Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
technical term for swallowing
A
deglutition
2
Q
necessary to provide them with necessary chemicals for growth, maintenance, and energy production
A
nutrition
3
Q
obtained by animals by eating plants or eating animals or both
A
food
4
Q
Usually broken down into simpler substances, then absorbed and utilized by tissues and cells
A
food
5
Q
function of the digestive system (2)
A
-to convert complex substances (food) into its simplest forms (nutrients
-to alter the physical and chemical composition of food for absorption and utilization by the body
6
Q
type of digestion according to location
A
intracellular
extracellular
7
Q
digestion that takes place inside the cell
A
intracellular
8
Q
digestion that takes place outside the cell
A
extracellular
9
Q
type of digestion according to mechanism (2)
A
physical/mechanical
chemical
10
Q
digestion that includes processes that alter the physical state of food without changing its molecular structure
A
physical/mechanical digestion
11
Q
digestion that is a series of catabolic reactions that break down molecules by the aid of enzymes
A
chemical digestion
12
Q
classification of animals based on dietary habits/feeding types
A
herbivores
omnivores
carnivores
13
Q
feed on plant material e.g. copepods, goat, cattle, horses
A
herbivores
14
Q
feed on herbivores e.g. lion, eagles, sharks
A
carnivores
15
Q
feed on both plant and animal materials e.g. pigs, humans
A
omnivores
16
Q
type of digestion that is intracellular digestion and consists of only one opening which is both the entrance and exit for food
A
incomplete digestive tube
17
Q
exemplified by ciliated protozoa and sponges
A
incomplete digestive tube
18
Q
the gut that is a blind closed sac
A
gastrovascular cavity
19
Q
in these, ciliary action directs the food into the cytosome “mouth” which enters the cytopharynx where food vacuoles are formed for intracellular digestion and exit the waste from residual vacuoles via cytopyge “anus” for excretion
A
ciliated protozoans
20
Q
in these, water with food particles enters the body through pores; the collar cells then trap food particles as their flagella generate currents in the water
A
sponge
21
Q
the food trapped in these are then phagocytosed and digested by fusion with lysosomes
A
colar cells
22
Q
combination of extracellular and intracellular digestion
A
incomplete digestive tube
23
Q
has only one opening to the digestive system that serves as the mouth and anus at the same time
A
incomplete digestive tube
24
Q
exemplified by cnidarians and flatworms
A
incomplete digestive tube
25
hydria, jellyfish, corals, sea anemones
cnidarians
26
after ingesting large pieces of food, this begin in the digestive cavity; partially digested particles are completely digested inside cells (intracellular) of the digestive cavity and reabsorbed there; waste are expelled through the same opening
extracellular digestion
27
extracellular digestion
complete digestive tube
28
digestive tube with two openings: mouth and anus which permit a one-way flow of ingested food without mixing it with previously ingested food or waste
complete digestive tube
29
exemplified by roundworms, annelids, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, and chordates such as humans
complete digestive tube
30
food passes in one direction through a series of organs that facilitate digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes
complete digestive tube
31
type of feeding mechanism that makes use of ciliated surfaces to produce water currents to draw drifting food and particles to the mouth
suspension feeding
32
feeding mechanisms demonstrated by sponges, bivalves, gastropods, and many crustaceans
suspension feeding
33
makes use of entire body or modified appendages such as tentacle like structures to feed on detritus or organic materials from sediments of soft-bottom habitats such as mud and sands
deposit feeding
34
feeding mechanism demonstrated by clams, polychaetes, sea cucumbers
deposit feeding
35
large quantities of sediments are swallowed and the nutrients are digested, and the remains are passed out of this
anus
36
presence of tearing devices such as beak-like jaws and tooth-like structures for grasping and grinding food
chewing mechanism
37
requires the capture of live prey
predation
38
feeding strategies of predators (5)
motile stalkers
lurking predators
sessile opportunists
grazing carnivores
piercing and sucking mechanism
39
feeding strategies that actively pursue their prey such as octopuses, crabs, gastropods
motile stalkers
40
feeding strategies that stand still and wait for their pray to come within a distance such as spiders, shrimp, and many vertebrates
lurking predators
41
feeding strategies that capture prey only when in contact with them such as protozoa, barnacles, and cnidarians
sessile opportunists
42
feeding strategies that move on substrates picking up small organisms such as snails, worms, sponges, and small crustaceans
grazing carnivores
43
feeding strategies that are seen in mosquitos, leeches, and intestinal parasites are provided with these mouthparts for feeding on blood and other fluids
piercing and sucking mechanism
44
only mammals that feeds on blood
vampire bats
45
are provided with food vacuoles containing digestive enzymes and the nutrients are absorbed into the cytoplasm
protozoa
46
in protozoans, waste products are excreted through this
residual vacuole
47
possess a gut, a blind closed sac known as gastrovascular cavity which has one opening that serves as exit and entry point of food and wastes
cnidarians
48
digestive tract contains a short esophagus opening into a stomach, midgut, hindgut, and rectum
mollusks
49
in mollusks, this serves as a site for intracellular digestion
stomach
50
in mollusks, functions in extracellular digestion and absorption
midgut, hindgut, rectum
51
possess digestive gut consisting of mouth, esophagus, crop, stomach, intestine, rectum, and anus
insect
52
in insects, these aid first in breaking up the food which is brough into the mouth, then to the crop via esophagus
mandible and maxillae
53
insects are provided with these which secrete amylase and gastric glands
salivary glands
54
secrete lipase, proteases that aid in digestion
gastric glands
55
where food passes here to the stomach for extracellular digestion
crop
56
in insects, take place in the intestine and undigested food passes into the rectum for water reabsorption
nutrient absoprtion
57
in insects, are excreted through anus
solid fecal pellets
58
accessory structures icludes
lips
tongue
teeth
liver
gallbladder
59
guard the opening of the mouth
lips
60
modified as trophic apparatus in them
lips
61
Modified into beaks in birds and turtles; fleshy in mammals
lips
62
in invertebrates, this accessory organ is absent among them
tongue
63
tongue not muscular and bears teeth use for holding prey
fishes
64
tongue is highly mobile that can project from the mouth to capture insect
amphibians and reptiles
65
tongue is a thick muscular organ occupying the floor of mouth covered with a mucous membrane which assist in chewing and swallowing
mammals
66
a fold of mucous membrane connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth cavity in mammals
frenulum
67
situated in the anterior and lateral sides of the oral cavity
teeth
68
Situated in the anterior and lateral sides of oral cavity
teeth
69
Aid in physical breakdown of food
teeth
70
Present in all vertebrates except in birds and turtles
teeth
71
kinds of teeth as to mode of development
temporary/primary/deciduous
permanent/secondary/succedareous
72
kinds of teeth as to shape and function (3)
incisors
molars
cupids or canine
73
teeth is chisel shaped; for cutting
incisors
74
teeth are broad crowns with rounder cusps (tips) for grinding
molars
75
teeth are fanglike; for tearing and piercing
cupids or canine
76
starts with the mouth and ends with anus; contains food from time it is ingested until it is digested, absorbed, and eventually excreted
alimentary canal
gastro-intestinal tract
digestive tube
77
parts of complete digestive tube
mouth and buccal/oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
78
first portion of the digestive tube; initially receives the food
mouth and buccal/oral cavity
79
also called throat; region between mouth and esophagus
pharynx
80
common passageway for food, fluid, and air
pharynx
81
pharynx is divided into (3)
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
82
upper part of the pharynx, connected with the nasal cavity above the soft palate
nasopharynx
83
middle part of the throat, behind the mouth includes the soft palate and side and back walls of the throat, tonsils, and back one third of tongue
oropharynx
84
most caudal portion of the pharynx, a crucial connection point which food, water, and air pass
laryngopharynx
85
straight, muscular tube that conducts food (by peristalsis) to stomach
esophagus
86
Provided with crop or ventral pouch-like outgrowth in the posterior portion of this that that act as temporary storage of food in birds
esophagus
87
process in the esophagus where mechanical digestion happen
peristalsis
88
their continued actions in the esophagus chemically ddigest food
salivary amylase and lingual lipase
89
muscular enlarged sac that acts as temporary storage and for mixing food with digestive juices
stomach
90
part of stomach
cardiac end
fundus
pylorus
91
anterior end of the stomach, contains the cardiac sphincter
cardiac end
92
allow food to enter the stomach and prevent regurgitation back to esophagus
cardiac sphincter
93
expanded part of the stomach found only in mammals, temporary storage area
fundus (body)
94
temporary part of stomach – with pyloric sphincter
pylorus
95
controls the movement of food from the stomach into small intestine
pyloric sphincter
96
limited absorption of these are done by the stomach
electrolytes, drugs such as aspirin and alcohol
97
folds in the stomach that brings efficiency in absorption
rugae
98
in them, the stomach is divided into proventriculus and ventriculus or gizzard
birds
99
continuous with esophagus that contains gastric glands
proventriculus
100
muscular sac containing sand or small stones used for crushing and grinding food
ventriculus or gizzard
101
in them, the stomach is composed of four chambers: rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasums
mammals
102
region of the stomach where the plant food is fermented by bacteria
rumen
103
honey-combed compartment where food is molded into small boluses or cuds
reticulum
104
regurgitated, masticated, and re-chewed into the mouth, re-swallowed and passed to omasum
bolus
105
part of the stomach that serves as temporary holding site of food
omasum
106
part of the stomach that is a true glandular stomach; contains simple gastric glands for digestion
abomasums
107
longest section and most coiled part of the digestive tube
small intestine
108
Transport remaining residues to the large intestine
small intestine
109
in them, the small intestine is very long and coiled
herbivores
110
in them, the small intestine is shorter
carnivores
111
the small intestine is medium in length
omnivores
112
part of the small intestine (3)
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
113
short, anterior portion of the small intestine
duodenum
114
coiled middle portion of the small intestine
jejunum
115
longer, posterior portion of the small intestine; remainder and less coiled portion of the small intestine that follow jejunum
ileum
116
are covered with millions of tiny fingerlike projections called villi which aid in digestion and absorption of nutrients
inner walls of small intestine
117
additionally bordered with short, delicate processes known as microvilli
villus
118
form brush border which aid in increasing the internal surface area of the intestine
microvilli
119
posterior portion of the intestine that is larger in diameter and shorten than the small intestine
large intestine
120
Reabsorbs water to dry out indigestible food and eliminate them as solid or semi-solid feces through defecation
large intestine
121
Expanded portion of the digested tube
large intestine
122
in them it contain bacteria that break down organic waste in feces which produces vitamin K and gases
humans
123
parts of large intestine (4)
caecum
collon
rectum
anus/cloaca
124
the junction of small and large intestine
caecum
125
In some mammals, this is large and contains many microorganisms capable of digesting cellulose
caecum
126
in humans, this vestigial organ hangs from the caecum
appendix
127
serves as a special site for digestion of cellulose
appendix
128
middle portion of the large intestine consisting of the following regions
colon
129
parts of the colon
ascending
descending
transverse
sigmoid
130
part of the colon that travels up vertically to the right side of the abdomen
ascending
131
part of the colon that travels horizontally across the abdomen
transverse
132
part of the colon that travels vertically down to the left side of the abdomen
descending colon
133
part of the colon that is s-shaped and connects descending colon to rectum
sigmoid
134
posterior portion that temporarily stores undigested food
rectum
135
opening of the rectum to exterior in insects or mammals
anus
136
opening of the rectum in amphibians, reptiles, and birds
cloaca
137
posterior opening of a digestive tube
anus or cloaca
138
common opening for the gametes and wastes; found in amphibians, reptiles, and birds
cloaca
139
xclusively for the excretion of wastes or feces; found in mammals and bony fishesa
anus
140
present among insects; absent in amphibians and birds
salivary glands
141
present on some snakes, present in al mammals
modified salivary glands
142
function of salivary glands
secrete saliva
produce venom
143
lubricates food particles as it pass through the digestive tract
saliva
144
Contains enzyme amylase which begin carbohydrate digestion
saliva
145
Help cleanse teeth and mouth
saliva
146
ixture of mucus, water, and digestive enzyme salivary amylase
saliva
147
breaks down starches which initially happens inside the mouth
salivary amylase
148
breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides
lingual lipase
149
where the salivary glands of snakes produce venom that is injected through this to immobilize prey
fangs
150
three pairs of salivary glands in mammals
parotid
submandibular or submaxillary
sublingual
151
salivary glands that lie at the sides of the face immediately below and in front of the ears
parotid
152
salivary gland that lie beneath the jaw
submandibular/submaxillary
153
salivary gland that lie beneath the tongue
sublingual
154
lie at the mucosal lining of stomach
gastric glands
155
how many gastric glands are present in humans
35 million
156
produced by gastric glands that contains pepsinogen and hydrochloric acid (HCl)
gastric juice
157
when mixed with HCl forms pepsin
pepsinogen
158
digests proteins
pepsin
159
largest gland, second largest organ
liver
160
secretes bile
liver
161
alkaline liquid that is stored in gall bladder
bile
162
Partially an excretory product and a digestive secretion
bile
163
how many bile is secreted by the liver
800 to 1000mL
164
pH of bile
7.6 to 8.6
165
color of bile due to bile pigments which are by-products of hemoglobin breakdown
yellow green color
166
where hemoglobin is broken down and is attributed to the yellow green color of bile
wornout RBC
167
bile is composed of (7)
water
bile salts
bile acids
cholestrol
letchitin
bile pigments
ions
168
functions of bile (2)
emulsification
neutralizes acidity of food as it leaves the stomach
169
breaks down fat globules and aids in absorption of fatty acids, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins
emulsification
170
other functions of liver (7)
-maintenance of normal glucose concentration
-lipid metabolism
-protein metabolism
-storage area
-destroying damaged RBC and foreign substance
-altering composition of toxic substances
- blood reservoir
171
produces pancreatic juice and sends it to duodenum by way of pancreatic duct
pancreas
172
contains important enzymes for digestion such as proteases, lipase, amylase, nucleases, and carboxypeptidase
pancreatic juice
173
digests proteins (ex. trypsin and chymotrypsin)
proteases
174
example of proteases
trypsin
chymotrypsin
175
digests fats
lipase
176
digest starch
amylase
177
digest DNA and RNA to form nucleotides
nucleases
178
digests peptides and amino acids
carboxypeptidase
179
secrete intestinal fluids with brush border enzymes
intestinal glands
180
converts trypsinogen to trypsin
enterokinase
181
converse lactose to glucose and galactose
lactase
182
converts maltose to glucose
maltase
183
converts sucrose to glucose and fructose
sucrase
184
converts α-dextrins to glucose
a-dextrinase
185
converts peptides to amino acids
peptidase
186
converts nucleotides to bases, pentoses, and phosphates
nucleosidase and phosphatase
187
converts polysaccharides to maltose, maltotriose, and alphadextrins
salivary amlyase
188
converts trigylcerides and other fats to fatty acids and monoglycerides
lingual lipase
189
converts proteins to peptides
pepsin
190
gastric juice that converts fats and oils in butterfat in milk to fatty acids and monoglycerides
gastric lipase
191
converts polysaccharides to maltose, maltotriose, alpha-dextrins
amlyase
192
pancreatic juice that converts proteins to peptides
elastase
193
pancreatic juice that converts triglycerides emulsified by bile salts to fatty acids and monoglycerides
lipase
194
converts RNA and DNA to nucleotides
nucleases
195
pancreatic juice that converts protein to peptides (2)
tyrpsin
chymotrpysin
196
pancreatic juice that converts peptides to peptides and amino acids
carboxypeptidase
197
converts alpha-dextrins to glucose
alpha-dextrinase
198
converts maltose to glucose
maltase
199
converts tyrpsinogen to trypsin
enterokinase
200
converts nucleotides to nitrogenous base, pentoses, and phosphatases
nucleosidases and phosphatases
201
taking in of food through the mouth
ingestion
202
process of digestion in the buccal/oral cavity
chewing or mastication
203
two types of digestion
physical digestion
chemical digestion
204
initially digested to become tri- and dissacharides by amylase
carbohydrates
205
initially digested to fatty acids and triglycerides by lipase
fats
206
ground mass of food with saliva
bolus
207
involves upward and backward movement of the tongue which brings bolus posterior to the mouth
swallowing or deglutition
208
– located in the pharynx are stimulated causing muscular contractions
swallowing receptors
209
involves movement of food in the esophagus by peristalsis to the stomach
propulsion and storage
210
in them, food is temporarily stored in the crop
birds
211
as food reaches the stomach, churning or mixing waves pass over it every 15 to 25 seconds, and the stomach secretes gastric juices containing enzymes for digestion
digestion
212
movement in the stomach
churning
213
responsible for the digestion of fats and oils in butterfat in milk
gastric lipase
214
three phases of gastric secretion (3)
cephalic or "head" phase
gastric or "belly"
intestinal phase
215
phase of gastric secretion when food is smelled, tasted or seen, vagus nerves from the brain are stimulated causing secretion of small amount of juice in the stomach
cephalic or head phase
216
phase of gastric secretion that occurs when food reaches stomach
gastric or belly
217
phase of gastric secretion occurs when partially digested food enters the opening section of small intestine
intestinal phase
218
the food is in this nutrient-rich, semi-liquid mass after gastric churning
chyme
219
takes place in the small intestine
final digestion and absoprtion
220
mechanical digestion through the following movements (2)
peristalsis
segmentation
221
longitudinal waves of contraction that move along the intestine, followed by waves of relaxation
peristalsis
222
movement that produces local constrictions in the small intestine and brings food particles into contact with the absorptive wall by moving it back and forth
segmentation
223
is a movement that occurs slowly and in segmenting manner. it ensures that the chyme is mixed facilitating absorption of water, mineral salts and vitamins.
Haustral churning
224
weak compared to peristalsis of stomach and esophagus so that chyme remains from 3-5 hours inside the small intestine to enhance digestion and absorption
segmentation
225
chemical digestion or
complete digestion of particles are through the action of different substances/enzymes secreted by them
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
intestine
226
dry out indigestible food and eliminate them as solid or semi-solid feces through defecation
water re-absorption
227
in them, reabsorption of water takes place through specialized rectal glands
insects
228
in them feces is excreted through the cloaca
reptiles and birds
