system

A

sympathetic nervous system

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98
Q

motor portion of ANS that utilize body energy

A

sympathetic nervous system

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99
Q

also called the craniosacral division

A

parasympthatetic nervous system

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100
Q

motor neurons emerge from the brain stem, others from the sacral region of the spinal cord

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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101
Q

opposes the actions of sympathetic system

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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102
Q

active when body is at rest

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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103
Q

referred to as the “resting and digesting system”

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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104
Q

involves restoration and conservation of body energy

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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105
Q

determine if it is the action of Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Nervous System:

dilation/constriction of pupils

A

sympathetic - dilates
parasympathetic - constriction

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106
Q

determine if it is the action of Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Nervous System:

inhibition/stimulation of salivation

A

sympathetic - inhibits salivation
parasympathetic - stimulates salivation

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107
Q

determine if it is the action of Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Nervous System:

constriction of blood vessel

A

sympathetic

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108
Q

determine if it is the action of Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Nervous System:

relaxes/constrict airways

A

S - relaxes
P - constrict

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109
Q

determine if it is the action of Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Nervous System:

accelerate/slow heartbeat

A

S - accelerate
P -slow

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110
Q

determine if it is the action of Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Nervous System:

stimulate sweating

A

sympathetiic

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111
Q

determine if it is the action of Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Nervous System:

inhibit/stimulate digestion

A

S - inhibit
P - stimulate

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112
Q

determine if it is the action of Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Nervous System:

inhibit hormone and enzyme release

A

sympathetic

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113
Q

determine if it is the action of Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Nervous System:

stimulate bile secretion

A

parasympathetic

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114
Q

determine if it is the action of Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Nervous System:

stimulate glucose production and release by liver

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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115
Q

determine if it is the action of Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Nervous System:

stimulate release and insulin and digestive enzymes by pancreas

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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116
Q

determine if it is the action of Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Nervous System:

inhibits/stimulate gut motility and secretion

A

sympathetic - inhibit
parasympathetic - stimulate

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117
Q

determine if it is the action of Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Nervous System:

stimulates the secretion of epinephrine and porepinephrine

A

sympathetic

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118
Q

determine if it is the action of Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Nervous System:

relaxes/stimuales urinary blader contraction

A

s - relaxes
p - stimulates

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119
Q

determine if it is the action of Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Nervous System:

stimulates orgasm

A

sympathetic

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120
Q

determine if it is the action of Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Nervous System:

stimulates penile or clitoral arousal

A

parasympathetic

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121
Q

act as neural pathways of reflexes

A

reflex

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122
Q

simple neural pathway linking a receptor and an effector

A

reflex

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123
Q

part of a reflex

A

receptor
afferent/sensory neuron
efferent/motor neuron

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124
Q

sense organ in skin, muscle, and other organs

A

receptor

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125
Q

rapid, predictable and involuntary responses to a stimuli

A

reflex

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126
Q

include all reflexes that stimulate skeletal muscles

A

somatic reflexes

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127
Q

regulate the activity of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands

A

autonomic reflexes

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128
Q

one of the largest organs of the body and is protected by the skull

A

brain

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129
Q

covers the brain

A

meninges

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130
Q

three layers of meninge

A

pia mater
arachnoid
dura mater

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131
Q

the outermost layer of meninge; a double layered membrane

A

dura mater

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132
Q

middle layer of the meninges

A

arachnoid

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133
Q

innermost layer which is the most delicate (meninge)

A

pia mater

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134
Q

three principal division of the brain

A

forebrain
midbrian
hindbrain

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135
Q

forebrain (primary brain vesicle)

A

prosencephalon

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136
Q

midbrain (primary brain vescile)

A

mesencephalon

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137
Q

hindbrain (primary brain vesicle)

A

rhombencephalon

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138
Q

secondary brain vesicles include

A

telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon

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139
Q

final brain structure from telencephalon

A

cerebrum

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140
Q

final brain structure from diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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141
Q

final brain structure from mesencephalon

A

midbrain

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142
Q

final brian structure from metencephalon

A

pons and cerebellum

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143
Q

final brain structure from myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

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144
Q

largest part of the brain and weighs less than half a pound

A

telencephalon (cerebrum)

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145
Q

is divided into right and left hemisphere joined by a bundle of nerve fibers

A

telencephalon (cerebrum)

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146
Q

bundle of nerve fibers that joins the cerebrum

A

corpus callosum

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147
Q

entire surface is highly convoluted, containing gyri and sulci

A

cerebrum

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148
Q

elevated ridges in the cerebral hemisphere

A

gyri

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149
Q

shallow grooves in the cerebral hemisphere

A

sulci

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150
Q

outer layer which is gray in color where most of the activity of the brain happens

A

cerebral cortex

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151
Q

cerebrum is composed of four lobes:

A

frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe

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152
Q

brain’s major motor area for voluntary movements

A

frontal lobe

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153
Q

association area for higher level of thinking

A

frontal lobe

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154
Q

cerebral lobe sensory inputs from all parts of the body; bodily awarenes

A

parietal lobe

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155
Q

cerebral lobe responsible for hearing and speech understanding

A

temporal lobe

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156
Q

vision

A

occipital lobe

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157
Q

contains nerve centers for governing all sensory and motor activity

A

cerebrum

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158
Q

set of consciousness; intelligence; sensory perception of visual, olfactory, and auditory senses; coordination of body movements

A

cerebrum

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159
Q

cerebral dominance has two parts:

A

left and right hemisphere

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160
Q

intuitive talents, left handed control

A

right hemisphere

161
Q

analytical skills and right-handed control

A

left hemisphere

162
Q

determine if right/left hemisphere

creative ability

A

right

163
Q

determine if right/left hemisphere

appreciation of music and art

A

right

164
Q

determine if right/left hemisphere

perception of non-speech sounds like melodies

A

right

165
Q

determine if right/left hemisphere

space and pattern perception

A

right

166
Q

determine if right/left hemisphere

insight

A

right

167
Q

determine if right/left hemisphere

imagination

A

right

168
Q

determine if right/left hemisphere

generating mental images of sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell

A

right

169
Q

determine if right/left hemisphere

math

A

left

170
Q

determine if right/left hemisphere

logic

A

left

171
Q

determine if right/left hemisphere

verbal skills

A

left

172
Q

determine if right/left hemisphere

spoken and written language

A

left

173
Q

determine if right/left hemisphere

scientific skills and reasoning

A

left

174
Q

serves as the relay center that interprets and passes sensory impulses from the other parts of the brain and spinal cord to the cerebral cortex

A

thalamus

175
Q

plays a key role in awareness through its conscious recognition of crude sensations of pain, temperature, and touch associated with pressure

A

thalamus

176
Q

located beneath the thalamus, the smaller portion of the diencephalon

A

hypothalamus

177
Q

one of the major regulators of homeostasis by controlling and integrating the activities of the ANS

A

hypothalamus

178
Q

regulates visceral action

A

hypothalamus

179
Q

visceral action include

A

heart rate
motility and secretions of GIT
arterial blood pressure
contraction of urinary bladder

180
Q

regulate body temperature

A

hypothalamus

181
Q

regulates behavioral (including sexual behavior) and emotional responses and is associated with feelings of fear, anger, and aggression

A

hypothalamus

182
Q

regulates food intake through two centers:

A

hypothalamus

183
Q

hypothalamus regulates food intake through two centers:

A

satiety center
feeding (hunger center)

184
Q

also contain the thirst center

A

hypothalamus

185
Q

one of the two centers that maintains waking state and sleep patterns

A

hypothalamus

186
Q

acts as “biological clock” in setting circadian rhythm

A

hypothalamus

187
Q

a crucial endocrine gland acting as the master of the pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

188
Q

master endocrine gland and its secretions is controlled by the hypothalamus

A

pituitary gland

189
Q

plays an important role together with the pituitary gland in the regulation of virtually all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

190
Q

small portion of the brain stem connecting the pons and diencephalon

A

midbrain

191
Q

sends sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the thalamus

A

midbrain

192
Q

conveys motor impulses from the cerebrum to the cerebellum and spinal cord

A

midbrain

193
Q

consist of tectum (optic lobes) containing nuclei for regulating visual and auditory reflexes

A

midbrain

194
Q

has reflex centers concerned with head movement

A

midbrain

195
Q

means “little brain”

A

cerebellum

196
Q

bilobed structure lying dorsal to the medulla

A

cerebellum

197
Q

second largest portion of the brain, largest portion of the hindbrain

A

cerebellum

198
Q

higher center for the integration of muscular contraction, controls balance, and body position

A

cerebellum

199
Q

means bridge

A

pons

200
Q

rounded structure beneath the midbrain acting as a bridge connecting spinal cord with brain and links parts of the brain with one another by way of tracts

A

pons

201
Q

functional bridge between the cerebrum and cerebellum

A

pons

202
Q

regulates the rate and depth of breathing, helps control respiration

A

pons

203
Q

other nuclei control functions such as chewing and salivation

A

pons

204
Q

most posterior part of the brain which is continuous with the spinal cord

A

medulla oblongata

205
Q

contains centers for vital visceral activities

A

medulla oblongata

206
Q

center for visceral activities for rate and force of heartbeat

A

cardiac center

207
Q

center for visceral activities for regulates arterial pressure

A

vasomotor center

208
Q

center for visceral activities for breathing, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, and vomiting

A

respiratory center

209
Q

voluntary muscle and seat of consciousness and of 5 major senses

A

cerebrum

210
Q

relays all sensory impulses (except olfactory) to brain centers

A

thalamus

211
Q

maintains homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

212
Q

function in midbrain nuclei

A

midbrain nuclei

213
Q

lobe that function in visual and auditory reflexes

A

optic lobes

214
Q

function in posture, equilibrium, movement

A

cerebellum

215
Q

Acts as a bridge, connects spinal cord with brain, helps control respiration

A

pons

216
Q

function in Cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory reflex center

A

medulla oblongata

217
Q

continuation of medulla oblongata

A

spinal cord

218
Q

Also acts as a “highway” conveying sensory nerve impulses from the periphery headed for the brain (sensory tracts) and motor nerve impulses from the brain to the periphery (motor tracts)

A

spinal cord

219
Q

Beside processing reflexes, this also sums up nerve impulses that arise locally or arrive from the periphery and the brain

A

spinal cord

220
Q

Has 31 segments in humans, each giving rise to a pair of spinal nerves which receive information from the body

A

spinal cord

221
Q

this matter in the spinal cord contains neurons

A

gray matter

222
Q

matter in the spinal cord that contain nerve pathways or nerve tracts

A

white matter

223
Q

also protected by three layers of meninges

A

spinal cord

224
Q

forms a watery cushion that nourishes and protects brain and spinal cord from injury or trauma

A

cerebro-spinal fluid

225
Q

major solutes of CSF

A

glucose
proteins
sodium chloride
other electrolytes

226
Q

obstruction of the drainage of CSF can cause accumulation and will cause greater pressure in brain

A

hydrocephalus

227
Q

produces CSF found in the lateral and fourth ventricles

A

choroid plexus

228
Q

space between arachnoid and pia mater where CSF circulates

A

subarachnoid space

229
Q

arise from the brain

A

cranial nerves

230
Q

12 pairs and are designated by Roman numerals from I to XII

A

cranial nerves

231
Q

only contain sensory fibers

A

cranial nerves

232
Q

contain only motor fibers

A

motor nerves

233
Q

nerves containing both sensory and motor fibers

A

mixed nerves

234
Q


Two general categories of cranial nerve function

A

afferent or sensory
efferent or motor

235
Q

efferent or motor is divided into

A

somatic
parasympathetic

236
Q

innervates skeletal muscles in head and neck

A

somatic motor

237
Q

innervate glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

A

parasympathetic autonomic

238
Q

arise along the spinal cord from the union of dorsal sensory roots and ventral motor roots

A

spinal nerve

239
Q

all are mixed nerves

A

spinal nerves

240
Q

Classified by region of the vertebral column from which they come out

A

spinal nerve

241
Q

(C) nerve

A

cervical nerve

242
Q

(T) nerve

A

thoracic nerve

243
Q

(L) nerve

A

lumbar nerve

244
Q

(S) nerve

A

sacral

245
Q

(Cx)

A

coccygeal nerve

246
Q

Numbered according to their order within that region (31 pairs of spinal nerves)

A

spinal nerve

247
Q

cervical nerves start and end

A

C1-C8

248
Q

thoracic nerves start and end

A

T1-T12

249
Q

lumbar nerve start and end

A

L1-L5

250
Q

sacral nerve start and end

A

S1-S5

251
Q

coccygeal nerve

A

Cx

252
Q

enumerate the cranial nerves from I to XII

A

olfactory
optic
occulomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abduscens
facial
vestibulocochlear
glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory
hypoglossal

253
Q

what type of nerve is:

olfactory

A

sensory

254
Q

what type of nerve is:

optic

A

sensory

255
Q

what type of nerve is:

occulomotor

A

mixed (prim. motor)

256
Q

what type of nerve is:

trochlear

A

mixed (prim. motor)

257
Q

what type of nerve is:

trigeminal

A

mixed

258
Q

what type of nerve is:

abduscens

A

mixed (prim. motor)

259
Q

what type of nerve is:

facial

A

mixed

260
Q

what type of nerve is:

vestibulocochlear

A

sensory

261
Q

what type of nerve is:

glossopharyngeal

A

mixed

262
Q

what type of nerve is:

vagus

A

mixed

263
Q

what type of nerve is:

acessory

A

mixed (prim. motor)

264
Q

what type of nerve is:

hypoglossal

A

mixed (prim. motor)

265
Q

cranial nerve that function in smell

A

olfactory

266
Q

cranial nerve that function in vision

A

optic

267
Q

cranial nerve that function in

(s): transmitting information from receptors in muscles
(m): movement of eyelid and eyeball, contract pupils, alter lens shape for near and far vision

A

oculomotor

268
Q

cranial nerve that function in

(s): transmit information from receptor in muscles
(m): movement of eyeball

A

trochlear

269
Q

cranial nerve that function in

(s): convey sensations for touch, pain, and temperature from structures innervated
(m): chewing

A

trigeminal

270
Q

cranial nerve that function in

(s) transmit information from receptor in muscle (2)
(m) movement of eyeball (2)

A

abduscens

271
Q

cranial nerve that function in

(s): transmit information from taste
(M): facial expression and secretion of saliva nad tear

A

facial

272
Q

cranial nerve that function in

(s): convey impulses associated with hearing

A

vestibulocochlear

273
Q

cranial nerve that function in

(s) taste and regulation of bp
(m): swallowing and secretion of saliva

A

glossopharyngeal

274
Q

cranial nerve that function in

(s): transmit information from receptors in thorax and abdomen
(m): smooth muscle contraction and relaxation; secretion of digestive fluids

A

vagus

275
Q

cranial nerve that function in
(s) muscle sense
(m) innervates neck skeletal muscles’ swallowing; movement of head

A

accessory

276
Q

cranial nerve that function in

(s) muscle sense
(m) movement of tongue during speech and swallowing

A

hypoglossal

277
Q

consist of system of ductless glands that secrete “hormones” into the bloodstream of animals with generally identifiable target tissues

A

endocrine system

278
Q

Participates in regulating hormones essential for body activities

A

endocrine system

279
Q

are organic molecules that serve as regulators and coordinators of biological functions of the animals within which they are synthesized

A

hormones

280
Q

Their presence may affect their growth, appearance, metabolism, reproduction, and behaviors

A

hormones

281
Q

function of endocrine system

A

Produce and secrete hormones for chemical regulation

282
Q

secrete and discharge their products outside the body or into the digestive tract through ducts

A

exocrine glands

283
Q

Sweat glands, sebaceous, salivary glands, mammary glands, ceruminous glands

A

exocrine glands

284
Q

secrete and release their products inside the body directly into the blood stream

A

endocrine gland

285
Q

known as ductless gland

A

endocrine gland

286
Q

produces hormones

A

endocrine gland

287
Q

chemical substances that are released into the bloodstream in small amounts and are transported to specific target cells for bodily processes

A

hormones

288
Q

type of hormone

A

peptide hormone
steroid hormone

289
Q

may be made up of amino acids that are modified (e.g. thyroxine) or of few to several hundreds known as polypeptide (e.g. insulin)

A

peptide hormones

290
Q

Incapable of passing directly to cell membrane and are required to bind to receptors

A

peptide hormones

291
Q

hormone soluble in water

A

peptide hormones

292
Q

made from cholesterol, are lipids which can pass directly through the lipid bilayer of cell membrane

A

steroid hormone

293
Q

water insoluble

A

steroid hormones

294
Q

examples of estrogen and testosterone

A

steroid hormone

295
Q

nerve cell secretions which are directly discharged in the circulation

A

neurosecretions or neuropeptides

296
Q

Essential in insect metamorphosis and in reproduction, growth, and regeneration of invertebrates

A

neurosecretions or neuropeptides

297
Q

kind of neuropeptides (7)

A

molting hormone
juvenile hormone
growth stimulating hormone
gonadotropin
osmoregulatory hormone
hyperglycemic hormone
bursicon

298
Q

also known as ecdysone

A

molting hormone

299
Q

molting hormone is controlled by a brain hormone known as

A

ecdysiotropin or prothoracicotropic hormine

300
Q

Produced by prothoracic gland

A

molting hormone

301
Q

Promotes development of adult structures

A

molting hormone

302
Q

Present among insects and crustaceans

A

molting hormone

303
Q

produced by corpora allata

A

juvenile hormone

304
Q

Retains juvenile characteristics such as in annelids and insects

A

juvenile hormone

305
Q

stimulates budding, regeneration, and growth such as in hydra

A

growth promoting hormone

306
Q

stimulates development of eggs, proliferation of spermatogonia and development of secondary sexual characteristics such as in octopus and squids (cephalopods)

A

gonadotropin

307
Q

for osmoregulation such as in annelids

A

osmoregulatory hormone

308
Q

maintains a high concentration of blood glucose

A

hyperglycemic hormone

309
Q

for the development of epidermis such as tanning or hardening and darkening of chitinous outer cuticle layer such as insects

A

bursicon

310
Q

region of the brain but acts as the “master” of the anterior pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

311
Q

produces and secretes six releasing and inhibiting hormones acting on different cells of anterior pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

312
Q

considered as the master endocrine gland

A

pituitary gland

313
Q

also known as hypophysis

A

pituitary gland

314
Q

is connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk (infundibulum) and posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

A

putuitary gland

315
Q

in other vertebrates, it has the intermediate lobe (pars intermedia)

A

pituitary gland

316
Q

lobe of the pituitary gland secretes 6 types of hormones

A

anterior lobe

317
Q

anterior lobe secreting 4 tropic hormones:

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

318
Q

anterior lobe secreting 2 protein

A

prolactin (PRL)
growth hormone (GH)

319
Q

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes two hormones

A

antidiuretic (ADH)
oxytocin

320
Q

promotes water reabsorption from the kidney

A

antidiuretic (ADH)

321
Q

promotes smooth muscle contraction and movement of milk into secretory ducts

A

oxytocin

322
Q

located in the neck of all vertebrates

A

thyroid gland

323
Q

In most animals, this contain high concentration of iodine

A

thyroid gland

324
Q

– combines with amino acid tyrosine to produce two thyroid hormones:

A

iodine

325
Q

two thyroid hormones

A

thyroxine
triiodothyronine

326
Q

control growth, metabolism, and development of animals

A

thyroid hormones

327
Q

in them, thyroid hormones control oxygen consumption and heat production thus provide

A

bird and mammals

328
Q

another thyroid hormone, promotes deposition of calcium in bones

A

calcitonin (CT)

329
Q

pea-sized glands embedded in the posterior side of the thyroid

A

parathyroid gland

330
Q

secrete parathormone

A

parathyroid gland

331
Q

regulates the level of calcium and phosphate ions in the blood stream maintaining homeostasis

A

parathormone

332
Q

If the calcium level in the bloodstream becomes too low, this secretes its secretion of PTH to stimulate osteoclast to release calcium ions into the blood

A

parathyroid gland

333
Q

bone-destroying cells

A

osteoclasts

334
Q

also lowers the rate of calcium excretion by the kidney and enhances absorption of calcium by the intestine

A

Parathormone

335
Q

When the calcium level on the blood becomes too high, the following are secreted to lower down calcium ions in the bloodstream:

A

less PTH secretion
calcitonin is secreted

336
Q

triangular gland that lies on top of each kidney

A

adrenal gland

337
Q

two parts of adrenal gland

A

adrenal cortex
adrenal medulla

338
Q

outer yellowish portion of the adrenal gland

A

adrenal cortex

339
Q

inner, reddish portion of the adrenal gland

A

adrenal medulla

340
Q

secretes two type of hormones: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

A

adrenal cortex

341
Q

play a role in maintaining certain level of ions within the body fluids

A

mineralcorticoids

342
Q

regulates glucose metabolism

A

glucocorticoids

343
Q

secretes two major types of hormones: adrenaline, noradrenaline

A

adrenal medulla

344
Q

also known as epinephrine

A

adrenaline

345
Q

also known as norepinephrine

A

noradrenaline

346
Q

Responsible for “fight and flight” response as regulated by the signals being send by the hypothalamus

A

noradrenaline

347
Q

situated along the side of the stomach, act as both endocrine and exocrine gland

A

pancreas

348
Q

As an exocrine gland, it secretes enzymes that facilitate digestion

A

pancreas

349
Q

the endocrine portion of the pancreas is also known as this

A

islets of langerhans

350
Q

Secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon which regulates glucose in the blood stream

A

islets of langerhans

351
Q

lowers blood glucose level by acting on the liver to convert glucose to glycogen

A

insulin

352
Q

increases glucose in the bloodstream by triggering the liver to convert the stored sugar glycogen into glucose

A

glucagon

353
Q

pine cone-shaped gland embedded within the brain

A

pineal gland

354
Q

Secretes the hormone melatonin

A

pineal gland

355
Q

functions in the development of gonads, reproductive cycle, and regulates body rhythms such as sleep/wake cycles

A

melatonin

356
Q

consist of ovaries (females) and testes

A

gonads

357
Q

secrete testosterone which stimulates spermatogenesis, promotes the development of male secondary characteristics

A

testes

358
Q

secrete hormones that regulate female reproductive functions such as estrogen and progesterone

A

ovaries

359
Q

located near the heart, specifically behind the sternum

A

thymus

360
Q

secretes the hormone thymosin that is essential for normal development of immune system

A

thymus

361
Q

Increases water reabsorption in mammals; for water uptake across amphibian skin

A

vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone)

362
Q

Increases permeability of skin of tetrapods to water and for water reabsorption

A

vasotocin

363
Q

Decreases water reabsorption by kidney in lungfish, reptiles, and amphibians

A

mesotocin

364
Q

Stimulates uterine contraction during birth in mammals and oviducal contraction in reptiles

A

oxytocin

365
Q

Ejects milk in mammals

A

mammary gland

366
Q

Synthesizes protein and promotes growth

A

growth hormone or somatotrophin

367
Q

Enhances mammary gland development and milk production in mammals

A

prolactin

368
Q

Secretes thyroid hormones

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

369
Q

Stimulate egg formation and estrogen production

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

370
Q

Produce sperm

A

FSH

371
Q

Promotes ovulation and synthesis of estrogen and progesterone (by developing corpus luteum)

A

LH

372
Q

Synthesis of testosterone

A

LH

373
Q

Stimulates the adrenal gland to release and secrete steroid hormones

A

adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

374
Q

Stimulates dispersion of melanin granules for dark color of the skin among fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and birds

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

375
Q

thyroid hormones that increase metabolic rate, promote normal growth, and nerve development; causes metamorphosis in amphibians

A

throxine and trioodothyronine

376
Q

Decreases blood calcium by stimulating calcium uptake by bone

A

calcitonin

377
Q

Stimulates calcium release into blood

A

parathyroid hormone

378
Q

Stimulates calcium uptake into blood

A

parathyroid hormone

379
Q

Increases calcium reabsorption; formation of calcitriol (active form of Vit. D)

A

parathyroid hormone

380
Q

Promotes protein breakdown and conversion to glucose

A

glucocorticoids

381
Q

Promotes sodium reabsorption; controls salt-water balance

A

aldosterone

382
Q

Promote changes in the body that occur during puberty

A

androgens

383
Q

Increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar

A

epinephrine

384
Q

Increases rate of breathing and dilates airways

A

epinephrine

385
Q

Promotes constriction or dilation of blood vessel diameter

A

norepinephrine

386
Q

Lowers blood glucose level by promoting utilization of blood cells

A

insulin (beta cells)

387
Q

Raises blood glucose level

A

glucagon (alpha cells)

388
Q

Develops female secondary characteristics

A

estrogen (estradiol)

389
Q

Prepares for pregnancy, stimulates pregnancy

A

progesterone

390
Q

Develops male secondary characteristics; produces sperm

A

testosterone

391
Q

Differentiation of lymphocytes

A

thymosin

392
Q

Stimulates HCl secretion and increase gastric motility

A

gastrin

393
Q

Stimulates release of
pancreatic fluid that
neutralizes HCl; aids in digestion of fats by
inhibiting gastric
motility; speeds up bile production

A

secretin

394
Q

Stimulates production of RBCs

A

erythropoietin

395
Q

inhibits secretion of LHRH and FSHRH

A

melatonin

396
Q

promote sleep

A

melatonin

397
Q

Stimulates synthesis of progesterone

A

chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

398
Q

Stimulates development of mammary glands

A

pacental lactogen

Fundamentals of Zoology (23 decks)

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