Cardiovascular System Flashcards
dependent on their daily supply of nutrients, oxygen, water and minerals, as well as removal of CO2 and other metabolic wastes products
animal
– transports all substances to the body
circulatory system
in them, their circulatory system is usually absent because simple diffusion from their watery environment allows these activites to take place
protists
complex forms of animals rely on a transporting system which consist of:
heart
blood
blood vessels
characterized by the absence of capillaries
lacunar circulation
occurs mostly among invertebrates in molluses, and arthropods such as insects
lacunar circulation
blood in an open system circulation
hemolymph
pumps out the hemolymph, and is usually an enlarged blood vessel
heart
type of pressure in the heart when the blood is pumped out into the body cavity
low pressure
body spaces that returns blood into the heart after it mixes with interstitial fluid and bathes cells of the body
hemocoel
blood remains within a completely enclosed system of vessels
closed system
system that never comes in direct contact with tissue cells
closed system
materials move between the blood and interstitial fluid through these
capillaries
in a closed system, the blood flows in this kind of pressure
high pressure
occurs among annelids, squids, and among vertebrates such as fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
closed system
among them, gas, nutrient, and waste exchange happens through diffusion
protozoans
circulate water from the external environment through their bodies, instead of circulating an internal fluid
sponges
possesses gastrovascular cavity containing water that provides oxygen and serves as reservoir of carbon dioxide and wastes, simple body movement moves the fluid
cnidarians
such as rotifers and nematodes use the coelomic fluid of their body cavity for the transport of nutrients, gases, and waste products
pseudocoelomates
their body movement produces adequate transport
pseudocoelomates
in them a circulatory system is present in which blood termed as hemolymph is being pumped by the heart into spaces known as hemocoel
mollusks and insects
composed of blood, blood vessels, and a muscular pump which is the heart
cardiovascular system
pumpless system of vessels that aid the cardiovascular system in its function
lymphatic system
composed of lymph, lymphatic vessels, and structures and organs containing lymphatic tissues
lymphatic system
muscular pump which forces blood out to the tissues of the body through blood vessels
heart
pulsating, contractile organ that provides the energy for moving the blood throughout the body
heart
in them, the heart consist of one longitudinal vessel
invertebrates
where the heart rungs along in a one longitudinal vessel
median dorsal of the thorax
has no chambers but rather pierced by series of openings
invertebrate heart
serve as entry and exit of blood in invertebrates
ostia
when this happens, the blood is forced into the anterior end, and into the head region
contraction of the heart
hen this happens, blood is drawn through ostia
relaxation of the heart
in them, the heart is a muscular organ divided into a number of chambers
vertebrates
their heart has two chambers, one atrium and one ventricle
fishes
exhibit single pathway or circulation of blood
fishes
their heart has three chambers, two atria and one ventricle
amphibians and reptiles
double but incomplete circulation
amphibians and reptiles
there is slight mixing of venous and arterial blood occurring in the ventricles
amphibians and reptiles
their heart has four chambers, two atria and two ventricles
birds and mammals
exhibit double and complete circulation
birds and mammals
no mixing of venous and arterial blood in the ventricle
birds and mammals
complex connective tissue containing plasma and cellular components
blood
called hemolymph among invertebrates
blood
circulating fluid of the body
blood
temp of the blood
38 degrees
pH of the blood
7.35-7.45
how much blood account for the total body weight of a human
8 percent
vol of blood in males
5 to 6 liters
vol of blood in females
4 to 5 liters
function of blood
Transport of nutrients, metabolites, hormones, and waste products
Transport of cells (lymphocytes and platelets)
Thermoregulation
straw-colored liquid portion
plasma
About 91.5% water and 8.5% solutes
plasma
accounts for 55% of the blood
plasma
make up of 45% of whole blood
formed elements of blood
formed elements of the blood
erythrocytes
leucocytes
platelets (thrombocytes)
also known as red blood cells (RBCs)
erythrocytes
Appear as biconcave disk of 8μm in diameter
erythrocytes
RBCs contain this pigment that functions in carrying oxygen
hemoglobin
Responsible for the red color of the whole blood
hemoglobin
red blood cells lack these
nucleus
how much erythrocytes are in a cubic millimeter of blood
5 million cells per mm^3
where RBCs are manufactured
red bone marrow
where RBCs are destroyed after having a life span of 120 days
liver and spleen
what engulfs RBCs in the liver and spleen
large phagocytic cells
also known as WBCs and are irregularly shaped (squamous)
leucocytes
lives for about 20 days
RBCs
transport O2 and CO2
RBCs
has no nucleus and mitochondrion
erythrocytes
types of WBCs
neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil
monocyte
lymphocyte
granulocytes include
neutrophil
basophil
eosinophil
agranulocytes include
monocyte
lymphocyte
function in Phagocytosis of small microorganism
neutrophil
identify the formed element:
10-12μm in diameter
Spherical
Nucleus with 2-6 lobes
With pale lilac-colored cytoplasmic granules when stained
No hemoglobin
Last from few hours to days
Neutrophil
identify the formed element
Spherical
Bilobed nucleus
No hemoglobin
With red-orange cytoplasmic granules when stained
10-12μm in diameter
Last 8 to 12 days
Eosinophil
function in Phagocytosis of large microorganism such as parasitic worms and antigen-antibody complexes
eosinophil
Releases anti-inflammatory subs in allergic reactions
eosinophil
Release chemicals such as histamine, heparin, and serotonin during allergic reactions that intensify the inflammatory response
basophil
identify the formed element
Spherical and bilobed nucleus
Usually s-haped
No hemohlobin
With blue-black cytoplasmic granules when stained
8-12 μm in diameter
last from few hours to days
basophil
Spherical, large nucleus
C-shaped or kidney bean shaped
No large cytoplasmic granules
14-19 μm in diameter
monocytes
Spherical, large nucleus which almost occupy cytoplasm
No large cytoplasmic granules
7-15 μm in diameter
lymphocyte
Mediate immune system response
lymphocyte
mature into plasma cells which produce and secrete antibodies
b-lymphocyte
aggressively attack invading viruses, cancer cells, and transplanted tissue cells
t-lymphocyte
functions in blood clotting
thrombocytes
Irregularly shaped cellular fragments
With very small pink staining granules
2-4 μm in diameter
thrombocytes
have nuclei and colorless since they do not contain hemoglobin
leucocytes
include basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leucocytes or PMNs)
granulocytes
Characterized by the presence of large granules in the cytoplasm and has a lobed nuclei
granulocytes
include lymphocytes and monocytes
agranulocytes
Lack visible cytoplasmic granules
agranlucytes
facilitate blood clotting or coagulation
thrombocytes
Known as blood platelets in mammals which are fragments of multinucleate cells
thrombocytes
ts fragments make up thrombocytes in red bone marrow
megakaryocytes
about 300,000 per cubic millimeter of blood
megakaryocytes
produced at a rate of 200 billion a day
megakaryocytes
network of tubes through which blood is moved
blood vessels
mong them, there are no small blood vessels or capillaries that connect the arteries with the veins
invertebrates
invertebrates rather have smaller cavities known as this in which blood circulates
hemocoel
different types of blood vessels based on the type and direction of blood:
arteries
veins
capillaries
more elastic, thicker walls
arteries
carry oxygenated blood away from the heart except for the pulmonary artery
arteries
artery that carries deoxygenated blood
pulmonary artery
arteries with smaller diameter, walls are mostly covered with smooth muscle which reduces blood flow as it enters capillaries
arterioles
thin and less elastic walls that carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart
veins
carries oxygenated blood, is an exception of the type of blood veins carry
pulmonary vein
small veins which collect blood from the capillary beds (network capillaries) and deliver it to larger veins
venules
network of microscopic vessels which connect arterioles with network of microscopic vessels which connect arterioles with
capillaries
capillaries wall are made up of these
endothelial cells
allow exchange of nutrients and waste between blood and tissue cells
capillaries
located in the center of the chest between the lungs
heart
its apex is directed towards the left hip and rest on the diaphragm
heart
has four chambers
heart
bone that protects the heart
sternum
receiving chambers of the heart; thin walled
left and right atrium
receives blood from the body tissues
right atrium
receive blood from the lungs
left atrium
separates the left and right atrium
interatrial septum
pumping chambers that force blood out of the heart; thick walled
left and right ventricles
separates the left and right ventricles
interventricular septum
thicker than the right
left ventricular wall
separate the cavities of the atrium and ventricle in each half o the heart
antrioventricular valves (AV valves)
permit blood to flow from atrium to ventricle but prevent backflow
AV valves
composed of tricuspid and bicuspid valve
AV valves
has three cusps that allow blood to move from the right atrium to right ventricle
tricuspid valve
prevents backflow of blood from right ventricle to right atrium
tricuspid valve
has two cusps that allow blood to move from left atrium to ventricle
bicuspid valve or mitral valve
prevents backflow from left ventricle to left atrium
bicuspid valve
prevent backflow of blood from aorta to the ventricles
semilunar valves
prevents backflow from pulmonary artery to right ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve
prevents backflow from aorta to left ventricle
aortic semilunar valve
hearts contain this to prevent mixing of oxygenated blood from left side of the heart and deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart
transverse septa
separates the left and right atria
interatrial septa
separates left and right ventricles
interventricular septum
located in the right atrium near the entrance of the caval veins
sinoatrial (SA) node
heart’s pacemaker where electrical impulse originates
sinoatrial node
located at the lower middle part of right atrium
atrioventiruclar
receives impulses from the SA node
AV node
excites the bundle of cardiac muscle cells at the base of the atria
av node
impulse conducting muscle fibers that divide into right and left bundle branches
bundle of His/AV bundle
only electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
bundle of His/ AV bundle
ramify into numerous smaller conduction myofibers
right and left bundle branches
causes simultaneous contraction of right and left ventricles
conduction of myofibers
relaxation phase
diastole
ventricle walls relaxation phase
diastole
tricuspid and mitral valves open
diastole
blood flows into the heart
diastole
pulmonary and aortic valves are closed
diastole
contraction phase
systole
ventricle walls relax
systole
tricuspid and mitral valves are closed
systole
pulmonary and aortic valves are opened
systole
blood flows away from the heart
systole
sound of the heart heard when vibration occur due to closing of atrioventricular valves
LUB
heard when vibrations occur due to closing of semilunar valves
DUP
average adult human heartbeat
72 bpm
total volume of blood pumped by the heart in the cardiac output
5 liters
come from the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
deoxygenated blood
drain blood from upper body portion above the heart
superior vena cava (SVC)
draining blood from the portion of the body below to the heart
inferior vena cava (IVC)
where deoxygenated blood from the SVC and IVC goes
right atrium
where blood flows after coming in from the right atrium
right ventricle
this valve is what blood passed through from the right atrium to go to the right ventricle
tricuspid valve
when the right ventricle pumps, the blood flows through out of this
pulmonary trunk
valve where the blood passes through after being pumped out of the pulmonary trunk
pulmonary semilunar valve
where blood flows leading into the pulmonary atrioles leading to the pulmonary capillaries
pulmonary arteries
site of gas exchange in the lungs where blood picks up O2 and releases CO2
pulmonary capillaries
returns to the heart via the pulmonary venules draining into larger pulmonary veins
oxygenated blood
where oxygenated blood from the lungs enter the heart
left atrium
from this blood flows into the left ventricle
left auricle
valve where blood passes through to go to the left ventricle
bicuspid or mitral valve
where the ventricle pumps blood out of the heart to go to this
aorta
the valve that blood passes through to go out of the heart and distribute oxygen to the body cells
aortic semilunar valve
pressure of blood against the wall of blood vessel, particularly large systemic arteries in the heart
blood pressure
measures blood pressure in millimeter mercury (mmHg)
sphygmomanometer
lowest arterial pressure
diastolic blood pressure
highest pressure reached during ejection of blood from heart
systolic blood pressure
normal average blood pressure diastolic
80 to 100 mmHg
normal blood pressure systolic
100 to 120 mmHg
normal average pressure
120/80
Factors affecting blood pressure
temperature
age
chemicals
diet
blood does this on hot days in the skin
dilation
responsible for regulation and maintenance of pH in the blood
protein
where the heart is located
thorax
where the lungs is housed
pleural cavity
part of the thoracic cavity that houses the heart
mediastinum
cavity housing the heart
pericardium
arrange the following
thoracic cavity
mediastinum
pericardium
Pericardium > mediastinum > thoracic cavity
connective tissue that covers the heart
pericardium
has a thicker wall
left ventricle
Pumps blood to the rest of the body
left ventricle
has a thinner wall because it only pumps blood to the lungs
right ventricle
three layers of the heart
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
above layer of the heart
epicardium
muscle layer of the heart
myocardium
continuous with the lining of the blood vessels
endocardium
alternate expansion and contraction of the arterial wall that runs close to the surface
pulse
Indicates heart action, elasticity of large blood vessel wall, viscosity of blood resistance in anterioles and capillaries
pulse
indicates the rate of heartbeat because the arterial walls pulse whenever the left ventricle contracts
pulse rate
average pulse rate in adults
60 to 80 per minute
average pulse rate in children
80 to 120 per minute
concerned with the oxygenation of deoxygenated blood
pulmonary circulation
describe the pulmonary circulation starting from the right atrium to the left atrium
right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary arteries
pulmonary capillaires
pulmonary veins
left atrium
includes blood flow from the heart to the various organs and systems then back to the heart
systemic circulation
presence of certain substances identifies this in the blood
blood type
based on 2 substances: agglutinogen A and agglutinogen B on the surfaces of RBCs
abo blood group
clumping of RBC caused by antibodies in the plasma
agglutinitation
n order for this to be done, the blood type must be matched as closely as possible to prevent agglutination
blood transfusion
anitgen on RBC for
A
B
AB
O
A
B
AB
none
antibodies in plasma for
A
B
AB
O
Anti-B
Anti-A
None
Anti-A, Anti-B
the following blood types cna get blood from:
A
B
AB
O
A, O
B, O
AB, A, B, O
O
the following can donate blood to:
A
B
AB
O
A, AB
B, AB
AB
A, B, AB, O
was originally identified in rhesus monkeys
rh blood group
Based on the presence of antigen D on the surfaces of erythrocytes
rh blood group
RBCs with agglutinogen (D)
Rh+
RBCs without agglutinogen (D)
Rh-
If mother is Rh-, the second and subsequent children may suffer from this
erthroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease of newborn
platelets clump and plug wound
clotting process
enzyme that is released from damaged tissues
thromboplastin
released and converts prothrombin in plasma to thrombin
prothrombin activator
its presence converts fibrinogen to fibrin
thrombin
wind around the platelet plug and forms the clot
fibrin threads
strong, fibrous connections between the valve leaflets and the papillary muscles
chordae tendinae (CT)
conical projections and finger-like muscles in the ventricle
papillary muscles
prevent the backflow of blood from the arteries to the ventricle
semilunar valve
decides the rhythm of the heart, initiates the generation of nerve impulses
pacemakers
sends impulses to the SA nodes to jumpstart the heart
defibrillator
broad band of cardiac muscle that passes from the right atrium, between the superior vena cava and ascending aorta
Bachmann’s bundle
During normal sinus rhythm, the preferential path for electrical activation of the left atrium
Bachmann’s bundle
