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Histopathology > microtome knives; sectioning > Flashcards

microtome knives; sectioning Flashcards

1
Q

Plane concave knife (length 25mm, shortest); less concave side for celloidin, more concave for paraffin; used for base sledge rotary or rocking microtome

A

Plane concave knife

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2
Q

Longest knife (length 120mm); both sides concave; used for cutting paraffin sections in rotary microtome

A

Biconcave knife

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3
Q

Knife used for rocking microtomes with a fixed handle

A

Heiffor knife

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4
Q

Knife used for frozen sections or very hard tissues; length 100mm; used with base sledge or sliding microtome

A

Plane wedge knife

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5
Q

More commonly used type of knife; coated with polytetrafluoroethylene to allow easy ribboning of tissues

A

Disposable blades

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6
Q

Knives used for ultrathin microtomes; made of glass (Ralph knives) or diamond

A

Glass and diamond knives

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7
Q

Cutting fault found on the tapered edge of a knife

A

Bevel

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8
Q

Angle formed between the cutting edge and the knife back; typically between 27-32 degrees

A

Bevel angle

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9
Q

Angle formed between the surface of the block and the cutting edge of the knife; optimum is 15 degrees for maximum penetration with less distortion

A

Cutting angle

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10
Q

Angle formed between the upper surface of the facet and surface of the tissue/block; high angles are for soft tissues

A

Rake angle

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11
Q

Angle formed between the sides of the knife

A

Wedge angle

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12
Q

Process of sharpening a knife by removing nicks or irregularities; movement from heel to toe; 10-20 strokes per surface

A

Honing

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13
Q

Stone used for honing; dimensions 8x3 inches; lubricants include soapy water, mineral oil, clove oil, xylene, or liquid paraffin

A

Honing stone

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14
Q

Type of honing stone that provides the best results

A

Belgium yellow stone

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15
Q

Honing stone that gives more polishing effect

A

Arkansas stone

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16
Q

Type of honing stone used for badly nicked knives

A

Fine carborundum stone

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17
Q

Substitute for stone in honing; dimensions 8x3x1 inches

A

Plate glass

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18
Q

Method of sharpening knives mechanically using a honing machine

A

Knife sharpeners

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19
Q

Process of cleaning a honed knife, often done with xylene

A

Cleaning the honed knife

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20
Q

Process of polishing knives after honing

A

Polishing (stropping)

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21
Q

Removal of burrs (irregularities) formed after honing; movement from toe to heel; use of paddle strop made of horse leather; 40-120 double strokes

A

Stropping

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22
Q

Dimensions of a paddle strop

A

3-4 inches x 18 inches

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23
Q

Substance to oil the back of strops (avoid mineral oil)

A

Special oil (not mineral oil)

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24
Q

Type of sections cut at 4-6 µm

A

Paraffin sections

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25
Q

Type of sections cut at 10-15 µm

A

Celloidin sections

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26
Q

Type of sections for renal biopsies cut at 2 µm

A

Renal biopsy sections

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27
Q

Type of sections cut using plastic embedding medium

A

Semi-thin sections

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28
Q

Type of ultra-thin sections for electron microscopy (EM); recommended size is 80nm (silver/straw-colored sections)

A

Ultra-thin sections

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29
Q

Type of frozen sections prepared at 4 µm when a rotary microtome is used

A

Frozen sections

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30
Q

Point where frozen tissue begins to thaw and becomes visible to the naked eye

A

Dew line

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31
Q

Brush used to remove ribbon sticking to the knife blade

A

Camel hairbrush

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32
Q

Rapid freezing agent with a temperature of -190°C

A

Liquid nitrogen

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33
Q

Freezing agent liquid at room temperature (-150°C)

A

Isopentane

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34
Q

Optimum temperature range for cryostat use (-18°C to -20°C)

A

Cryostat temperature

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35
Q

Freezing agent for conventional freezing microtome (-50°C)

A

Carbon dioxide

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36
Q

Aerosol sprays made of fluorinated hydrocarbons, not for muscle samples

A

Fluorinated hydrocarbon sprays

37
Q

Freezing agent with better thermal conductivity than liquid nitrogen

A

Freon 2.2

38
Q

Clearing agents for frozen sections; no need for dealcoholization, increases refractive index

A

Clearing agents

39
Q

Used for monitoring clearing agents; synthetic water-soluble glycols and resins

A

Monitoring agent

40
Q

Recommended compound for frozen section embedding; optimal cutting temperature

A

OCT (Optimal Cutting Temperature Compound)

41
Q

Recommended tissue block size for frozen section

A

2-4 mm

42
Q

Section thickness for frozen section cutting

A

5-10 µm

43
Q

Fault due to faulty fixation, dehydration, or embedding; tissue becomes brittle and hard

A

Brittle tissue

44
Q

Fault due to faulty clearing; clearing agent becomes milky

A

Milky clearing agent

45
Q

Fault due to faulty embedding; very hard tissues with tissue shrinkage

A

Tissue shrinkage

46
Q

Air pockets in trimmed tissue block caused by improper processing

A

Air holes

47
Q

Moist tissue block that crumbles due to faulty embedding

A

Crumbly tissue block

48
Q

Tissue block that emits a xylene odor due to improper clearing

A

Xylene-smelling tissue block

49
Q

Paraffin embedding machine with sections for paraffin reservoir, warm plate, tissue tank, and cold plate

A

Tissue-Tek Embedding Center

50
Q

Temperature of floatation water bath (10°C below wax melting point); overheating causes ‘parched earth’ artifact

A

Floatation bath temperature

51
Q

Dimensions of floatation water bath (diameter = 11 inches, height = 4 inches, capacity = 2 L)

A

Floatation bath dimensions

52
Q

Floatation bath water level should be filled to 1/2 to 1 cm from the top

A

Water bath level

53
Q

Drying oven temperature (5°C higher than the melting point of wax)

A

Drying oven temperature

54
Q

Type of brush used for cleaning slides in the drying process

A

Squirrel hair brush

55
Q

Dimensions of clean slides for section mounting (76 x 25 mm; 1-1.2 mm thick)

A

Clean slide dimensions

56
Q

Labeling frosted slides; tool used is

A

pencil

57
Q

Labeling non-frosted slides; tool used is a

A

diamond pencil or glass etcher

58
Q

Process of placing ribbons into a water bath to flatten; takes 30 seconds

A

Fishing out

59
Q

Maximum time ribbons should stay in the water bath before removal

A

1-2 minutes

60
Q

Tool used to separate and lift individual sections from the ribbon in the water bath

A

Forceps

61
Q

Direction of slide immersion for fishing out a section

A

Vertically

62
Q

Reason why the first one or two sections in a ribbon are not picked up on slides

A

Avoid defects in initial sections

63
Q

Angle for draining slides after fishing out sections

A

60-85 degrees

64
Q

Time for draining slides after fishing out sections

A

2-5 minutes

65
Q

Hot plate drying temperature and duration for sections

A

45-55°C for 30-45 minutes

66
Q

Incubator drying duration for sections; best for nervous tissue

A

Overnight

67
Q

Blower-type electric slide dryer drying temperature and duration

A

50-55°C for 20-30 minutes

68
Q

Urgent drying method using a heat source to melt wax quickly

A

Above a Bunsen burner

69
Q

Cause of mushy tissue block leading to crumbling and feathering during sectioning

A

Faulty processing or embedding

70
Q

Cause of sections failing to form ribbons

A

Improper knife adjustment or dull blade

71
Q

Problem when sections roll up or wrinkle during cutting

A

Adhesion to the knife or static electricity

72
Q

Horizontal or parallel lines across sections caused by static electricity

A

Chatters

73
Q

Thick and thin areas in a section caused by improper knife clearance angle

A

Venetian blinds

74
Q

Foreign particles left on the water bath that adhere to sections

A

Floaters and contaminants

75
Q

Most common tissue adhesive, consisting of egg white, glycerol, and thymol crystals; background staining may occur

A

Mayer’s Egg Albumin

76
Q

Component of Mayer’s Egg Albumin that prevents mold growth

A

Thymol crystals

77
Q

Component of Mayer’s Egg Albumin that increases viscosity and prevents complete drying

A

Glycerol

78
Q

Tissue adhesive that provides firmer attachment than albumin, requires heating before use, and may stain with many dyes

A

Gelatin

79
Q

Concentration of gelatin used as a tissue adhesive

A

0.01

80
Q

Tissue adhesive in the form of 1% methyl cellulose; does not stain significantly with most commonly used reagents

A

Cellulose

81
Q

General-purpose section adhesive widely used in immunohistochemistry, with no background staining

A

Poly-L-lysine

82
Q

Commercial syrup adhesive diluted 1:10 with strong adhesive properties; has minimal staining with most dyes and is unaffected by mild alkaline solutions; blackens in silver impregnation techniques and stains red in methyl green pyronin technique

A

Sodium Silicate

83
Q

Greatest adhesion tissue adhesive made of epoxy resin, diluted 1:10 with acetone; minimally affected by most fluids during section treatments

A

Resins

84
Q

Specific epoxy resin adhesive known for its strong adhesion and compatibility with most fluids during section processing

A

Araldite

85
Q

Preservation method using rapid freezing at -160°C (quenching) followed by desiccation in a vacuum at -40°C for sublimation; time-consuming and expensive; typically used for enzyme studies

A

Freeze Drying

86
Q

Process of stopping chemical reactions and diffusion in tissue by rapid freezing at -160°C, followed by sublimation to remove water vapor through tissue surface

A

Quenching

87
Q

Time-consuming stage where heat is applied to the frozen tissue causing sublimation, removing water vapor from ice crystals through the tissue

A

Drying (Freeze Drying)

88
Q

Fixation method where formalin plays a critical role; used in combination with freeze-drying and freeze substitution techniques

A

Vapor Fixation

89
Q

Technique similar to freeze drying but using a vacuum procedure, typically involving Rossman’s formula or 1% acetone for dehydration before embedding in paraffin wax

A

Freeze Substitution

Histopathology (30 decks)

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