Digestive System

Question 1

technical term for swallowing

Answer 1

deglutition

Question 2

necessary to provide them with necessary chemicals for growth, maintenance, and energy production

Answer 2

nutrition

Question 3

obtained by animals by eating plants or eating animals or both

Answer 3

food

Question 4

Usually broken down into simpler substances, then absorbed and utilized by tissues and cells

Answer 4

food

Question 5

function of the digestive system (2)

Answer 5

-to convert complex substances (food) into its simplest forms (nutrients
-to alter the physical and chemical composition of food for absorption and utilization by the body

Question 6

type of digestion according to location

Answer 6

intracellular
extracellular

Question 7

digestion that takes place inside the cell

Answer 7

intracellular

Question 8

digestion that takes place outside the cell

Answer 8

extracellular

Question 9

type of digestion according to mechanism (2)

Answer 9

physical/mechanical
chemical

Question 10

digestion that includes processes that alter the physical state of food without changing its molecular structure

Answer 10

physical/mechanical digestion

Question 11

digestion that is a series of catabolic reactions that break down molecules by the aid of enzymes

Answer 11

chemical digestion

Question 12

classification of animals based on dietary habits/feeding types

Answer 12

herbivores
omnivores
carnivores

Question 13

feed on plant material e.g. copepods, goat, cattle, horses

Answer 13

herbivores

Question 14

feed on herbivores e.g. lion, eagles, sharks

Answer 14

carnivores

Question 15

feed on both plant and animal materials e.g. pigs, humans

Answer 15

omnivores

Question 16

type of digestion that is intracellular digestion and consists of only one opening which is both the entrance and exit for food

Answer 16

incomplete digestive tube

Question 17

exemplified by ciliated protozoa and sponges

Answer 17

incomplete digestive tube

Question 18

the gut that is a blind closed sac

Answer 18

gastrovascular cavity

Question 19

in these, ciliary action directs the food into the cytosome “mouth” which enters the cytopharynx where food vacuoles are formed for intracellular digestion and exit the waste from residual vacuoles via cytopyge “anus” for excretion

Answer 19

ciliated protozoans

Question 20

in these, water with food particles enters the body through pores; the collar cells then trap food particles as their flagella generate currents in the water

Answer 20

sponge

Question 21

the food trapped in these are then phagocytosed and digested by fusion with lysosomes

Answer 21

colar cells

Question 22

combination of extracellular and intracellular digestion

Answer 22

incomplete digestive tube

Question 23

has only one opening to the digestive system that serves as the mouth and anus at the same time

Answer 23

incomplete digestive tube

Question 24

exemplified by cnidarians and flatworms

Answer 24

incomplete digestive tube

Question 25

hydria, jellyfish, corals, sea anemones

Answer 25

cnidarians

Question 26

after ingesting large pieces of food, this begin in the digestive cavity; partially digested particles are completely digested inside cells (intracellular) of the digestive cavity and reabsorbed there; waste are expelled through the same opening

Answer 26

extracellular digestion

Question 27

extracellular digestion

Answer 27

complete digestive tube

Question 28

digestive tube with two openings: mouth and anus which permit a one-way flow of ingested food without mixing it with previously ingested food or waste

Answer 28

complete digestive tube

Question 29

exemplified by roundworms, annelids, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, and chordates such as humans

Answer 29

complete digestive tube

Question 30

food passes in one direction through a series of organs that facilitate digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes

Answer 30

complete digestive tube

Question 31

type of feeding mechanism that makes use of ciliated surfaces to produce water currents to draw drifting food and particles to the mouth

Answer 31

suspension feeding

Question 32

feeding mechanisms demonstrated by sponges, bivalves, gastropods, and many crustaceans

Answer 32

suspension feeding

Question 33

makes use of entire body or modified appendages such as tentacle like structures to feed on detritus or organic materials from sediments of soft-bottom habitats such as mud and sands

Answer 33

deposit feeding

Question 34

feeding mechanism demonstrated by clams, polychaetes, sea cucumbers

Answer 34

deposit feeding

Question 35

large quantities of sediments are swallowed and the nutrients are digested, and the remains are passed out of this

Answer 35

anus

Question 36

presence of tearing devices such as beak-like jaws and tooth-like structures for grasping and grinding food

Answer 36

chewing mechanism

Question 37

requires the capture of live prey

Answer 37

predation

Question 38

feeding strategies of predators (5)

Answer 38

motile stalkers
lurking predators
sessile opportunists
grazing carnivores
piercing and sucking mechanism

Question 39

feeding strategies that actively pursue their prey such as octopuses, crabs, gastropods

Answer 39

motile stalkers

Question 40

feeding strategies that stand still and wait for their pray to come within a distance such as spiders, shrimp, and many vertebrates

Answer 40

lurking predators

Question 41

feeding strategies that capture prey only when in contact with them such as protozoa, barnacles, and cnidarians

Answer 41

sessile opportunists

Question 42

feeding strategies that move on substrates picking up small organisms such as snails, worms, sponges, and small crustaceans

Answer 42

grazing carnivores

Question 43

feeding strategies that are seen in mosquitos, leeches, and intestinal parasites are provided with these mouthparts for feeding on blood and other fluids

Answer 43

piercing and sucking mechanism

Question 44

only mammals that feeds on blood

Answer 44

vampire bats

Question 45

are provided with food vacuoles containing digestive enzymes and the nutrients are absorbed into the cytoplasm

Answer 45

protozoa

Question 46

in protozoans, waste products are excreted through this

Answer 46

residual vacuole

Question 47

possess a gut, a blind closed sac known as gastrovascular cavity which has one opening that serves as exit and entry point of food and wastes

Answer 47

cnidarians

Question 48

digestive tract contains a short esophagus opening into a stomach, midgut, hindgut, and rectum

Answer 48

mollusks

Question 49

in mollusks, this serves as a site for intracellular digestion

Answer 49

stomach

Question 50

in mollusks, functions in extracellular digestion and absorption

Answer 50

midgut, hindgut, rectum

Question 51

possess digestive gut consisting of mouth, esophagus, crop, stomach, intestine, rectum, and anus

Answer 51

insect

Question 52

in insects, these aid first in breaking up the food which is brough into the mouth, then to the crop via esophagus

Answer 52

mandible and maxillae

Question 53

insects are provided with these which secrete amylase and gastric glands

Answer 53

salivary glands

Question 54

secrete lipase, proteases that aid in digestion

Answer 54

gastric glands

Question 55

where food passes here to the stomach for extracellular digestion

Answer 55

crop

Question 56

in insects, take place in the intestine and undigested food passes into the rectum for water reabsorption

Answer 56

nutrient absoprtion

Question 57

in insects, are excreted through anus

Answer 57

solid fecal pellets

Question 58

accessory structures icludes

Answer 58

lips
tongue
teeth
liver
gallbladder

Question 59

guard the opening of the mouth

Answer 59

lips

Question 60

modified as trophic apparatus in them

Answer 60

lips

Question 61

Modified into beaks in birds and turtles; fleshy in mammals

Answer 61

lips

Question 62

in invertebrates, this accessory organ is absent among them

Answer 62

tongue

Question 63

tongue not muscular and bears teeth use for holding prey

Answer 63

fishes

Question 64

tongue is highly mobile that can project from the mouth to capture insect

Answer 64

amphibians and reptiles

Question 65

tongue is a thick muscular organ occupying the floor of mouth covered with a mucous membrane which assist in chewing and swallowing

Answer 65

mammals

Question 66

a fold of mucous membrane connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth cavity in mammals

Answer 66

frenulum

Question 67

situated in the anterior and lateral sides of the oral cavity

Answer 67

teeth

Question 68

Situated in the anterior and lateral sides of oral cavity

Answer 68

teeth

Question 69

Aid in physical breakdown of food

Answer 69

teeth

Question 70

Present in all vertebrates except in birds and turtles

Answer 70

teeth

Question 71

kinds of teeth as to mode of development

Answer 71

temporary/primary/deciduous
permanent/secondary/succedareous

Question 72

kinds of teeth as to shape and function (3)

Answer 72

incisors
molars
cupids or canine

Question 73

teeth is chisel shaped; for cutting

Answer 73

incisors

Question 74

teeth are broad crowns with rounder cusps (tips) for grinding

Answer 74

molars

Question 75

teeth are fanglike; for tearing and piercing

Answer 75

cupids or canine

Question 76

starts with the mouth and ends with anus; contains food from time it is ingested until it is digested, absorbed, and eventually excreted

Answer 76

alimentary canal
gastro-intestinal tract
digestive tube

Question 77

parts of complete digestive tube

Answer 77

mouth and buccal/oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine

Question 78

first portion of the digestive tube; initially receives the food

Answer 78

mouth and buccal/oral cavity

Question 79

also called throat; region between mouth and esophagus

Answer 79

pharynx

Question 80

common passageway for food, fluid, and air

Answer 80

pharynx

Question 81

pharynx is divided into (3)

Answer 81

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

Question 82

upper part of the pharynx, connected with the nasal cavity above the soft palate

Answer 82

nasopharynx

Question 83

middle part of the throat, behind the mouth includes the soft palate and side and back walls of the throat, tonsils, and back one third of tongue

Answer 83

oropharynx

Question 84

most caudal portion of the pharynx, a crucial connection point which food, water, and air pass

Answer 84

laryngopharynx

Question 85

straight, muscular tube that conducts food (by peristalsis) to stomach

Answer 85

esophagus

Question 86

Provided with crop or ventral pouch-like outgrowth in the posterior portion of this that that act as temporary storage of food in birds

Answer 86

esophagus

Question 87

process in the esophagus where mechanical digestion happen

Answer 87

peristalsis

Question 88

their continued actions in the esophagus chemically ddigest food

Answer 88

salivary amylase and lingual lipase

Question 89

muscular enlarged sac that acts as temporary storage and for mixing food with digestive juices

Answer 89

stomach

Question 90

part of stomach

Answer 90

cardiac end
fundus
pylorus

Question 91

anterior end of the stomach, contains the cardiac sphincter

Answer 91

cardiac end

Question 92

allow food to enter the stomach and prevent regurgitation back to esophagus

Answer 92

cardiac sphincter

Question 93

expanded part of the stomach found only in mammals, temporary storage area

Answer 93

fundus (body)

Question 94

temporary part of stomach – with pyloric sphincter

Answer 94

pylorus

Question 95

controls the movement of food from the stomach into small intestine

Answer 95

pyloric sphincter

Question 96

limited absorption of these are done by the stomach

Answer 96

electrolytes, drugs such as aspirin and alcohol

Question 97

folds in the stomach that brings efficiency in absorption

Answer 97

rugae

Question 98

in them, the stomach is divided into proventriculus and ventriculus or gizzard

Answer 98

birds

Question 99

continuous with esophagus that contains gastric glands

Answer 99

proventriculus

Question 100

muscular sac containing sand or small stones used for crushing and grinding food

Answer 100

ventriculus or gizzard

Question 101

in them, the stomach is composed of four chambers: rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasums

Answer 101

mammals

Question 102

region of the stomach where the plant food is fermented by bacteria

Answer 102

rumen

Question 103

honey-combed compartment where food is molded into small boluses or cuds

Answer 103

reticulum

Question 104

regurgitated, masticated, and re-chewed into the mouth, re-swallowed and passed to omasum

Answer 104

bolus

Question 105

part of the stomach that serves as temporary holding site of food

Answer 105

omasum

Question 106

part of the stomach that is a true glandular stomach; contains simple gastric glands for digestion

Answer 106

abomasums

Question 107

longest section and most coiled part of the digestive tube

Answer 107

small intestine

Question 108

Transport remaining residues to the large intestine

Answer 108

small intestine

Question 109

in them, the small intestine is very long and coiled

Answer 109

herbivores

Question 110

in them, the small intestine is shorter

Answer 110

carnivores

Question 111

the small intestine is medium in length

Answer 111

omnivores

Question 112

part of the small intestine (3)

Answer 112

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

Question 113

short, anterior portion of the small intestine

Answer 113

duodenum

Question 114

coiled middle portion of the small intestine

Answer 114

jejunum

Question 115

longer, posterior portion of the small intestine; remainder and less coiled portion of the small intestine that follow jejunum

Answer 115

ileum

Question 116

are covered with millions of tiny fingerlike projections called villi which aid in digestion and absorption of nutrients

Answer 116

inner walls of small intestine

Question 117

additionally bordered with short, delicate processes known as microvilli

Answer 117

villus

Question 118

form brush border which aid in increasing the internal surface area of the intestine

Answer 118

microvilli

Question 119

posterior portion of the intestine that is larger in diameter and shorten than the small intestine

Answer 119

large intestine

Question 120

Reabsorbs water to dry out indigestible food and eliminate them as solid or semi-solid feces through defecation

Answer 120

large intestine

Question 121

Expanded portion of the digested tube

Answer 121

large intestine

Question 122

in them it contain bacteria that break down organic waste in feces which produces vitamin K and gases

Answer 122

humans

Question 123

parts of large intestine (4)

Answer 123

caecum
collon
rectum
anus/cloaca

Question 124

the junction of small and large intestine

Answer 124

caecum

Question 125

In some mammals, this is large and contains many microorganisms capable of digesting cellulose

Answer 125

caecum

Question 126

in humans, this vestigial organ hangs from the caecum

Answer 126

appendix

Question 127

serves as a special site for digestion of cellulose

Answer 127

appendix

Question 128

middle portion of the large intestine consisting of the following regions

Answer 128

colon

Question 129

parts of the colon

Answer 129

ascending
descending
transverse
sigmoid

Question 130

part of the colon that travels up vertically to the right side of the abdomen

Answer 130

ascending

Question 131

part of the colon that travels horizontally across the abdomen

Answer 131

transverse

Question 132

part of the colon that travels vertically down to the left side of the abdomen

Answer 132

descending colon

Question 133

part of the colon that is s-shaped and connects descending colon to rectum

Answer 133

sigmoid

Question 134

posterior portion that temporarily stores undigested food

Answer 134

rectum

Question 135

opening of the rectum to exterior in insects or mammals

Answer 135

anus

Question 136

opening of the rectum in amphibians, reptiles, and birds

Answer 136

cloaca

Question 137

posterior opening of a digestive tube

Answer 137

anus or cloaca

Question 138

common opening for the gametes and wastes; found in amphibians, reptiles, and birds

Answer 138

cloaca

Question 139

xclusively for the excretion of wastes or feces; found in mammals and bony fishesa

Answer 139

anus

Question 140

present among insects; absent in amphibians and birds

Answer 140

salivary glands

Question 141

present on some snakes, present in al mammals

Answer 141

modified salivary glands

Question 142

function of salivary glands

Answer 142

secrete saliva
produce venom

Question 143

lubricates food particles as it pass through the digestive tract

Answer 143

saliva

Question 144

Contains enzyme amylase which begin carbohydrate digestion

Answer 144

saliva

Question 145

Help cleanse teeth and mouth

Answer 145

saliva

Question 146

ixture of mucus, water, and digestive enzyme salivary amylase

Answer 146

saliva

Question 147

breaks down starches which initially happens inside the mouth

Answer 147

salivary amylase

Question 148

breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

Answer 148

lingual lipase

Question 149

where the salivary glands of snakes produce venom that is injected through this to immobilize prey

Answer 149

fangs

Question 150

three pairs of salivary glands in mammals

Answer 150

parotid
submandibular or submaxillary
sublingual

Question 151

salivary glands that lie at the sides of the face immediately below and in front of the ears

Answer 151

parotid

Question 152

salivary gland that lie beneath the jaw

Answer 152

submandibular/submaxillary

Question 153

salivary gland that lie beneath the tongue

Answer 153

sublingual

Question 154

lie at the mucosal lining of stomach

Answer 154

gastric glands

Question 155

how many gastric glands are present in humans

Answer 155

35 million

Question 156

produced by gastric glands that contains pepsinogen and hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Answer 156

gastric juice

Question 157

when mixed with HCl forms pepsin

Answer 157

pepsinogen

Question 158

digests proteins

Answer 158

pepsin

Question 159

largest gland, second largest organ

Answer 159

liver

Question 160

secretes bile

Answer 160

liver

Question 161

alkaline liquid that is stored in gall bladder

Answer 161

bile

Question 162

Partially an excretory product and a digestive secretion

Answer 162

bile

Question 163

how many bile is secreted by the liver

Answer 163

800 to 1000mL

Question 164

pH of bile

Answer 164

7.6 to 8.6

Question 165

color of bile due to bile pigments which are by-products of hemoglobin breakdown

Answer 165

yellow green color

Question 166

where hemoglobin is broken down and is attributed to the yellow green color of bile

Answer 166

wornout RBC

Question 167

bile is composed of (7)

Answer 167

water
bile salts
bile acids
cholestrol
letchitin
bile pigments
ions

Question 168

functions of bile (2)

Answer 168

emulsification
neutralizes acidity of food as it leaves the stomach

Question 169

breaks down fat globules and aids in absorption of fatty acids, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 169

emulsification

Question 170

other functions of liver (7)

Answer 170

-maintenance of normal glucose concentration
-lipid metabolism
-protein metabolism
-storage area
-destroying damaged RBC and foreign substance
-altering composition of toxic substances
- blood reservoir

Question 171

produces pancreatic juice and sends it to duodenum by way of pancreatic duct

Answer 171

pancreas

Question 172

contains important enzymes for digestion such as proteases, lipase, amylase, nucleases, and carboxypeptidase

Answer 172

pancreatic juice

Question 173

digests proteins (ex. trypsin and chymotrypsin)

Answer 173

proteases

Question 174

example of proteases

Answer 174

trypsin
chymotrypsin

Question 175

digests fats

Answer 175

lipase

Question 176

digest starch

Answer 176

amylase

Question 177

digest DNA and RNA to form nucleotides

Answer 177

nucleases

Question 178

digests peptides and amino acids

Answer 178

carboxypeptidase

Question 179

secrete intestinal fluids with brush border enzymes

Answer 179

intestinal glands

Question 180

converts trypsinogen to trypsin

Answer 180

enterokinase

Question 181

converse lactose to glucose and galactose

Answer 181

lactase

Question 182

converts maltose to glucose

Answer 182

maltase

Question 183

converts sucrose to glucose and fructose

Answer 183

sucrase

Question 184

converts α-dextrins to glucose

Answer 184

a-dextrinase

Question 185

converts peptides to amino acids

Answer 185

peptidase

Question 186

converts nucleotides to bases, pentoses, and phosphates

Answer 186

nucleosidase and phosphatase

Question 187

converts polysaccharides to maltose, maltotriose, and alphadextrins

Answer 187

salivary amlyase

Question 188

converts trigylcerides and other fats to fatty acids and monoglycerides

Answer 188

lingual lipase

Question 189

converts proteins to peptides

Answer 189

pepsin

Question 190

gastric juice that converts fats and oils in butterfat in milk to fatty acids and monoglycerides

Answer 190

gastric lipase

Question 191

converts polysaccharides to maltose, maltotriose, alpha-dextrins

Answer 191

amlyase

Question 192

pancreatic juice that converts proteins to peptides

Answer 192

elastase

Question 193

pancreatic juice that converts triglycerides emulsified by bile salts to fatty acids and monoglycerides

Answer 193

lipase

Question 194

converts RNA and DNA to nucleotides

Answer 194

nucleases

Question 195

pancreatic juice that converts protein to peptides (2)

Answer 195

tyrpsin
chymotrpysin

Question 196

pancreatic juice that converts peptides to peptides and amino acids

Answer 196

carboxypeptidase

Question 197

converts alpha-dextrins to glucose

Answer 197

alpha-dextrinase

Question 198

converts maltose to glucose

Answer 198

maltase

Question 199

converts tyrpsinogen to trypsin

Answer 199

enterokinase

Question 200

converts nucleotides to nitrogenous base, pentoses, and phosphatases

Answer 200

nucleosidases and phosphatases

Question 201

taking in of food through the mouth

Answer 201

ingestion

Question 202

process of digestion in the buccal/oral cavity

Answer 202

chewing or mastication

Question 203

two types of digestion

Answer 203

physical digestion
chemical digestion

Question 204

initially digested to become tri- and dissacharides by amylase

Answer 204

carbohydrates

Question 205

initially digested to fatty acids and triglycerides by lipase

Answer 205

fats

Question 206

ground mass of food with saliva

Answer 206

bolus

Question 207

involves upward and backward movement of the tongue which brings bolus posterior to the mouth

Answer 207

swallowing or deglutition

Question 208

– located in the pharynx are stimulated causing muscular contractions

Answer 208

swallowing receptors

Question 209

involves movement of food in the esophagus by peristalsis to the stomach

Answer 209

propulsion and storage

Question 210

in them, food is temporarily stored in the crop

Answer 210

birds

Question 211

as food reaches the stomach, churning or mixing waves pass over it every 15 to 25 seconds, and the stomach secretes gastric juices containing enzymes for digestion

Answer 211

digestion

Question 212

movement in the stomach

Answer 212

churning

Question 213

responsible for the digestion of fats and oils in butterfat in milk

Answer 213

gastric lipase

Question 214

three phases of gastric secretion (3)

Answer 214

cephalic or “head” phase
gastric or “belly”
intestinal phase

Question 215

phase of gastric secretion when food is smelled, tasted or seen, vagus nerves from the brain are stimulated causing secretion of small amount of juice in the stomach

Answer 215

cephalic or head phase

Question 216

phase of gastric secretion that occurs when food reaches stomach

Answer 216

gastric or belly

Question 217

phase of gastric secretion occurs when partially digested food enters the opening section of small intestine

Answer 217

intestinal phase

Question 218

the food is in this nutrient-rich, semi-liquid mass after gastric churning

Answer 218

chyme

Question 219

takes place in the small intestine

Answer 219

final digestion and absoprtion

Question 220

mechanical digestion through the following movements (2)

Answer 220

peristalsis
segmentation

Question 221

longitudinal waves of contraction that move along the intestine, followed by waves of relaxation

Answer 221

peristalsis

Question 222

movement that produces local constrictions in the small intestine and brings food particles into contact with the absorptive wall by moving it back and forth

Answer 222

segmentation

Question 223

is a movement that occurs slowly and in segmenting manner. it ensures that the chyme is mixed facilitating absorption of water, mineral salts and vitamins.

Answer 223

Haustral churning

Question 224

weak compared to peristalsis of stomach and esophagus so that chyme remains from 3-5 hours inside the small intestine to enhance digestion and absorption

Answer 224

segmentation

Question 225

chemical digestion or
complete digestion of particles are through the action of different substances/enzymes secreted by them

Answer 225

liver
gallbladder
pancreas
intestine

Question 226

dry out indigestible food and eliminate them as solid or semi-solid feces through defecation

Answer 226

water re-absorption

Question 227

in them, reabsorption of water takes place through specialized rectal glands

Answer 227

insects

Question 228

in them feces is excreted through the cloaca

Answer 228

reptiles and birds