General pathology

Question 1

Epithelial cells derived from ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Answer 1

Germ layer origin of epithelial cells

Question 2

Connective tissue derived from mesoderm

Answer 2

Germ layer origin of connective tissue

Question 3

Muscular tissue derived from mesoderm

Answer 3

Germ layer origin of muscular tissue

Question 4

Nervous tissue derived from ectoderm

Answer 4

Germ layer origin of nervous tissue

Question 5

Type of tissue that covers and lines surfaces; consists of cells close to each other forming membranes or sheets

Answer 5

Epithelial tissue

Question 6

Secretes substances; includes endocrine and exocrine types

Answer 6

Glands

Question 7

Free surface of epithelial tissues

Answer 7

Apical surface

Question 8

Motile structure seen in respiratory tract and fallopian tubes; sweeps materials

Answer 8

Cilia

Question 9

Structure for absorption seen in epididymis and vas deferens

Answer 9

Stereocilia

Question 10

Brush border/striated structure for absorption seen in the GIT

Answer 10

Microvilli

Question 11

Characteristic of epithelial tissue; lacks blood supply and receives nutrients from connective tissue

Answer 11

Avascular

Question 12

Locations include Bowman’s capsule, endothelium, loop of Henle, and lung alveoli

Answer 12

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 13

Locations include ducts of glands, walls of thyroid follicles, and kidney tubules

Answer 13

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 14

Non-ciliated type in gallbladder; ciliated type in uterine tubes

Answer 14

Simple columnar epithelium

Question 15

Keratinized type in skin; non-keratinized type in vagina, esophagus, and cervix

Answer 15

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 16

Located in ducts of sweat glands

Answer 16

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Question 17

Found in male urethra

Answer 17

Stratified columnar epithelium

Question 18

Found in urinary bladder

Answer 18

Transitional epithelium (urothelium)

Question 19

Ciliated type in trachea; non-ciliated type in epididymis

Answer 19

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 20

Examples include sweat glands and pyloric glands

Answer 20

Simple tubular glands

Question 21

Example: Brunner glands

Answer 21

Compound tubular glands

Question 22

Example: Littre glands

Answer 22

Simple acinar glands

Question 23

Example: Lacrimal glands

Answer 23

Compound acinar glands

Question 24

Example: Submandibular glands

Answer 24

Compound tubulo-acinar glands

Question 25

Secretes without cytoplasmic loss; examples include goblet cells and sweat glands

Answer 25

Merocrine secretion

Question 26

Secretion involves cytoplasmic loss; example: mammary glands

Answer 26

Apocrine secretion

Question 27

Secretion involves complete breakdown of the cell; example: sebaceous glands

Answer 27

Holocrine secretion

Question 28

Most abundant tissue type; varies in appearance and functions; binds, protects, and supports

Answer 28

Connective tissue

Question 29

Type of connective tissue that is not vascularized

Answer 29

Cartilage (hyaline, elastic)

Question 30

Components of connective tissue; includes extracellular matrix and ground substance

Answer 30

Extracellular matrix components

Question 31

Fixed cells in connective tissue; includes fibroblasts and adipocytes

Answer 31

Fixed connective tissue cells

Question 32

Type of connective tissue cells that include WBCs, RBCs, and macrophages

Answer 32

Wandering connective tissue cells

Question 33

Fibers produced by fibroblasts; includes collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers

Answer 33

Connective tissue fibers

Question 34

Most abundant connective tissue fiber

Answer 34

Collagen fiber

Question 35

Connective tissue fiber known for elasticity

Answer 35

Elastic fiber

Question 36

Connective tissue fiber that stains with silver

Answer 36

Reticular fiber

Question 37

Tissue with varied appearance and functions; includes Dense Regular, Dense Irregular, Embryonic, Reticular, Elastic, Areolar

Answer 37

Connective tissue types

Question 38

Bone with a compact (diaphysis) and spongy (epiphysis) structure, more organized in compact and less in spongy

Answer 38

Osseous (Bone)

Question 39

Functional unit of bone tissue

Answer 39

Osteon

Question 40

Adipose tissue with unilocular adipocytes

Answer 40

White adipose

Question 41

Adipose tissue with multiocular adipocytes and increased mitochondria

Answer 41

Brown adipose

Question 42

Muscle tissue with alternating striations, voluntary, cylindrical and multinucleated

Answer 42

Skeletal muscle

Question 43

Muscle tissue with cylindrical and branching fibers, involuntary, and centrally located nucleus

Answer 43

Cardiac muscle

Question 44

Muscle tissue that is non-striated, spindle-shaped, involuntary, with mitosis

Answer 44

Visceral/Smooth muscle

Question 45

Tissue responsible for rapid communication; consists of neurons and neuroglia

Answer 45

Nervous tissue

Question 46

Cell in nervous tissue that receives stimuli and conducts waves of excitability

Answer 46

Neuron

Question 47

Neuroglia cells responsible for support, protection, and insulation

Answer 47

Neuroglia

Question 48

Cell type that produces myelin in the CNS

Answer 48

Oligodendrocyte

Question 49

Cell type that produces myelin in the PNS

Answer 49

Schwann cell

Question 50

Cells in nervous tissue that support the blood-brain barrier

Answer 50

Astrocyte

Question 51

Cells in nervous tissue that act as macrophages

Answer 51

Microglia

Question 52

Process of tissue degeneration due to damage or disease

Answer 52

Pathobiology

Question 53

Definition: non-appearance of an organ

Answer 53

Agenesis

Question 54

Definition: failure of an organ to reach mature size

Answer 54

Hypoplasia

Question 55

Definition: failure of an organ to form an opening

Answer 55

Atresia

Question 56

Reduction in cell size and substance, could be physiologic or pathologic

Answer 56

Atrophy

Question 57

Increase in cell size without new cells, e.g., muscle growth from exercise

Answer 57

Hypertrophy

Question 58

Increase in cell number, leading to tissue enlargement, e.g., breast during pregnancy

Answer 58

Hyperplasia

Question 59

Change of one cell type to another, reversible and adaptive, e.g., columnar to squamous in smokers

Answer 59

Metaplasia

Question 60

Abnormal cell growth and differentiation, a pre-cancerous stage

Answer 60

Dysplasia

Question 61

Undifferentiated cellular change, with features like pleomorphism and hyperchromatism, irreversible

Answer 61

Anaplasia