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Fundamentals of Zoology > Excretory System > Flashcards

Excretory System Flashcards

1
Q

process of removing various wastes produced by the body

A

excretion

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2
Q

The following should be excreted by the body

A

excess water
salt
nitrogenous waste

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3
Q

function of excretory system (4)

A

Maintain cell concentration of fluids
Regulate pH of blood and tissues
Remove metabolic wastes
Remove foreign substances and by-products of metabolism

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4
Q

three form of waste in different kinds of animals

A

ammonia
urea
uric acid

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5
Q

ammonia

A

NH3

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6
Q

ammonia is excreted by:

A

protist
fishes
aquatic invertebrates

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7
Q

uses contractile vacuoles

A

protists

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8
Q

dumps NH3 across their gill surfaces

A

fishes

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9
Q

excess water is eliminated in the form of very large amounts of very dilute urine produced by the kidneys

A

freshwater fishes

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10
Q

constantly drink salt water and actively excrete salts in gills

A

marine fishes

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11
Q

dumps NH3 across gill surfaces and general surface membranes

A

aquatic invertebrates

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12
Q

ess toxic than NH3 because it is insoluble and continues to circulate in the blood as a suspension

A

uric acid

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13
Q

secreted by birds

A

guano

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14
Q

also produced and excreted by reptiles, insects, and land snails

A

uric acid

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15
Q

urea

A

NH3+CO2

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16
Q

water-soluble nitrogenous waste

A

urea

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17
Q

excreted by few types of bony fishes, kangaroo, rats, man, and other mammals

A

urea

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18
Q

amino acid not used in protein synthesis is converted to what

A

fat or carbs

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19
Q

rank the nitrogenous waste basted on the water needed to excrete

A

most water - ammonia
least water - uric acid

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20
Q

rank the nitrogenous waste based on energy needed to produce

A

easiest - ammonia
hardest - uric acid

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21
Q

present among freshwater complex unicellular and multi-cellular organisms such as protozoa and sponges

A

contractile vacuole

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22
Q

serve as organ for water balance

A

contractile vacuole

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23
Q

collect and remove excess water that constantly enters that constantly enters the organism during osmosis since they are hypertonic to the surrounding water by squeezing them out the cell

A

contractile vacuole

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24
Q

present among platyhelminths (flatworm and tapeworms) and annelids (earthworms and leeches)

A

nephridia

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25
Q

tubular structure for excretion of wastes

A

nephridia

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26
Q

types of nephridia

A

protonephridia
metanephridia

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27
Q

simplest and closed-system type of nephridia

A

protonephridia

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28
Q

flame-celled systems

A

protonephridia

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29
Q

branched tubes that runs throughout the body and open to the outside of the organism through pores

A

nephridia

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30
Q

within the tubules are specialized containing cilia (movement is like the flickering of flame) which move the water through ducts and eliminated through pores

A

flame cells

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31
Q

present in plathyhelminths like Dugesia, flukes, tapeworms

A

protonephridia

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32
Q

advanced and open type of nephridia

A

metanephridia

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33
Q

also known as “true” nephridia

A

metanephridia

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34
Q

contain network of blood vessels that assist in urine formation

A

metanephridia

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35
Q

present in annelids

A

metanephridia

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36
Q

components of nephridium (4)

A

nephrostome
coiled tubule
bladder
nephridiopore

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37
Q

open ciliated funnel that collects fluid from coelom and transports it to the coiled tubule

A

nephrostome

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38
Q

transport fluid from nephrostome to bladder

A

coiled tubule

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39
Q

opening to the outside

A

nephridiopore

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40
Q

present among crustaceans and is also known as “green gland” due to its color

A

antennal gland

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41
Q

paired glands situated at the ventral part of the head

A

antennal gland

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42
Q

components of antennal gland

A

sac
coiled tubule
bladder

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43
Q

components of antennal gland for filtration of blood

A

sac

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44
Q

components of antennal gland for reabsorption of salts

A

coiled tubule

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45
Q

urine and empties through the excretory pore

A

bladder

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46
Q

specialized excretory tubules situated at between the junction of midgut and hindgut of insects and spiders

A

malphigian tubule

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47
Q

collects waste (uric acid) from body fluids and excrete them through the anus together with the feces

A

malphigian tubule

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48
Q

main excretory organ

A

kidney

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49
Q

excretory product of the gut

A

feces
heat

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50
Q

excretory product of lungs

A

CO2
heat

51
Q

excretory product of the skin

A

sweat

52
Q

excretory product of liver

A

bile

53
Q

water and some of the waste materials move from the tissue fluids into the bulbs or flame cells located at the ends of the side branches of tubules

A

protonephridia

54
Q


the cilia in the flame cells create currents and move the collected fluid through the canals and out through the excretory pores where it leaves the body

A

protonephridia

55
Q

fluid from the hemocoel or hemolymph is being
driven by the heart to the antennal gland

A

antennal gland

56
Q

within the antennal gland is a sac which filters the what

A

hemolymph

57
Q

filtered fluid passes to the what for reabsorption of water forming urine

A

labyrinth

58
Q

collect fluid from the blood

A

malphigian tubules

59
Q

Nitrogenous materials are precipitated as urid acid by reabsorption of water and salts

A

malphigian tubules

60
Q

Urine passes through what part of the gut and then to the rectum

A

hindgut

61
Q

where does water reabsorption happens

A

rectum

62
Q

master organs of waste removal, water recycling, and salt balance

A

kidney

63
Q

Participate in maintaining homeostasis, regulates blood: pH, pressure, volume, ionic composition (Na+ , K+)

A

kidney

64
Q

Excrete waste and foreign substances

A

kidney

65
Q

developmental stage in kidneys

A

pronephros
mesonephros
metanephros

66
Q

transient and embryonic kidney in most fishes and amphibians

A

pronephros

67
Q


Degenerates during development and is replaced by metanephros

A

pronephros

68
Q

serve as adult kidney of fishes and amphibians

A

mesonephros

69
Q

Serve as adult kidney of fishes and amphibians

A

mesonephros

70
Q

Functional kidney of embryonic amniotes (reptiles, birds, mammals)

A

mesonephros

71
Q

kidney of adult amniotes

A

metanephros

72
Q

dark red, kidney bean-shaped organs which are retroperitoneal

A

kidney

73
Q

size is about an adult fish

A

kidney

74
Q

has hilus/hilum

A

kidney

75
Q

serves as the entrance of blood vessels, nerves, and ureters

A

hilus/hilum

76
Q

kidney is Covered with fat, with covering known as what

A

renal capsule

77
Q

made up of mostly of millions of nephrons

A

renal cortex

78
Q

Outer portion of the kidney; reddish brown and regulated

A

renal cortex

79
Q

consist of blood vessels and cone-shaped structures called renal pyramids

A

renal medulla

80
Q

Inner portion; lighter in color and striped in appearance

A

renal medulla

81
Q

basin-like cavity which collect and transport urine to the ureter

A

renal pelvis

82
Q

describe how the urine go to the renal pelvis from the nephron

A

Urine from nephron > collecting duct > minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis

83
Q

functional and structural unit of kidney

A

nephron

84
Q

site of urine formation

A

nephron

85
Q

part of a nephron

A

renal or malphigian corpuscle
renal tubules

86
Q

expanded chamber composed of:

A

renal or malphigian corpuscle

87
Q

ball-shaped network of capillaries

A

glomerulus

88
Q

surrounds the glomerulus

A

glomerular or bowman’s capsule

89
Q

twisted segments composed of

A

renal tubules

90
Q

renal tubules are twisted segments composed of:

A

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

91
Q

initially receives the filtrate coming from the glomerular capsule

A

PCT

92
Q

consist of descending limb which serve as passageway of fluid into the medulla and the ascending limb as it returns to the cortex

A

loop of henle

93
Q

last segment of nephron and terminates as it empties into a collecting duct

A

DCT

94
Q

adapted for filtration

A

glomerulus

95
Q

feeds the glomerulus which is larger in diameter so that the blood pressure in glomerulus is extremely high which forces fluid and solutes across the glomerular membrane to become the filtrate

A

afferent arteriole

96
Q

the fluid and solute is drained by

A

efferent arteriole

97
Q

low pressure and is adapted for absorption instead of filtration

A

peritubular capillaries

98
Q

what has a higher pressure

glomerular or peritubular

A

glomerular

99
Q

initial filtrate contains what

A

water
ions
sugars
amino acid
urea

100
Q

Components of initial filtrate pass across filtration slits by what kind of transport

A

passive transport

101
Q

Begins as soon as filtrate enters the PCT and returns most of the materials to the peritubular capillaries

A

tubular reabsorption

102
Q

during this process, specific amount of substances are reabsorbed through

A

tubular reabsorption

103
Q

at proximal convoluted tubule, what are reabsorbed

A

glucose
amino acids
Na_

104
Q

what is not reabsorbed since DCT is impermeable to it

A

water

105
Q

80-85% of water followspassively

what stage

A

PCT

106
Q

performed simultaneously in the PCT and DCT

A

tubular secretion

107
Q

emoves unwanted substances (H+, K+, NH3, some
drugs) from the blood to the forming urine

A

tubular secretion

108
Q

makes drug testing possible

A

tubular secretion

109
Q

process of forming urine

A

urination

110
Q

voiding urine

A

micturition

111
Q

transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder by means of peristalsis

A

ureter

112
Q

storage sac of urine until micturition/voiding

A

urinary bladder

113
Q

shape is based on the amount being stored

A

urinary bladder

114
Q

can hold about 500 ml (a pint) of fluid

A

urinary bladder

115
Q

tube leading from the floor of the urinary bladder to the exterior

A

urethra

116
Q

in both sexes, function in discharge of urine from the body

A

urethra

117
Q

facilitates discharge of semen in males

A

urethra

118
Q

removes heat, water, CO2, small quantities of salts and urea

A

skin

119
Q

removes heat, CO2, and a small amount of water in the form of moisture

A

lungs

120
Q

removes CO2, water, salts, heat

A

gastrointestinal tract

121
Q

combines NH2 with CO2 to form urea and release it to tbe lood

A

liver

122
Q

converts NH3 to uric acid and release it to the blood

A

liver

123
Q

regulates levels of digestive products in blood

A

liver

Fundamentals of Zoology (23 decks)

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