All About Life Flashcards by Franchez Cassandra Escander

core disciplines of Biology

Botany and Zoology

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Main things that all living organisms have in common

DNA compound

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chemical and energy transformations that occur in cells as they carry out processes in life

metabolism

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metabolism can be either ________ or ________

anabolism or catabolism

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differentiate anabolism from catabolism

anabolism is the process of building up (e.g. photosynthesis) while catabolism is the process of breaking down (e.g. cellular respiration)

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changing of matter from an outer environment and transforming that matter as part of the cells so that the organism can benefit from the energy being produced by metabolism

assimilation

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process in which we take matter from the outer environment so that the cells in our bodies can transform it into substances that our body can use to help us live

eating

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ability to make copies of themselves in order to ensure life will continue

reproduction

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can be accomplished through a series of complex chemical processes, occurring when constructive activities occur faster than destructive activities

growth process

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differentiate intussusception and accretion

intussusception is the growth of a cell wall by deposition of new particles while accretion is the gradual accumulation of additional layers or matter

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only one parent is involved and the cells produced are identical (e.g. bacteria)

asexual reproduction

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two different parents join to produce a new organism

sexual reproduction

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cycle change where organisms experience aging

development

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an organism becomes less efficient at the process of life and the ability to reproduce comes to an end

aging

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ability of living things to react to a stimuli

irritability

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anything in the environment that causes an organism to react

stimuli

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give an example of a stimuli

light, odor, gravity, sound, pressure, heat, temperature, water

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refers to modifications of changes occurring not only to individuals but to all members of a population to promote the likelihood of survival

adaptation

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organisms that move to a better environment

migration

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organisms that change spanning over many generations

evolution

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living things are composed of different levels, starting from subatomic particles

organization

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enumerate the different organizations of life

subatomic particles
atoms
molecules
organelles
cells
tissues
organ
organ system
multicellular organism
community
ecosystem
biosphere

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most accepted and scientific theory to explain the origin of the universe

Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis and Miller-Urey Experiment

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Life systems are characterized by which processes

metabolism, growth, reproduction, adaptation, irritability, organization

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is a science that attempts to describe and understand both the unity and diversity of life on Earth

biology

name pioneers of biological studies

Aristotle, Vesalius, Harvey, Hooke, Leeuwenhoek

Botany is derived from which word

Greek words botanikos and botanique (botanical) and boskein (to feed)

other than plants, who is able to do photosynthesis

cyanobacteria and protozoans

multicellular organism capable of making its own food by photosynthesis

plants

aggregated cells that function as one unit

tissue

tissues functioning as one unit

organs

major organs of a plant

root, stem, leaves, flowers, fruits/seeds

process that includes capturing light energy and its energy transformation into chemical energy of organic molecules (manufactured using carbon dioxide and water)

photosynthesis

basic unit or rank in taxonomy and biodiversity

species

plants respond to this type of stimuli, as seen from the downward movement of roots

gravity

example of plants reacting to water and food

lateral movement of roots

example of plants reacting to light

young developing seedlings, sunflower

plants reacting to touch

clinging to the host or trapping of prey

refers to the increase in cell number and cell size

growth

changes in an organism from its immature and mature life stages

development

hereditary units of information

gene

natural science that deals with the living components of nature

Biology

which knowledge is based on appreciation and faith

arts and religion

other fields of science apart from natural sciences

social science and abstract science

dealing with activities and relationships between the society (sociology, politics, economics)

social science

dealing with inanimate objects and concepts

abstract sciences

includes the entire field of living organisms, ranging from the tiniest speck of microscopic life floating in the air to the massive whale or giant sequoia tree

biology

concerned with the forces, motion, and energy

physics

deals with the investigation of origin, history, structure, function, identification, classification, distribution, development, inheritance and significance of living

biology

concerned with physics, chemistry, geology, astronomy

physical sciences

composition and changes of matter

chemistry

structure of the earth

astronomy

used for solving or investigating a biological problem

scientific method

most basic skill of a scientist

observation

enumerate the steps of the scientific method

identification of the problem formulation of the hypotheses experimentation analysis and interpretation of data generalization or formulation of conclusion

parameter to be tested

variable

may be developed into scientific law or principle

theories

statement of what occurs in nature as found by observation and a series of experiments to be true

scientific law

law of nature on which other laws are established

scientific principle

vital to the scientific process

testability

enumerate the areas of limitation of science

About God and the supernatural about appreciation and value morality

father of Biology

Aristotle

Belgian anatomist on human anatomy

Andreas Vesalius

English physician on blood circulation

William Harvey

Italian biologist on blood capillaries

Marcello Malpighi

English naturalist on the discovery of the cell

Robert Hooke

studied the bacteria, blood, and protist

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

stated that all plants are composed of cells

Matthias Jakob Schleiden

stated that all animals are composed of cells

Theodor Schwann

stated that cells arise from pre-existing cells

Rudolf Virchow

which book was published that marked the birth of the modern era of Biology

Charles Darwin "The Origin of Species"

who disproved Spontaneous generation theory

Louis Pasteur

father of Genetics

Gregor Mendel

who discovered the electron microscope

Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska

who discovered the double helix structure of the DNA

James Watson and Francis Crick

postulates of the cell theory

all organisms are made up of cells cells come from pre-existing cells the basic unit of life is cell

All organisms are made up of cells (Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow)

Cell Theory/Cell Concept

"Life only comes from life" (Louis Pasteur)

Biogenesis

theory that states that organisms come from non-living things

theory of spontaneous generation

disproved SGT that stated maggots come from meat

Francisco Redi

The internal environment remains within normal range (Bernard)

Homeostasis

All living things have a common ancestor and are adapted to a particular way of life

Evolution or Natural Selection

Organisms contain coded information that dictates their structure, function, and behavior

Gene concept

Three main branches of Biology

Zoology, Botany, Microbiology

Study of animals

zoology

study of plants

botany

study of microorganisms

microbiology

study of the origins of species

evolution

study of fossils/evidence of the past

paleontology

study of the ancestral history of organism

phylogeny

interactions and relationships within an ecosystem

ecology

distribution of living things

biogeography

wildlife and forest management

forestry

study of freshwater habitats

limnology

study of marine water habitats

oceonography

composition of living things

biochemistry

study of cells

cytology

study of tissues

histology

study of organs

organology

dissection of body parts

anatomy

study of gross structure

morphology

functions of body parts

physiology

development of the embryo

embryology

heredity

genetics

developmental history of an individual

ontogeny

diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases

medicine

moral values, rights, and duties in medicine

bioethics

diseases

pathology

parasites

parasitology

skin diseases

dermatology

cancer

oncology

disorders of urinary and male reproductive organs

urology

disorders of female reproductive organ

gynecology

treatment of diseases, deformities, and injuries through operations

surgery

use of anesthetic substance

anesthesiology

mental disorders

psychiatry

diseases of children

pediatrics

diseases of senior citizens

geriatrics

classification and phylogeny

systematics

classification

taxonomy

naming/assigning of scientific name

nomenclature

bacteria

bacteriology

viruses

virology

protozoans

protozoology

algae

phycology

fungi

mycology

mosses

bryology

worms

helminthology

crustaceans

carcinology

shells

concology

mollusks

malacology

insects

entomology

fishes

icthyology

reptiles and amphibians

herpetology

birds

ornithology

mammalogy

mammals

built by assembling molecules

organisms

molecules that give us energy

carbohydrates and lipids

molecules that speed up chemical reactoins

proteins

molecules in which hereditary information is stored

nucleic acids

the universe is approximately what old

13 billion years old

when gravity pulled the rotating and orbiting dust and gases, Earth started to form and take its primordial state

The Big Bang Theory

when did the earliest piece of evidences of life were proven

3.5 billion years old

means seed everywhere, life on earth came from contaminated materials from space

Panspermia / Cosmozoic Theory

who put forward the panspermia theory

Richter

who supported Richter's panspermia theory

Arrhenius

the biomicrobes may have come in the Earth with the help of an Asteroid from another star family

Lithopanspermia

the biomicrobes may have come here with the help of an Asteroid within our solar system

Ballistic panspermia

intentional spreading of seeds of life from other planets by advanced extraterrestrial civilization

Directed panspermia

life came from supreme beings or deities

Divine Creation Theory / Creationism

life come from non-living things

Spontaneous Generation Theory

postulated SGT

Aristotle "On the Generation of Animals"

Life came from non-living things through multiple evolutionary processes

Miller-Urey Experiment

proposed a theory that suspects life on Earth is developed through the gradual chemical evolution of carbon-based molecules in a "primordial" soup

Aleksandr Oparin

proposed a similar theory that believes organic molecules could be formed from non-living materials in the presence of an external energy source

J.B.S. Haldane

natural phenomenon or process where life came from non-living things or matter

abiogenesis

tested the Oparin-Haldane theory

Harold Urey and Stanley Miller

inorganic components present in Miller-Urey Experiment

Gases, water vapor, methane, ammonia, molecular hydrogen

suggest that life may have been created in the depths of the ocean

deep sea vents theory

suggest that life may have evolved from ice

chilly start

introduced by Alexander Graham Cairns-Smith that suggest first molecules come from clay

Community clay

first proto-life was self replicating RNA molecules

RNA World