Animal Tissues Flashcards
aggregation of cells within similar structure and function
tissues
four types of tissues
epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous
cover body surfaces, line hollow organs, coelom and different ducts, and form different types of glands
epithelial
bind other tissues and organs together, provide immunity, store energy, and protect and support other body parts
connective
function in movement brought about by contraction
muscular
tissues that initiate and transport nerve impulses that help coordinate body activities
nervous
epithelial tissues type as to arrangement of layers
simple
stratified
pseudostratified
made up of single layer of cells and found in areas where transport processes such as osmosis, diffusion, filtration, secretion, and absorption occurs
simple epithelia
made up of two or more layers of cells and are found in areas where the cells are subjected to considerable amount of “wear and tear”
stratified epithelia
made up of a single layer of cells with nuclei found at different levels, thus giving the stratified appearance
pseudostratified epithelia
epithelial tissue types as to shapes of cells
squamous
cuboidal
columnar
transitional
pseudostratified is only present in what shape of cell
columnar
single layer of flat scale-like cells
simple squamous
location of simple squamous tissue
air sacs of lungs
endothelium of blood vessels
function of simple squamous tissue
diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion
single layer of cube-like cells
simple cuboidal
location of simple cuboidal tissue
kidney tubules, smaller ducts of many glands
function of simple cuboidal tissue
secretion, absorption
a single layer of cylindrical cells which may be ciliated or nonciliated
simple columnar
location of nonciliated simple columnar tissue
gastrointestinal tract
location of ciliated simple columnar tissue
fallopian tubes
uterus
central canal of spinal cord
portions of upper respiratory tract
several layers of cells which the cells are squamous-shaped
stratified squamous
location of stratified squamous
skin
tongue
inner lining of mouth
portion of esophagus
function of stratified squamous
protection of organs
appearance vary whether the epithelium is relaxed or in a stretched state
transitional epithelium
location of transitional epithelium
urinary bladder
portions of uterus and urethra
function of transitional epithelium
allow stretching of organs
a single layer of cells with nuclei located at different levels
pseudostratified epithelium
location of pseudostratified epithelium
upper respiratory tract
functions of pseudostratified epithelium
secretion and movement of mucus by cilia
a gland (may be a cell or a group of cells) produces and secretes substances into ducts, directly onto a surface or into the blood
glandular epithelium
glandular epithelium can be classified into
exocrine glands
endocrine glands
type of glandular epithelium that secretes their products into ducts
exocrine glands
example of exocrine glands (6)
sudoriferous glands
sebaceous glands
ceruminous glands
mammary glands
salivary glands
pancreatic glands
exocrine glands that is found in the skin and secretes sweat
sudoriferous glands
exocrine glands that is found in the skin except palms and soles
sebaceous glands
exocrine glands that is found in the ear and secretes earwax
ceruminous glands
exocrine glands that is found in the breast
mammary glands
exocrine glands that is found in the lower jaw, below the tongue and beside the ear
salivary gland
exocrine glands that is found in the pancreas
pancreatic glands
produces and secrete hormones which diffuse into blood
endocrine glands
most abundant and most widely distributed of all tissue types
conneective tissue
primarily involved in protection, support, and binding together of other body tissues
connective tissues
three basic elements of connective tissue
cell
ground substance
fiber
types of fiber
collagenous
reticular
elastic
cells that create fibers
fibroblasts
determines the quality of each connective tissue since this can be liquid, semi-solid, or gel-like or may be mineralized (very hard)
matrix
matrix is made up of
ground substance
fibers
matrix can be (4)
liquid
semi-solid
gel-like
mineralized
type of connective tissues that have poor blood suppl
tendons and ligaments
type of connective tissues that are avascular
cartilages
type of connective tissue that are generally softer and have more cells and fewer fibers
loose connective tissue
the most widely distributed among connective tissues, being soft and pliable, it cushions and protects body organs
areolar tissue
areolar consists of what fibers
collagen
elastic
reticular
what type of matrix does an areolar tissue have
semi-fluid
locations of areolar tissues
subcutaneous layer of skin
papilliary layer of dermis of skin
mucous membranes
function of areolar tissues
strength, elasticity, and support
Considered as the universal packing tissue because it “glues” internal organs to maintain their positions
areolar tissue
because of its loose and fluid nature, it provides a reservoir of water and salts forming a “tissue fluid” in which body cells are dependent in obtaining nutrients and ridding off their wastes
areolar tissue
mainly made up of adipocytes with peripheral nuclei
adipose tissue
location of adipose tissue
subcutaneous layer of skin
around kidneys and heart
hips and breasts
yellow bone marrow of long bones
behind eyeball in eye socket
function of adipose tissue
insulates body by protecting it from extreme heat and cold
also called dense fibrous connective tissue; main matrix element is collagen in which rows/scattered are embedded
dense connective tissue
types of DCT
dense regular connective tissue
dense irregular connective tissue
elastic connective tissue
where can dense regular connective tissue s be found
tendons and ligaments
where can dense irregular connective tissues be found
fascia
perichondrium
periosteum (end of bones)
where can elastic connective tissue be found
lung tissue
elastic arteries
bronchial tubes
trachea
true vocal cords
more flexible and less harder than bone, generally consist of chondrocytes enclosed in lacunae and embedded in a matrix
carilage
cells that create cartilages
chondrocytes
most abundant and widespread cartilage: predominance of fine collagen fibers embedded in a blue-white glassy matrix; covered by perichondrium
hyaline cartilage
means glass
hyaline
location of hyaline cartilage
ends of long bones
ends of ribs
bridge of nose
part of respiratory tract such as larynx, trachea, and bronchi
function of hyaline cartilage
flexibility, support, providing smooth surfaces for movement at joints
chondrocytes are scattered among collagen fiber bundles
fibrocartilage
location of fibrocartilage
intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis
chondrocytes are situated in a threadlike network of elastic fibers; covered by perichondrium
elastic cartilage
location of elastic cartilage
epiglottis
auricle of ear
eustachian tubes
function of elastic cartilage
support for structures
maintenance for shapes
also called osseous tissue, consist of osteocytes (bone cells) housing for lacunae (spaces), surrounded by layers of hard, mineralized matrix (calcium salts) with predominant collagen fibers
bone
bone cells
osteocytes
spaces that osteocytes are housed in
lacunae
consists of systems of osteons/Haversian system
compact bone
consist of thin, irregular plates of matrices called trabeculae
spongy bone
spaces between spongy bone that are filled with red bone marrow
trabeculae
location of osseous tissue
bones in the body
function of osseous tissue
protection, support, energy storage, housing for blood-forming (hematopoietic) tissues, movement in coordination with muscles and joints
also called vascular tissue, the “fibers” are soluble proteins which can be seen only during blood clotting
blood
Considered as a connective tissue because it consists of different blood cells
vascular tissue
red blood cells
erythrocytes
white blood cells
leucocytes
platelets
thrombocytes
fluid matrix in vascular tissue
plasma
location of vascular tissues
within blood vessels
function of RBC
transport gases
function of WBC
engage in phagocytosis, immunity, and allergic reactions
function of platelets
blood clotting
are elongated (called muscle fibers) and are specialized to contract or shorten to generate force to do work
muscle cells
general characteristics of muscles
irritability
contractility
extensibility
elasticity
ability of muscles to respond to stimuli such as hormones and neurotransmitters and generate action potentials (impulses)
irritability
ability of muscles to shorten and thicken to generate force to do work
contractility
capability to be stretched without damaging the tissue
extensibility
after contraction or extension, ability of tissue to return to its original shape
elasticity
general functions of muscle tissue (4)
motion,
stabilization of posture,
organ volume regulation,
thermogenesis (generation of heat)
generation of heat
thermogenesis
different muscle tissue types
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
difference between the muscle tissue types in terms of location
skeletal - attached to bones
cardiac - walls of heart
smooth - walls of hollow internal organs
difference between the muscle tissue types in terms of shape
skeletal - cylindrical
cardiac - branching/anastomosing
smooth - spindle-like
difference between the muscle tissue types in terms of number and location of nucleus per cell
skeletal - multinucleated/peripheral
cardiac - mono or binucleated/central
smooth - mononucleated/central
difference between the muscle tissue types in terms of presence of striations
skeletal - present
cardiac -present
smooth - absent
difference between the muscle tissue types in terms of nervous control
skeletal - voluntary
cardiac - involuntary
smooth - involuntary
difference between the muscle tissue types in terms of special structures
skeletal - none
cardiac - intercalated disc
smooth - none
difference between the muscle tissue types in terms of function
skeletal - motion, posture, thermogenesis
cardiac - pumps blood
smooth - motion associated with internal organs such as constriction of blood vessels and airways, peristalsis, contraction of urinary bladder and gall bladder
consist only of two principal kinds of cells: neurons and neuroglia
nervous tissue
receive and conduct electrochemical impulses from one body part to another (e.g. other neurons, muscles, glands)
neurons
basic parts of neurons
dendrites
cell body
axon
highly branched; receive impulse and convey them to the cell body
dendrites
integrates impulses
cell body
long, cylindrical process; conveys impulses
from cell body to other neurons, muscles and glands
axons
based on functions neurons can be (3)
sensory
association
motor
types of neurons that conduct impulses from receptors to CNS
sensory/afferent
types of neurons that conduct impulses to other association neurons including motor neurons
association/connecting
type of neurons that conduct impulses to effectors such as muscles and glands
motor/efferent
not capable of generating or conducting nerve impulses but they protect (e.g. microglia which are resident phagocytes), support, and nourish neurons
neuroglia
function of neuroglia
protect microglia
support and nourish neurons
serve as the myelinating cell of the PNS and support cells of peripheral neurons
schwann cells
