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Fundamentals of Zoology > All About Life > Flashcards

All About Life Flashcards

1
Q

core disciplines of Biology

A

Botany and Zoology

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2
Q

Main things that all living organisms have in common

A

DNA compound

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3
Q

chemical and energy transformations that occur in cells as they carry out processes in life

A

metabolism

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4
Q

metabolism can be either ________ or ________

A

anabolism or catabolism

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5
Q

differentiate anabolism from catabolism

A

anabolism is the process of building up (e.g. photosynthesis) while catabolism is the process of breaking down (e.g. cellular respiration)

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6
Q

changing of matter from an outer environment and transforming that matter as part of the cells so that the organism can benefit from the energy being produced by metabolism

A

assimilation

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7
Q

process in which we take matter from the outer environment so that the cells in our bodies can transform it into substances that our body can use to help us live

A

eating

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8
Q

ability to make copies of themselves in order to ensure life will continue

A

reproduction

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9
Q

can be accomplished through a series of complex chemical processes, occurring when constructive activities occur faster than destructive activities

A

growth process

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10
Q

differentiate intussusception and accretion

A

intussusception is the growth of a cell wall by deposition of new particles while accretion is the gradual accumulation of additional layers or matter

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11
Q

only one parent is involved and the cells produced are identical (e.g. bacteria)

A

asexual reproduction

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12
Q

two different parents join to produce a new organism

A

sexual reproduction

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13
Q

cycle change where organisms experience aging

A

development

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14
Q

an organism becomes less efficient at the process of life and the ability to reproduce comes to an end

A

aging

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15
Q

ability of living things to react to a stimuli

A

irritability

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16
Q

anything in the environment that causes an organism to react

A

stimuli

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17
Q

give an example of a stimuli

A

light, odor, gravity, sound, pressure, heat, temperature, water

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18
Q

refers to modifications of changes occurring not only to individuals but to all members of a population to promote the likelihood of survival

A

adaptation

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19
Q

organisms that move to a better environment

A

migration

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20
Q

organisms that change spanning over many generations

A

evolution

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21
Q

living things are composed of different levels, starting from subatomic particles

A

organization

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22
Q

enumerate the different organizations of life

A

subatomic particles
atoms
molecules
organelles
cells
tissues
organ
organ system
multicellular organism
community
ecosystem
biosphere

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23
Q

most accepted and scientific theory to explain the origin of the universe

A

Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis and Miller-Urey Experiment

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24
Q

Life systems are characterized by which processes

A

metabolism, growth, reproduction, adaptation, irritability, organization

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25
Q

is a science that attempts to describe and understand both the unity and diversity of life on Earth

A

biology

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26
Q

name pioneers of biological studies

A

Aristotle, Vesalius, Harvey, Hooke, Leeuwenhoek

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27
Q

Botany is derived from which word

A

Greek words botanikos and botanique (botanical) and boskein (to feed)

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28
Q

other than plants, who is able to do photosynthesis

A

cyanobacteria and protozoans

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29
Q

multicellular organism capable of making its own food by photosynthesis

A

plants

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30
Q

aggregated cells that function as one unit

A

tissue

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31
Q

tissues functioning as one unit

A

organs

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32
Q

major organs of a plant

A

root, stem, leaves, flowers, fruits/seeds

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33
Q

process that includes capturing light energy and its energy transformation into chemical energy of organic molecules (manufactured using carbon dioxide and water)

A

photosynthesis

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34
Q

basic unit or rank in taxonomy and biodiversity

A

species

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35
Q

plants respond to this type of stimuli, as seen from the downward movement of roots

A

gravity

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36
Q

example of plants reacting to water and food

A

lateral movement of roots

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37
Q

example of plants reacting to light

A

young developing seedlings, sunflower

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38
Q

plants reacting to touch

A

clinging to the host or trapping of prey

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39
Q

refers to the increase in cell number and cell size

A

growth

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40
Q

changes in an organism from its immature and mature life stages

A

development

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41
Q

hereditary units of information

A

gene

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42
Q

natural science that deals with the living components of nature

A

Biology

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43
Q

which knowledge is based on appreciation and faith

A

arts and religion

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44
Q

other fields of science apart from natural sciences

A

social science and abstract science

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45
Q

dealing with activities and relationships between the society (sociology, politics, economics)

A

social science

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46
Q

dealing with inanimate objects and concepts

A

abstract sciences

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47
Q

includes the entire field of living organisms, ranging from the tiniest speck of microscopic life floating in the air to the massive whale or giant sequoia tree

A

biology

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48
Q

concerned with the forces, motion, and energy

A

physics

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49
Q

deals with the investigation of origin, history, structure, function, identification, classification, distribution, development, inheritance and significance of living

A

biology

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50
Q

concerned with physics, chemistry, geology, astronomy

A

physical sciences

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51
Q

composition and changes of matter

A

chemistry

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52
Q

structure of the earth

A

astronomy

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53
Q

used for solving or investigating a biological problem

A

scientific method

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54
Q

most basic skill of a scientist

A

observation

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55
Q

enumerate the steps of the scientific method

A

identification of the problem
formulation of the hypotheses
experimentation
analysis and interpretation of data
generalization or formulation of conclusion

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56
Q

parameter to be tested

A

variable

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57
Q

may be developed into scientific law or principle

A

theories

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58
Q

statement of what occurs in nature as found by observation and a series of experiments to be true

A

scientific law

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59
Q

law of nature on which other laws are established

A

scientific principle

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60
Q

vital to the scientific process

A

testability

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61
Q

enumerate the areas of limitation of science

A

About God and the supernatural
about appreciation and value
morality

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62
Q

father of Biology

A

Aristotle

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63
Q

Belgian anatomist on human anatomy

A

Andreas Vesalius

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64
Q

English physician on blood circulation

A

William Harvey

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65
Q

Italian biologist on blood capillaries

A

Marcello Malpighi

66
Q

English naturalist on the discovery of the cell

A

Robert Hooke

67
Q

studied the bacteria, blood, and protist

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

68
Q

stated that all plants are composed of cells

A

Matthias Jakob Schleiden

69
Q

stated that all animals are composed of cells

A

Theodor Schwann

70
Q

stated that cells arise from pre-existing cells

A

Rudolf Virchow

71
Q

which book was published that marked the birth of the modern era of Biology

A

Charles Darwin “The Origin of Species”

72
Q

who disproved Spontaneous generation theory

A

Louis Pasteur

73
Q

father of Genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

74
Q

who discovered the electron microscope

A

Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska

75
Q

who discovered the double helix structure of the DNA

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

76
Q

postulates of the cell theory

A

all organisms are made up of cells
cells come from pre-existing cells
the basic unit of life is cell

77
Q

All organisms are made up of cells (Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow)

A

Cell Theory/Cell Concept

78
Q

“Life only comes from life” (Louis Pasteur)

A

Biogenesis

79
Q

theory that states that organisms come from non-living things

A

theory of spontaneous generation

80
Q

disproved SGT that stated maggots come from meat

A

Francisco Redi

81
Q

The internal environment remains within normal range (Bernard)

A

Homeostasis

82
Q

All living things have a common ancestor and are adapted to a particular way of life

A

Evolution or Natural Selection

83
Q

Organisms contain coded information that dictates their structure, function, and behavior

A

Gene concept

84
Q

Three main branches of Biology

A

Zoology, Botany, Microbiology

85
Q

Study of animals

86
Q

study of plants

87
Q

study of microorganisms

A

microbiology

88
Q

study of the origins of species

89
Q

study of fossils/evidence of the past

A

paleontology

90
Q

study of the ancestral history of organism

91
Q

interactions and relationships within an ecosystem

92
Q

distribution of living things

A

biogeography

93
Q

wildlife and forest management

94
Q

study of freshwater habitats

95
Q

study of marine water habitats

A

oceonography

96
Q

composition of living things

A

biochemistry

97
Q

study of cells

98
Q

study of tissues

99
Q

study of organs

A

organology

100
Q

dissection of body parts

101
Q

study of gross structure

A

morphology

102
Q

functions of body parts

A

physiology

103
Q

development of the embryo

A

embryology

104
Q

heredity

105
Q

developmental history of an individual

106
Q

diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases

107
Q

moral values, rights, and duties in medicine

108
Q

diseases

109
Q

parasites

A

parasitology

110
Q

skin diseases

A

dermatology

111
Q

cancer

112
Q

disorders of urinary and male reproductive organs

113
Q

disorders of female reproductive organ

A

gynecology

114
Q

treatment of diseases, deformities, and injuries through operations

115
Q

use of anesthetic substance

A

anesthesiology

116
Q

mental disorders

A

psychiatry

117
Q

diseases of children

A

pediatrics

118
Q

diseases of senior citizens

A

geriatrics

119
Q

classification and phylogeny

A

systematics

120
Q

classification

121
Q

naming/assigning of scientific name

A

nomenclature

122
Q

bacteria

A

bacteriology

123
Q

viruses

124
Q

protozoans

A

protozoology

125
Q

algae

126
Q

fungi

127
Q

mosses

128
Q

worms

A

helminthology

129
Q

crustaceans

A

carcinology

130
Q

shells

131
Q

mollusks

A

malacology

132
Q

insects

A

entomology

133
Q

fishes

A

icthyology

134
Q

reptiles and amphibians

A

herpetology

135
Q

birds

A

ornithology

136
Q

mammalogy

137
Q

built by assembling molecules

138
Q

molecules that give us energy

A

carbohydrates and lipids

139
Q

molecules that speed up chemical reactoins

140
Q

molecules in which hereditary information is stored

A

nucleic acids

141
Q

the universe is approximately what old

A

13 billion years old

142
Q

when gravity pulled the rotating and orbiting dust and gases, Earth started to form and take its primordial state

A

The Big Bang Theory

143
Q

when did the earliest piece of evidences of life were proven

A

3.5 billion years old

144
Q

means seed everywhere, life on earth came from contaminated materials from space

A

Panspermia / Cosmozoic Theory

145
Q

who put forward the panspermia theory

146
Q

who supported Richter’s panspermia theory

147
Q

the biomicrobes may have come in the Earth with the help of an Asteroid from another star family

A

Lithopanspermia

148
Q

the biomicrobes may have come here with the help of an Asteroid within our solar system

A

Ballistic panspermia

149
Q

intentional spreading of seeds of life from other planets by advanced extraterrestrial civilization

A

Directed panspermia

150
Q

life came from supreme beings or deities

A

Divine Creation Theory / Creationism

151
Q

life come from non-living things

A

Spontaneous Generation Theory

152
Q

postulated SGT

A

Aristotle “On the Generation of Animals”

153
Q

Life came from non-living things through multiple evolutionary processes

A

Miller-Urey Experiment

154
Q

proposed a theory that suspects life on Earth is developed through the gradual chemical evolution of carbon-based molecules in a “primordial” soup

A

Aleksandr Oparin

155
Q

proposed a similar theory that believes organic molecules could be formed from non-living materials in the presence of an external energy source

A

J.B.S. Haldane

156
Q

natural phenomenon or process where life came from non-living things or matter

A

abiogenesis

157
Q

tested the Oparin-Haldane theory

A

Harold Urey and Stanley Miller

158
Q

inorganic components present in Miller-Urey Experiment

A

Gases, water vapor, methane, ammonia, molecular hydrogen

159
Q

suggest that life may have been created in the depths of the ocean

A

deep sea vents theory

160
Q

suggest that life may have evolved from ice

A

chilly start

161
Q

introduced by Alexander Graham Cairns-Smith that suggest first molecules come from clay

A

Community clay

162
Q

first proto-life was self replicating RNA molecules

Fundamentals of Zoology (23 decks)

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