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Fundamentals of Zoology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

dependent on their daily supply of nutrients, oxygen, water and minerals, as well as removal of CO2 and other metabolic wastes products

A

animal

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2
Q

– transports all substances to the body

A

circulatory system

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3
Q

in them, their circulatory system is usually absent because simple diffusion from their watery environment allows these activites to take place

A

protists

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4
Q

complex forms of animals rely on a transporting system which consist of:

A

heart
blood
blood vessels

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5
Q

characterized by the absence of capillaries

A

lacunar circulation

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6
Q

occurs mostly among invertebrates in molluses, and arthropods such as insects

A

lacunar circulation

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7
Q

blood in an open system circulation

A

hemolymph

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8
Q

pumps out the hemolymph, and is usually an enlarged blood vessel

A

heart

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9
Q

type of pressure in the heart when the blood is pumped out into the body cavity

A

low pressure

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10
Q

body spaces that returns blood into the heart after it mixes with interstitial fluid and bathes cells of the body

A

hemocoel

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11
Q

blood remains within a completely enclosed system of vessels

A

closed system

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12
Q

system that never comes in direct contact with tissue cells

A

closed system

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13
Q

materials move between the blood and interstitial fluid through these

A

capillaries

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14
Q

in a closed system, the blood flows in this kind of pressure

A

high pressure

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15
Q

occurs among annelids, squids, and among vertebrates such as fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

A

closed system

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16
Q

among them, gas, nutrient, and waste exchange happens through diffusion

A

protozoans

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17
Q

circulate water from the external environment through their bodies, instead of circulating an internal fluid

A

sponges

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18
Q

possesses gastrovascular cavity containing water that provides oxygen and serves as reservoir of carbon dioxide and wastes, simple body movement moves the fluid

A

cnidarians

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19
Q

such as rotifers and nematodes use the coelomic fluid of their body cavity for the transport of nutrients, gases, and waste products

A

pseudocoelomates

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20
Q

their body movement produces adequate transport

A

pseudocoelomates

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21
Q

in them a circulatory system is present in which blood termed as hemolymph is being pumped by the heart into spaces known as hemocoel

A

mollusks and insects

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22
Q

composed of blood, blood vessels, and a muscular pump which is the heart

A

cardiovascular system

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23
Q

pumpless system of vessels that aid the cardiovascular system in its function

A

lymphatic system

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24
Q

composed of lymph, lymphatic vessels, and structures and organs containing lymphatic tissues

A

lymphatic system

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25
Q

muscular pump which forces blood out to the tissues of the body through blood vessels

A

heart

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26
Q

pulsating, contractile organ that provides the energy for moving the blood throughout the body

A

heart

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27
Q

in them, the heart consist of one longitudinal vessel

A

invertebrates

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28
Q

where the heart rungs along in a one longitudinal vessel

A

median dorsal of the thorax

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29
Q

has no chambers but rather pierced by series of openings

A

invertebrate heart

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30
Q

serve as entry and exit of blood in invertebrates

A

ostia

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31
Q

when this happens, the blood is forced into the anterior end, and into the head region

A

contraction of the heart

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32
Q

hen this happens, blood is drawn through ostia

A

relaxation of the heart

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33
Q

in them, the heart is a muscular organ divided into a number of chambers

A

vertebrates

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34
Q

their heart has two chambers, one atrium and one ventricle

A

fishes

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35
Q

exhibit single pathway or circulation of blood

A

fishes

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36
Q

their heart has three chambers, two atria and one ventricle

A

amphibians and reptiles

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37
Q

double but incomplete circulation

A

amphibians and reptiles

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38
Q

there is slight mixing of venous and arterial blood occurring in the ventricles

A

amphibians and reptiles

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39
Q

their heart has four chambers, two atria and two ventricles

A

birds and mammals

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40
Q

exhibit double and complete circulation

A

birds and mammals

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41
Q

no mixing of venous and arterial blood in the ventricle

A

birds and mammals

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42
Q

complex connective tissue containing plasma and cellular components

A

blood

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43
Q

called hemolymph among invertebrates

A

blood

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44
Q

circulating fluid of the body

A

blood

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45
Q

temp of the blood

A

38 degrees

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46
Q

pH of the blood

A

7.35-7.45

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47
Q

how much blood account for the total body weight of a human

A

8 percent

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48
Q

vol of blood in males

A

5 to 6 liters

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49
Q

vol of blood in females

A

4 to 5 liters

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50
Q

function of blood

A

Transport of nutrients, metabolites, hormones, and waste products
Transport of cells (lymphocytes and platelets)
Thermoregulation

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51
Q

straw-colored liquid portion

A

plasma

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52
Q

About 91.5% water and 8.5% solutes

A

plasma

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53
Q

accounts for 55% of the blood

A

plasma

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54
Q

make up of 45% of whole blood

A

formed elements of blood

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55
Q

formed elements of the blood

A

erythrocytes
leucocytes
platelets (thrombocytes)

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56
Q

also known as red blood cells (RBCs)

A

erythrocytes

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57
Q

Appear as biconcave disk of 8μm in diameter

A

erythrocytes

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58
Q

RBCs contain this pigment that functions in carrying oxygen

A

hemoglobin

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59
Q

Responsible for the red color of the whole blood

A

hemoglobin

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60
Q

red blood cells lack these

A

nucleus

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61
Q

how much erythrocytes are in a cubic millimeter of blood

A

5 million cells per mm^3

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62
Q

where RBCs are manufactured

A

red bone marrow

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63
Q

where RBCs are destroyed after having a life span of 120 days

A

liver and spleen

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64
Q

what engulfs RBCs in the liver and spleen

A

large phagocytic cells

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65
Q

also known as WBCs and are irregularly shaped (squamous)

A

leucocytes

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66
Q

lives for about 20 days

A

RBCs

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67
Q

transport O2 and CO2

A

RBCs

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68
Q

has no nucleus and mitochondrion

A

erythrocytes

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69
Q

types of WBCs

A

neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil
monocyte
lymphocyte

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70
Q

granulocytes include

A

neutrophil
basophil
eosinophil

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71
Q

agranulocytes include

A

monocyte
lymphocyte

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72
Q

function in Phagocytosis of small microorganism

A

neutrophil

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73
Q

identify the formed element:

10-12μm in diameter
Spherical
Nucleus with 2-6 lobes
With pale lilac-colored cytoplasmic granules when stained
No hemoglobin
Last from few hours to days

A

Neutrophil

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74
Q

identify the formed element

Spherical
Bilobed nucleus
No hemoglobin
With red-orange cytoplasmic granules when stained
10-12μm in diameter
Last 8 to 12 days

A

Eosinophil

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75
Q

function in Phagocytosis of large microorganism such as parasitic worms and antigen-antibody complexes

A

eosinophil

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76
Q

Releases anti-inflammatory subs in allergic reactions

A

eosinophil

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77
Q

Release chemicals such as histamine, heparin, and serotonin during allergic reactions that intensify the inflammatory response

A

basophil

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78
Q

identify the formed element

Spherical and bilobed nucleus
Usually s-haped
No hemohlobin
With blue-black cytoplasmic granules when stained
8-12 μm in diameter
last from few hours to days

A

basophil

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79
Q

Spherical, large nucleus
C-shaped or kidney bean shaped
No large cytoplasmic granules
14-19 μm in diameter

A

monocytes

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80
Q

Spherical, large nucleus which almost occupy cytoplasm
No large cytoplasmic granules
7-15 μm in diameter

A

lymphocyte

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81
Q

Mediate immune system response

A

lymphocyte

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82
Q

mature into plasma cells which produce and secrete antibodies

A

b-lymphocyte

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83
Q

aggressively attack invading viruses, cancer cells, and transplanted tissue cells

A

t-lymphocyte

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84
Q

functions in blood clotting

A

thrombocytes

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85
Q

Irregularly shaped cellular fragments
With very small pink staining granules
2-4 μm in diameter

A

thrombocytes

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86
Q

have nuclei and colorless since they do not contain hemoglobin

A

leucocytes

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87
Q

include basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leucocytes or PMNs)

A

granulocytes

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88
Q

Characterized by the presence of large granules in the cytoplasm and has a lobed nuclei

A

granulocytes

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89
Q

include lymphocytes and monocytes

A

agranulocytes

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90
Q

Lack visible cytoplasmic granules

A

agranlucytes

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91
Q

facilitate blood clotting or coagulation

A

thrombocytes

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92
Q

Known as blood platelets in mammals which are fragments of multinucleate cells

A

thrombocytes

93
Q

ts fragments make up thrombocytes in red bone marrow

A

megakaryocytes

94
Q

about 300,000 per cubic millimeter of blood

A

megakaryocytes

95
Q

produced at a rate of 200 billion a day

A

megakaryocytes

96
Q

network of tubes through which blood is moved

A

blood vessels

97
Q

mong them, there are no small blood vessels or capillaries that connect the arteries with the veins

A

invertebrates

98
Q

invertebrates rather have smaller cavities known as this in which blood circulates

A

hemocoel

99
Q


different types of blood vessels based on the type and direction of blood:

A

arteries
veins
capillaries

100
Q

more elastic, thicker walls

A

arteries

101
Q

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart except for the pulmonary artery

A

arteries

102
Q

artery that carries deoxygenated blood

A

pulmonary artery

103
Q

arteries with smaller diameter, walls are mostly covered with smooth muscle which reduces blood flow as it enters capillaries

A

arterioles

104
Q

thin and less elastic walls that carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart

A

veins

105
Q

carries oxygenated blood, is an exception of the type of blood veins carry

A

pulmonary vein

106
Q

small veins which collect blood from the capillary beds (network capillaries) and deliver it to larger veins

A

venules

107
Q

network of microscopic vessels which connect arterioles with network of microscopic vessels which connect arterioles with

A

capillaries

108
Q

capillaries wall are made up of these

A

endothelial cells

109
Q

allow exchange of nutrients and waste between blood and tissue cells

A

capillaries

110
Q

located in the center of the chest between the lungs

A

heart

111
Q

its apex is directed towards the left hip and rest on the diaphragm

A

heart

112
Q

has four chambers

A

heart

113
Q

bone that protects the heart

A

sternum

114
Q

receiving chambers of the heart; thin walled

A

left and right atrium

115
Q

receives blood from the body tissues

A

right atrium

116
Q

receive blood from the lungs

A

left atrium

117
Q

separates the left and right atrium

A

interatrial septum

118
Q

pumping chambers that force blood out of the heart; thick walled

A

left and right ventricles

119
Q

separates the left and right ventricles

A

interventricular septum

120
Q

thicker than the right

A

left ventricular wall

121
Q

separate the cavities of the atrium and ventricle in each half o the heart

A

antrioventricular valves (AV valves)

122
Q

permit blood to flow from atrium to ventricle but prevent backflow

A

AV valves

123
Q

composed of tricuspid and bicuspid valve

A

AV valves

124
Q

has three cusps that allow blood to move from the right atrium to right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

125
Q

prevents backflow of blood from right ventricle to right atrium

A

tricuspid valve

126
Q

has two cusps that allow blood to move from left atrium to ventricle

A

bicuspid valve or mitral valve

127
Q

prevents backflow from left ventricle to left atrium

A

bicuspid valve

128
Q

prevent backflow of blood from aorta to the ventricles

A

semilunar valves

129
Q

prevents backflow from pulmonary artery to right ventricle

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

130
Q

prevents backflow from aorta to left ventricle

A

aortic semilunar valve

131
Q

hearts contain this to prevent mixing of oxygenated blood from left side of the heart and deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart

A

transverse septa

132
Q

separates the left and right atria

A

interatrial septa

133
Q

separates left and right ventricles

A

interventricular septum

134
Q

located in the right atrium near the entrance of the caval veins

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

135
Q

heart’s pacemaker where electrical impulse originates

A

sinoatrial node

136
Q

located at the lower middle part of right atrium

A

atrioventiruclar

137
Q

receives impulses from the SA node

A

AV node

138
Q

excites the bundle of cardiac muscle cells at the base of the atria

A

av node

139
Q

impulse conducting muscle fibers that divide into right and left bundle branches

A

bundle of His/AV bundle

140
Q

only electrical connection between the atria and ventricles

A

bundle of His/ AV bundle

141
Q

ramify into numerous smaller conduction myofibers

A

right and left bundle branches

142
Q

causes simultaneous contraction of right and left ventricles

A

conduction of myofibers

143
Q

relaxation phase

A

diastole

144
Q

ventricle walls relaxation phase

A

diastole

145
Q

tricuspid and mitral valves open

A

diastole

146
Q

blood flows into the heart

A

diastole

147
Q

pulmonary and aortic valves are closed

A

diastole

148
Q

contraction phase

A

systole

149
Q

ventricle walls relax

A

systole

150
Q

tricuspid and mitral valves are closed

A

systole

151
Q

pulmonary and aortic valves are opened

A

systole

152
Q

blood flows away from the heart

A

systole

153
Q

sound of the heart heard when vibration occur due to closing of atrioventricular valves

A

LUB

154
Q

heard when vibrations occur due to closing of semilunar valves

A

DUP

155
Q

average adult human heartbeat

A

72 bpm

156
Q

total volume of blood pumped by the heart in the cardiac output

A

5 liters

157
Q

come from the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

A

deoxygenated blood

158
Q

drain blood from upper body portion above the heart

A

superior vena cava (SVC)

159
Q

draining blood from the portion of the body below to the heart

A

inferior vena cava (IVC)

160
Q

where deoxygenated blood from the SVC and IVC goes

A

right atrium

161
Q

where blood flows after coming in from the right atrium

A

right ventricle

162
Q

this valve is what blood passed through from the right atrium to go to the right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

163
Q

when the right ventricle pumps, the blood flows through out of this

A

pulmonary trunk

164
Q

valve where the blood passes through after being pumped out of the pulmonary trunk

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

165
Q

where blood flows leading into the pulmonary atrioles leading to the pulmonary capillaries

A

pulmonary arteries

166
Q

site of gas exchange in the lungs where blood picks up O2 and releases CO2

A

pulmonary capillaries

167
Q

returns to the heart via the pulmonary venules draining into larger pulmonary veins

A

oxygenated blood

168
Q

where oxygenated blood from the lungs enter the heart

A

left atrium

169
Q

from this blood flows into the left ventricle

A

left auricle

170
Q

valve where blood passes through to go to the left ventricle

A

bicuspid or mitral valve

171
Q

where the ventricle pumps blood out of the heart to go to this

A

aorta

172
Q

the valve that blood passes through to go out of the heart and distribute oxygen to the body cells

A

aortic semilunar valve

173
Q

pressure of blood against the wall of blood vessel, particularly large systemic arteries in the heart

A

blood pressure

174
Q

measures blood pressure in millimeter mercury (mmHg)

A

sphygmomanometer

175
Q

lowest arterial pressure

A

diastolic blood pressure

176
Q

highest pressure reached during ejection of blood from heart

A

systolic blood pressure

177
Q

normal average blood pressure diastolic

A

80 to 100 mmHg

178
Q

normal blood pressure systolic

A

100 to 120 mmHg

179
Q

normal average pressure

A

120/80

180
Q

Factors affecting blood pressure

A

temperature
age
chemicals
diet

181
Q

blood does this on hot days in the skin

A

dilation

182
Q

responsible for regulation and maintenance of pH in the blood

A

protein

183
Q

where the heart is located

A

thorax

184
Q

where the lungs is housed

A

pleural cavity

185
Q

part of the thoracic cavity that houses the heart

A

mediastinum

186
Q

cavity housing the heart

A

pericardium

187
Q

arrange the following

thoracic cavity
mediastinum
pericardium

A

Pericardium > mediastinum > thoracic cavity

188
Q

connective tissue that covers the heart

A

pericardium

189
Q

has a thicker wall

A

left ventricle

190
Q

Pumps blood to the rest of the body

A

left ventricle

191
Q

has a thinner wall because it only pumps blood to the lungs

A

right ventricle

192
Q

three layers of the heart

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

193
Q

above layer of the heart

A

epicardium

194
Q

muscle layer of the heart

A

myocardium

195
Q

continuous with the lining of the blood vessels

A

endocardium

196
Q

alternate expansion and contraction of the arterial wall that runs close to the surface

A

pulse

197
Q

Indicates heart action, elasticity of large blood vessel wall, viscosity of blood resistance in anterioles and capillaries

A

pulse

198
Q

indicates the rate of heartbeat because the arterial walls pulse whenever the left ventricle contracts

A

pulse rate

199
Q

average pulse rate in adults

A

60 to 80 per minute

200
Q

average pulse rate in children

A

80 to 120 per minute

201
Q

concerned with the oxygenation of deoxygenated blood

A

pulmonary circulation

202
Q

describe the pulmonary circulation starting from the right atrium to the left atrium

A

right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary arteries
pulmonary capillaires
pulmonary veins
left atrium

203
Q

includes blood flow from the heart to the various organs and systems then back to the heart

A

systemic circulation

204
Q

presence of certain substances identifies this in the blood

A

blood type

205
Q

based on 2 substances: agglutinogen A and agglutinogen B on the surfaces of RBCs

A

abo blood group

206
Q

clumping of RBC caused by antibodies in the plasma

A

agglutinitation

207
Q

n order for this to be done, the blood type must be matched as closely as possible to prevent agglutination

A

blood transfusion

208
Q

anitgen on RBC for

A
B
AB
O

A

A
B
AB
none

209
Q

antibodies in plasma for

A
B
AB
O

A

Anti-B
Anti-A
None
Anti-A, Anti-B

210
Q

the following blood types cna get blood from:

A
B
AB
O

A

A, O
B, O
AB, A, B, O
O

211
Q

the following can donate blood to:

A
B
AB
O

A

A, AB
B, AB
AB
A, B, AB, O

212
Q

was originally identified in rhesus monkeys

A

rh blood group

213
Q

Based on the presence of antigen D on the surfaces of erythrocytes

A

rh blood group

214
Q

RBCs with agglutinogen (D)

A

Rh+

215
Q

RBCs without agglutinogen (D)

A

Rh-

216
Q

If mother is Rh-, the second and subsequent children may suffer from this

A

erthroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease of newborn

217
Q

platelets clump and plug wound

A

clotting process

218
Q

enzyme that is released from damaged tissues

A

thromboplastin

219
Q

released and converts prothrombin in plasma to thrombin

A

prothrombin activator

220
Q

its presence converts fibrinogen to fibrin

A

thrombin

221
Q

wind around the platelet plug and forms the clot

A

fibrin threads

222
Q

strong, fibrous connections between the valve leaflets and the papillary muscles

A

chordae tendinae (CT)

223
Q

conical projections and finger-like muscles in the ventricle

A

papillary muscles

224
Q

prevent the backflow of blood from the arteries to the ventricle

A

semilunar valve

225
Q

decides the rhythm of the heart, initiates the generation of nerve impulses

A

pacemakers

226
Q

sends impulses to the SA nodes to jumpstart the heart

A

defibrillator

227
Q

broad band of cardiac muscle that passes from the right atrium, between the superior vena cava and ascending aorta

A

Bachmann’s bundle

228
Q

During normal sinus rhythm, the preferential path for electrical activation of the left atrium

A

Bachmann’s bundle

Fundamentals of Zoology (23 decks)

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