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Histopathology > WAX IMPREGNATION > Flashcards

WAX IMPREGNATION Flashcards

1
Q

Process of replacing the clearing agent with the infiltrating medium to fill all tissue cavities, providing firm consistency for easy handling and thin section cutting

A

Impregnation (Infiltration)

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2
Q

Process where impregnated tissue is positioned in a mold with an embedding medium and allowed to solidify

A

Embedding (Casting)

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3
Q

Most common embedding medium; allows easy cutting of serial sections without distortion; very rapid (prepared within 24 hours); suitable for many staining procedures

A

Paraffin

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4
Q

Melting point for routine work; should not exceed this temperature to avoid tissue damage

A

56°C

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5
Q

Overheating paraffin (>60°C) causes these issues

A

Brittleness, shrinkage, and hardening

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6
Q

Type of tissue for which paraffin embedding is not recommended

A

Fatty tissues

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7
Q

Manual processing requires four changes of paraffin, with this interval between each change

A

15 minutes

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8
Q

Two types of automatic tissue processing

A

Tissue transfer (dip and dunk) and fluid transfer (enclosed type)

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9
Q

Specimens are transferred from container to container for processing

A

Tissue transfer

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10
Q

Specimens are held in a single process chamber or retort where fluids are pumped in and out

A

Fluid transfer

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11
Q

Number of stations in an autotechnicon

A

12 stations

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12
Q

Thermostat setting for wax bath in autotechnicon

A

3°C higher than the melting point of wax

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13
Q

Histopathologic technique steps performed by autotechnicon

A

Fix,dehydrate, clear, infiltrate

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14
Q

First two stations in autotechnicon

A

10% formalin

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15
Q

Stations 3-6 in autotechnicon

A

Increasing grades of 70-95% ethanol

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16
Q

Stations 7-8 in autotechnicon

A

Acetone

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17
Q

Stations 9-10 in autotechnicon

A

Chloroform or xylene

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18
Q

Stations 11-12 in autotechnicon

A

Liquid paraffin

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19
Q

Main advantage of autotechnicon

A

Constant agitation with vertical oscillation

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20
Q

Process of wax impregnation under negative atmospheric pressure inside an embedding oven

A

Vacuum embedding

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21
Q

Vacuum embedding advantages

A

Hastens removal of air bubbles and clearing agent; promotes rapid penetration of impregnating medium

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22
Q

Fastest method for urgent biopsies, delicate tissues, and CNS tissues

A

Vacuum embedding

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23
Q

Mixture of paraffin and synthetic plastic polymer

A

DMSO

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24
Q

Melting point of DMSO

A

56-57°C

25
Q

Substitute similar to Paraplast

A

Embeddol

26
Q

Melting point of Embeddol

A

56-58°C

27
Q

Semisynthetic tissue embedding material for eyes

A

Biobloid

28
Q

Material used for tissue mat

A

Rubber

29
Q

Properties of ester wax
Melting point: —

A

46-48°C, harder than paraffin, water-insoluble but soluble in 95% ethanol

30
Q

Microtome used for ester wax sectioning

A

Sliding/base sledge microtome

31
Q

Water-soluble waxes

A

Polyethylene glycols

32
Q

Melting point range of polyethylene glycols

A

38-42°C or 45-56°C

33
Q

Most common water-soluble wax

A

Carbowax

34
Q

Properties of Carbowax

A

Miscible and soluble with water, hygroscopic, no need for clearing and dehydration

35
Q

Uses of Carbowax

A

Used for enzyme histochemistry

36
Q

Disadvantages of Carbowax

A

Hygroscopic, dissolves fishing out, crumbles during sectioning

37
Q

Sectioning condition for Carbowax infiltrated tissue

A

Fish out immediately

38
Q

Composition of Pearse wax

A

Composed of diethylene glycol, distilled water, and 40% formalin

39
Q

Composition of Blank and McCarthy wax

A

Equal parts of 0.02% gelatin and 0.02% potassium dichromate

40
Q

Purified form of nitrocellulose

A

Celloidin

41
Q

Nitrocellulose is preferred for

A

Nervous tissue (brain), spx with large hollow cavities

42
Q

Celloidin composition

A

2%, 4%, or 8% dissolved in equal parts of ether and alcohol

43
Q

Celloidin advantages

A

Less shrinkage, less tissue distortion

44
Q

Processing time for celloidin

A

Very slow (days to weeks)

45
Q

Celloidin storage for bones, brain sections, teeth

A

70% alcohol for storage

46
Q

Celloidin storage for whole eye sections

A

Gilson’s mixture (equal parts of chloroform and cedarwood oil)

47
Q

Type of celloidin used for bones, brain, teeth

A

Wet celloidin

48
Q

Type of celloidin used for whole eye sections

A

Dry celloidin

49
Q

Preferred method for embedding tissue blocks

A

Nitrocellulose method (Low Viscosity Nitrocellulose)

50
Q

Solubility of low viscosity nitrocellulose

A

Soluble in equal concentrations of ether and alcohol

51
Q

Advantages of low viscosity nitrocellulose

A

Produces harder tissue block, allows thinner sections

52
Q

Additive to prevent tissue cracking in nitrocellulose

A

Plasticizer (castor oil or oleum ricini)

53
Q

Safety concern for nitrocellulose

A

Explosive

54
Q

Rarely used; mostly for histochemical and enzyme studies, frozen sections; water soluble

A

Gelatin

55
Q

Does not require clearing and dehydration

A

Gelatin

56
Q

Tissue thickness for processing tissues impregnated with gelatin should be less than

A

2-3 mm

57
Q

Gelatin uses ____ to prevent mold

A

1% phenol

58
Q

Gelatin impregnating medium volume should be at least ___ the volume of tissue

A

25x

Histopathology (30 decks)

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