Worksheet 12-15 Flashcards
has three functions: sensory, integrative, motor
nervous system
function of NS that senses changes (stimuli) within and outside the body
sensory
function of NS that analyzes the sensory information, store some aspects, and make decisions
integrative
function of NS that is responsible for responding to stimuli by initiating muscular contractions or glandular secretions
motor
function in the transmission of impulses and coordination of responses in a frog
nervous system
composed of the brain and the spinal cord
central nervous system
encased in vertebra, connect to parts of the body by spinal nerves
spinal cord
composed of spinal and cranial nerves
peripheral nervous system
connected from the brain to the parts of head and abdomen
cranial nerves
connects the spinal cord to parts of the body
spinal nerves
how many cranial nerves are there
10 pairs
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there
10 pairs
organs that perceive and transmit environmental changes to the CNS
sense organs
sense organ for sense of touch
skin
sense organ for sense of sight
eyes
sense organ for sense of smell
nose
sense organ for sense of hearing and equilibrium
ears
sense organ for sense of taste
tongue
function as the orchestrating and regulating centers of the nervous system, from anterior towards posterior:
central nervous system
enumerate parts of the brain from anterior towards posterior
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
consist of paired olfactory lobes and cerebral hemispheres
telencephalon
each cerebral hemisphere contains a cavity known as this
lateral ventricles
Also known as the first and second ventricle
lateral ventricles
centers for association memory
cerebral hemisphere
located between the optic lobes and posterior to the cerebral hemispheres
diencephalon
Functions in balance, vision, and spontaneous movement
diencephalon
part of the diencephalon where there is a small epiphysis of the pineal gland
dorsal part
part of the diencephalon where there is a hypophysis of the pituitary gland
ventral part
formed by the crossing fibers of the optic nerves
optic chiasma
located posteriorly to the optic chiasma
infundibulum
the midbrain, the center for visual coordination
mesencephalon
part of the mesencephalon where there are rounded optic lobes with optic ventricle within
dorsal part
third and fourth ventricle along with the ventricles of the mesencephalon make up the
Aqueduct of Sylvius
Structurally a dorsal transverse fold ridge
metencephalon
funnctions in equilibrium and coordinated movements
metencephalon
where the medulla oblongata is located in this brain part
myelencephalon
Narrows toward the posterior end, forming the spinal cord
myelencephalon
continuation of the brain and is located in the trunk region
spinal cord
Short and contained in the neural canal of the vertebral column
spinal cord
label the frog brain (dorsal, ventral, longitudinal section)
grade yourself accordingly
label the frog brain (real photo)
grade yourself accordingly
consist the structures of the nervous system outside the CNS
peripheral nervous syste
Mainly made up of nerves that extend from the brain and the spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
connect the CNS to the receptors and effectors of the body
peripheral nerves
correction of sympathetic trunk to the PNS
ramus communicans
consist of two slender delicate
thread-like nerve cords (i.e. sympathetic trunk)
sympathetic nervous system
run beneath the vertebral column, one on either side of the dorsal aorta
sympathetic trunk
Has a series of 10 sympathetic ganglia
sympathetic trunk
composed of ten pairs in the brain
cranial nerves
arises from the anterior end of the olfactory lobe and innervates the cells of the olfactory sac
olfactory nerve
what type of nerve is I nerve
sensory
nerve fibers arise from the retina of the eye
optic nerve
these fibers generally cross or decussate out of the what
optic chiasma
cranial nerve II is purely
sensory
two optic nerves enter this of the opposite side
optic thalamus
Terminates in the thalamencephalon
optic thalamus
small nerve arising from the ventral side of the midbrain (crura-cerebri)
occulomotor nerve
divides into branches which supply the anterior, superior, and inferior recti muscles and inferior oblique muscle of the eyebal
occulomotor nerve
cranial nerve III is what
exclusively motor
two longitudinal bands of nerve fibers in the contracted region of the brain
crura-cerebri
small nerve arising from the dorsal side of the brain between the optic lobes and cerebellum and going to the superior oblique muscle of the eyeball
trochlear or pathetic nerve
cranial nerve IV is what
motor
largest of the cranial nerves arising from the sides of the anterior end of the medulla oblongata
trigeminal nerve
before the trigeminal nerve emerges from the skull it bears this
gasserian ganglion
cranial nerve V is what
mixed nerve
three branches of trigeminal nerve
ophthalmic superficialis
madibular
maxillary
nerves that passes along the dorsal border of the orbit and goes to the skin of the snout
ophthalmic superficialis
what type of nerve is ophthalmic superficialis
somatic sensory
two branches of the trigeminal nerve that arise from a common stem and separate
mandibular and maxillary
goes to the muscles of the lower jaw
mandibular
what type of nerve is mandibular
visceral motor nerve
what type of nerve is maxillary
somatic sensory
forms two branches going to the skin of the upper jaw and upper lip
maxillary nerve
arises from the ventral side of the medulla oblongata and enters the orbit and goes to the posterior rectus muscle of the eyeball
abducens nerve
what type of nerve is cranial VI
motor nerve
arises from the antero-lateral side of medulla oblongata close behind the fifth
facial nerve
what type of nerve is cranial VII
mixed nerve
Mixed nerve having both visceral sensory and visceral motor fibers
facial nerve
facial nerve is divided into two branches:
palatine
hyomandibular
branch of facial nerve that is going to the roof of the buccal cavity
palatine
branch of the facial nerve that is going to the tongue and muscles of the lower jaw
hyomandibular
somatic sensory arising from the medulla oblongata behind the seventh and goes to internal ear
auditory nerve
mixed nerve arising from the lateral side of medulla and goes to the tongue, hyoid, and pharynx
glossopharyngeal
mixed nerve arising from the lateral side of the medulla and goes as visceral branch to the larynx (laryngeal), esophagus and stomach (gastric), heart (cardiac), and lungs (pulmonary)
vagus or pneumogastric
ten pairs of nerves of the frog arising from the spinal cord
spinal nerves
Arises by a dorsal and ventral root
spinal nerve
dorsal root of the spinal nerves has these
dorsal ganglion
white calcareous body that surrounds the dorsal ganglion
gland of swammerdam
innervates the tongue and hyoid muscles
first spinal nerve
biggest, receives branches from the first spinal nerve
second spinal nerve
innervates the shoulder and forelimbs
third spinal nerve
Sends a branch to the second nerve and branch off to the external oblique, transversus and skin
third spinal nerve
first, second, and third spinal nerve make up this
brachial plexus
are distributed to the muscles and skin of the body wall
fourth, fifth, and sixth spinal nerve
form the sciatic plexus, which innervates the hindlimbs
seven, eight, and ninth spinal nerve
is the sciatic nerve
ninth spinal nerve
innervates the urinary bladder and cloaca
tenth spinal nerve
label the spinal nerve
grade yourself accordingly
this spherical egg is partially pigmented
unfertilized egg
is polar
unfertilized egg
pigmented side which contains very little yolk
animal hemisphere
More cells than its counterpart and is smaller in size
animal hemisphere
is in the anterior side
animal hemisphere
hemisphere that synthesizes melanin
animal hemisphere
unpigmented yolky side
vegetal hemisphere
impedes division so there is a slow division of cells in this side
yolk
has bigger and fewer cells
vegetal hemisphere
hemisphere in the posterior side
vegegtal hemisphere
label the unfertilized egg
grade yourself accordingly
succession of rapid cell division that follows fertilization
cleavage
affected by the type of egg
cleavage
incomplete cleavage
meroblastic
cleavage in birds and fish
meroblastic
complete cleavage
holoblastic
cleavage seen in frogs and mammals
holoblastic
begins when the egg is fertilized by the sperm cell
cleavage stage
appearance of this is a distinct characteristic of the cleavage stage
first cleavage furrow
vertically oriented, produces a 2-celled stage embryo
first cleavage plane
follows the first cleavage plane that is also vertically oriented, which yields a 4-celled stage embryo
second cleavage
is in horizontal place produces 8 cells
third cleavage
in this stage of cleavage, the cells at the animal hemisphere are smaller than the cells at the vegetal hemisphere
third cleavage
smaller units that the cleavage produces
blastomeres
constriction that bisects the cell
cleavage furrow
smaller cells at the animal hemisphere
micromeres
bigger cells a the vegetal hemisphere
macromeres
contain yolk granules
macromeres
ball of cells that is solid
morula
cleavages that are regular
first cleavages
cleavages that become irregular
32-celled stage
the fertilized shifts this much degree toward the point of entry of sperm
30 degrees
formed when the fertilized egg shifts 30 degrees
gray crescent
Establishes the dorsal side
gray crescent
label the late cleavage
grade yourself accordingly
what stage is this accomplishment:
Increase in the number of cells
late cleavage
what stage is this accomplishment:
Establishment of organ-forming zones or presumptive germ layers
late cleavage
formed in cleavage, the space
blastocoel
embryo in cleavage
blastula
as cleavage continues, the blastomeres become arranged around the outside
blastula
Result of subsequent cleavages
blastula
observed consisting of many cells with smaller cells (micromeres) and larger cells (macromeres)
blastula
located at the animal hemisphere
micromeres
located at the vegetal hemisphere
macromeres
so-called this because of the development of the eccentric cavity known as the blastocoel at the animal hemisphere
blastula
central fluid filled cavity forming in the animal hemisphere
blastocoel
smaller cells of the animal hemisphere that form the roof of the blastocoel
micromeres
thin layer of brown pigment in the micromere that is observed at the external surface of the outermost cells
melanin
yolk-laden cells that form the floor of the blastocoel
macromeres
secondary membrane enveloping the embryo
fertilization membrane
makes the gastrula recognizable, a crescentric slit
blastopore
where the cell invaginates and later becomes circular in shape with a yolk plug
blastopore
gastrulation is completed when these are formed
3 germ layers
the cavity that is produced by the infolding of layer of surface cells
archenteron
Also known as the gastrocoel
archenteron
archenteron in future stages is known as the
primitive gut
Becomes the future digestive tract
archenteron
external opening of the archenteron
blastopore
upper margin of the blastopore is called this
dorsal lip
the lower margin of the blastopore is called this
ventral lip
rounded mass of yolk laden cells that blocks and protrudes from the blastopore
yolk plug
outermost layer of cells
ectoderm
innermost layer of cells
endoderm
third layer of cells that develops between the ectoderm and endoderm at late gastrulation
mesoderm
remnants of this cavity at the gastrulation stage may be seen as a narrow space between the ectoderm and endoderm
blastocoel
may still be visible but is more loosely surrounding the embryo
fertilization membrane
movements (interiorization) – the blastula becomes a gastrula through these movements
morphogenetic
2-layered cell
early gastrula
3-layered cell, tripoblastic
late gastrula
morphogenetic movements in gastrulation
epiboly
emboly
involution
overgrowth of the ectoderm-forming regions around the endoderm-forming regions
epiboly
Micromeres grow downward covering macromeres
epiboly
invagination where the ingrowth of the endoderm-forming zones under the ectoderm forming regions
emboly
Macromeres inwardly push (creating a cavity)
emboly
invaginated cells go sideward
involution
which stage is this accomplishment
Formation of 2-layered gastrula (dipoblastic) with opening called blastopore
early gastrulation
which stage is this accomplishment
Formation of the third gem layer (mesoderm) that came from both ectoderm and endodermal cells that migrate into space between ecto and endoderm
late gastrula
where the remnant of the original blastocoel was
mesoderm
Chordamesoderm differentiates into:
notochord
mesoderm
stage is distinguished by having an elongated body and presence of 2 folds of ectoderm
neurula
2 folds of ectoderm that grow upward on the dorsal side of the embryo
neural folds
Give rise to the entire nervous system
neural folds
label the neurula
grade yourself accordingly
outer layer of cells surrounding the neurula is distinguished into:
ectoderm
ectoderm that the outer layer of cells surrounding the neurula is distinguished into:
neural ectoderm
presumptive epidermis
thickened broad strip of ectoderm along the future dorsal side of the embryo
neural plate
Otherwise known as the medullary plate
neural plate
Later changes to form the neural fold and finally becomes the neural tube
neural plate
primordium of the brain and spinal cord
neural tube
anterior side of the neural tube forms into
brain
posterior side of the neural forms into
spinal cord
columnar in shape
neural cells
process of the ectoderm over the notochord thickens to form the neural plate, which elongates
thickening and elongation
This thickening is induced by mesodermal cells in
the roof of the archenteron; this process is called
induction
label the induction and folding process
grade yourself accordingly
process in which he edges of the neural plate begin to raise, and the neural plate will
eventually roll itself into a neural tube (dorsal hollow nerve tube).
folding
process where the neural folds have fused to form the
neural tube
convergence nad fusion
elevation of the ectoderm
neural fold
formed by the fusion of the neural fold at the midline
neutral tube
cavity that is created when the neural fold fuses
neurocoel
Surrounded by neural cells
neurocoel
the remaining outer layer of flattened cells become the future epidermis of the embryo
presumptive epidermis
now broadened to form a distinct intermediate germ layer
mesoderm
Extends on each side of the embryo between the ectoderm and endoderm
mesoderm
Mesoderm in neurulation is differentiated as follows:
notochord
primary axial support
rod shape of mass mesodermal cells lying in the midlin
notochord
Primary axial support for the embryo
notochord
block of mesoderm flanks the notochord on each side
epimere
Gives rise to the somites
epimere
gives rise to the vertebral column, some muscles, and the dermatome
somites
known as the lateral plate that grows ventrally between the ectoderm and mesoderm
hypomere
in this stage, the hypomere splits into an: outer somatic and inner splanchnic mesoderm with a cavity (coelom)
late neurula stage
known as the intermediate mesoderm
mesomere
Narrow region between the epimere and hypomere
mesomere
Gives rise to the nephrotome
mesomere
large cells are now completely surrounding the gastrocoel
endoderm
formation of body organs/system from the three germ layers
organogenesis
experimental procedure
to establish the ultimate
fate of the three germ
layers; use of a harmless
dye to label specific cells
and followed to a later
stage of development
fate mapping
Formation of body
organs/systems from
the three germ layers
organogenesis
made the first scientific study in the field of genetics in 1800
Gregor mendel
Gregor Mendel studied heredity using these
garden peas
scientific name for garden peas
pisum sativum
Mendel discovered the laws of:
Law of dominance
Law of segregation
Law of independent assortment
states that when an organism is hybrid for a pair of contrasting traits, only the dominant trait is expressed
law of dominance
states that genes that occur in pairs are separated during gamete formation and are recombined at fertilization
law of segregation
This discovery opened the way to modern gene-chromosome theory of heredity
law of segregation
succeeding studies in the field of genetics lead to the discovery of this as the basic heredity material
DNA
Passed on to succeeding generations and controls the traits inherited by organisms
DNA
Non-Mendelian Genetics include
codominance
complete dominance
multiple alleles
polygenic inheritance
Pleiotropy
Sex linkage
states that in the formation of gametes, the paired factors (alleles) affecting a trait will segregate from one another
Mendel’s principle of segregation
contain homologous chromosomes with genes for te same traits
diploid
location of gene on a chromosome
locus
plural of locus
loci
two genes at a homologous loci
gene pair
when genes at the corresponding loci are different
alleles
are haploid, containing only one of the homologues, and thus only one of the two alleles for a specific trait
gametes
refers to an organism’s genetic constitution (or the alleles present)
genotype
genes are alike
homozygous
observable physical characteristic appearance
phenotype
Determined primarily by a genotype and environmental factors
phenotype
always expressed
dominant gene
only expressed when a similar recessive gene is on the homologous chromosome
recessive gene
involves one pair of characters, and doing this would demonstrate the principle of segregation, complete and incomplete dominance, and codominance
monohybrid cross
some alleles interact with each other in a dominant and recessive manner whereby the dominant mask the recessive allele
principle of complete dominance
dominant trait (free/attached earlobes)
free earlobe
recessive trait (free/attached earlobes)
attached earlobe
identical alleles are present in a nucleus
homozygous
having both dominant alleles
homozygous dominant
having both recessive alleles
homozygous recessive
both dominant and recessive alleles are present within a single nucleus
heterozygous
which is dominant and recessive? curly or straight hair
d - curly
r- straight
which is dominant and recessive?
roll tongue
can’t roll tongue
d - roll tongue
r - can’t roll tongue
which is dominant and recessive?
brown/black hair
blonde hair
d - brown/black
r - blonde
which is dominant and recessive?
hitchhiker’s thumb
straight thumb
d - straight thumb
r - hitchhiker’s thumb
a type of inheritance with two contrasting alleles contributes to the individual a trait of exactly either the parent
incomplete dominance
Phenotype of a heterozygote is ____ between the two homozygotes
intermediate
homozygous dominant genotype (HbAHbA) in sickle-cell anemia
normal hemoglobin
homozygous recessive (HbSHbS) in sickle cell anemina
have recessive sickle-cell anemia
appear healthy but have minor problems with anemia
heterozygous HbAHbS
produce both normal and sickle-cell hemoglobin
heterozygous HbAHbS
determined by multiple alleles, and there is more than two possible alleles and any one can occupy a locus
ABO blood group
Three allelic form in the ABO blood group system:
IA
IB
i
code for the production of antigen A
allele A
code for the production of antigen B
allele B
codominants in the ABO blood group
Allele A and B
recessive in the ABO blood group
Allele i
genotype for blood type O
ii
antigens present in blood type O
neither A or B
antibody present in blood type O
a and b
antigens present in blood type A
A
antibody present in blood type A
B
genotype for blood type A
IAIA or IAi
antigens present in blood type B
B
antibody present in blood type B
A
genotype for blood type B
IBIB or IBi
antigens present for blood type AB
AB
antibody present for blood type AB
none
genotype in AB
IAIB
single gene controlling or influencing multiple (and possibly unrelated) phenotypic traits.
pleiotropy
determined by special sex chromosomes
sex
sex chromosome of females
XX
sex chromosome of male
XY
X-linked trait
red-green color blindness
There is a deficiency in either red or green cones and the color red and green are the same color
red-green color blindless
Y-linked disease
Stature and height promoting genes
spermatogenesis
skeletal abnormalities
SRY-testes-determining factor
composed of deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and four nitrogen containing bases
DNA
purine bases
adenine and aguanine
pyrimidine bases
cytosine and thymine
replicates by separating the nitrogen bases and attaching new complementary bases to the exposed bases to form a new strand of DNA
DNA
developed in order to understand relationships among animals
systems of classification
– Swedish naturalist and recognized as the father of taxonomy developed the first of three systems
Carl Linnaeus
naming of organisms was composed of two parts:
binomial nomenclature
generic name
genus
specific name
species
combined latinized generic and specific names make up this
specific name
Linnaeus also designed this that groups species into categories of increasing inclusiveness:
Hierarchial system
enumerate the hierarchy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Over
Family
Genus
Species
utilizes information from both phenetics (numerical taxonomy) and cladistics (evolutionary relatedness(
taxonomy
highest level has grouped all living organisms into three general categories:
domain
three general catogries of domain
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
level further grouped organisms in each domain that were recognized with their fundamental differences
kingdom
Eight kingdom system
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Archezoa
Protista
Chromista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
kingdom belong in the domain bacteria
Eubacteria
kingdom belong in the domain archaea
Archaebacteria
primary division of a kingdom ranking above a class
phylum
taxonomic category ranking below a phylum and may comprise different orders
class
ranks below the class and may comprise different families
order
taxonomic category ranked below the order and above genus
family
taxonomic category ranked below the family
genus
taxonomic level consisting of groups of interbreeding or potentially interbreeding organisms having common descent and sharing intergrading characteristics that are distinctly different from other groups
species
retain notochord
cephalocordata
means tail
nura
without tail
anurans
6 footed (3 pairs)
insects
6 pair
spider
Hoplobatrachus rugolosus (Taiwanese frog)
specify the kingdom
animalia
Hoplobatrachus rugolosus (Taiwanese frog)
specify the phylum
chordata
Hoplobatrachus rugolosus (Taiwanese frog)
specify the class
amphibia
Hoplobatrachus rugolosus (Taiwanese frog)
specify the order
anura
Hoplobatrachus rugolosus (Taiwanese frog)
specify the family
dicroglossidae
Hoplobatrachus rugolosus (Taiwanese frog)
specify the genus
Hoplobatrachus
Hoplobatrachus rugolosus (Taiwanese frog)
specify the species
H. rugolosus
Skyphos means
cup
tubular or bell-shaped animals that reside mainly in shallow coastal waters
phylum cnidaria
specialized stinging cells with nematocysts
cnidocytes
Gastros means
stomach
podos means
foot
Largest class of molluscs include slugs, snails, whelks, conchs, limpets, and nudibranchs
gastropoda
adapted to terrestrial environments
marine, slugs, and garden snails
like the cnidarians, they have a sac body plan and only one opening, the mouth
flatworms
flatworms are under
class turbellaria
No body cavity, third germ layer, mesoderm, fills the space between their organs
flatworms
flatworms have this kind of digestive tract
incomplete digestiive tract
among flatworms, these are free-living
plenarians
are parasitic flatworms
fluke and tapeworms
includes clams, oysters, shipworms, mussels, and scallops with a two-part shell that is hinged and closed by powerful muscles
class bivalvia
example of two-spotted octopus, bigfin reef squid
class cephalopoda
Gk. Echinos means
spiny
derma means
skin
sea urchins under what class
Class echinoidea
has 5 pairs of head appendages
class crustacea
how many antennae does class crustacea have
2 pairs
1st pair of crustacea
antennules
2nd pair of crustacea
antennae
how many pair of mandiblles and maxillae does class crustacea have
2 maxillae
1 mandible
how many pairs of maxillipeds and walking legs does class crustacea have in their thoracic appendages
3 pairs of maxillipeds
5 pairs of walking legs
how many pairs of swimmerets does the class crustacea have in their abdominal appendages
5 pairs
1st pair of swimmerets is called
gonopods
last pair of swimmerets is called
uropods
has the class arachnida
subphylum chelicerata
ticks and mites
order acari
Fused cephalothorax and abdomen
order acari
tiny 1mm or less, some feed on plant juices and can be major pests
mites
several species of these carry disease such as Lyme disease
ticks
why are insect abundant
Feeding specializations
Dispersal capabilities
Predator-avoidance possibilities
Arachne means
spider
Ticks, mites, scorpions, spider, and harvestmen
Class arachnida
they have no mandibles and no antennae
class arachnida
cephalothorax
prosoma
abdomen
opisthosoma
how many cephalothoracic appendages does class arachnida have
6 pairs
cephalothoracic appendages is made up of
1 pair chelicerae
1 pair pedipalps
4 pair walking legs
hundred leggers
class chilopoda centpides
Each segment except the one behind the head and last two, bears a pair of jointed legs which serves as sensory function
class chilopoda centipedes
Class arachnida, Order Opiliones
chelicerata
Abdomen and cephalothorax are broadly joined rather than constricted
harvestment
Abdomen shows segmentation and only two eyes
harvestment
long legs end in tiny claws and nocturnal
harvestmen
ossified skeleton with swim bladders
class osteichthytes
chordates and have a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve chord, a pituitary gland, pharyngeal gill slits, and a post-anal tail. Ray-finned fish are characterized by the presence of paired ray fins.
actinopterygii
characterised by their fleshy pectoral and pelvic (paired) fins that articulate with the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic (hip) girdles via a single bone.
sarcopterygii
caudal fin composed of two lobes of equal proportion
homocercal tail fish
a caudal fin composed of two asymmetrical lobes.
heterocercal tail
tetrapods with an amniotic membrane in embryos
class reptilia
has dry skin
class reptilia
Ectothermic tetrapods covered by epidermal scales
class reptilia
ectothermic tetrapod
class amphibia
Respiration by lungs, gills, or skin
class amphibia
Skin moist containing mucous glands and lacking scales
class amphibia
one of the major extant orders of the class Amphibia. It includes salamanders and newts.
class caudata/urodela
otal group of amphibians that includes the order Anura, the frogs and toads, and various extinct proto-frogs
class anura/ salientia
one of the three major extant orders of the class Amphibia. Its members are known as caecilians, a name derived from the Latin word caecus, meaning “sightless” or “blind.”
class gymnophiona/apoda
endothermic tetrapod with front limbs modified as wings
class aves
body covered in feathers
class aves
endothermic tetrapods with an amniotic membrane in embryos possessing mammary glands
class mammalia
mamma means
breast
Body covered in hair
class mammalia
White-tailed deer
Odocoileus virginianus
African lioness
Panthera leo
Squirel monkey
Saimiri sciureus
killer whale
Orcinous orca
duckbill platypus
Ornithorhynchus anatinus
virginia opossum
(Didelphis virginianus
Phascolarctos cinereus)
koala
